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Industrial Control and Automation SOUD1215 -A01

Task 1
Ram Vs Rom Read-only memory (ROM) is a form of data storage in computers and other electronic devices that cant be easily altered or reprogrammed. RAM can be referred to as volatile memory and is lost when the power is switched off and ROM is non-volatile and the contents are retained even after the power is switched off. Random Access Memory (RAM) is a form of data storage that can be accessed randomly at any time, in any order and from any physical location in contrast to other storage devices, (such as hard drives), where the physical location of the data determines the time taken to retrieve it. RAM is measured in megabytes and the speed is measured in nanoseconds. RAM chips can read data faster than ROM A simple way of looking at this is to imagine your computers hard drive (ROM) as storage area containing all of the files needed to make it work and imagine that the RAM as a workstation, when you click on a program it moves from storage into the workstation ready for use. Discrete, digital and analogue input signals Analogue signals are electrical signals that can be varied in amplitude or frequency, they can be used for measuring things such as weight and heat with great accuracy, whereas digital signals are either completely on or completely off and more commonly used in communications or lighting. Digitals signals are widely used in programming. A discrete signal is discrete only in time but continuous in amplitude but a digital signal is discrete in both time and amplitude. This following diagram, taken from projectandseminartopics.blogspot.co.uk, clearly shows the difference between a digital and analogue signal.

Solenoid valves A solenoid valve is made up of a solenoid and a valve, its an electromechanical device commonly used for controlling the rate of flow in water or gas. An electrical current is run through a coil, creating a magnetic field, this causes a plunger to either open or close depending on the type of valve. As soon as any electrical current is removed the valve will return to its original state. Solinoid valves can be power by both AC and DC current and are commonly used in household appliances such washing machines and dishwashers. The five levels within the Industrial Control Hierarchy We use the term hierarchy here as each level of a list that must be applied in order of effectiveness starting from the top,

Opto-isolators An opto-isolator is also commonly known as an optocoupler, its an electronical semiconductor device which allows signals to be transferred between systems and circuits whilst keeping them isolated from each other. These are most commonly used in communications and monitoring systems. An opto-isolator contains an LED and a phototransistor, current runs through the LED and switches it on, the phototransistor then detects the light and allows a separate current to flow through it, and the two currents remain isolated.

Sourcing/Sinking outputs A sourcing output (PNP) is providing a voltage source and a sinking output (NPN) is providing a ground. A sourcing output pushes current through the load whereas a sinking output will pull the current through the load. Sourcing outputs require the load to be energized by a current which flows from 24v, through the PNP switch then the load to 0V. Sinking outputs do the same but the current flows through the NPN switch instead.

Task 2
Thermocouples A Thermocouple is a type of sensor which is used for measuring temperature made up of two dissimilar metals, joined together at one end. When the joint is heated or cooled a voltage is produced, which is used to determine the temperature. Thermocouples can be made very easily, you could make your own using to lengths of wire made from different metals of the same thickness , copper and steel for example. Twist one end of the copper and steel together forming a junction and connect a low voltage multi meter to the disconnected ends of the copper and steel wires, apply heat to the junction and this will produce a voltage, remove the heat and the voltage will slowly decrease. To get a temperature reading you would need to know the temperature reference of the two metals you used in your thermo coupler, this can be found in a thermocouple chart or you could use a Thermistor. Relays (Electric and solid state)

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