Evaluation of Correlation Properties of Orthogonal Spreading Codes for CDMA Wireless Mobile Communication

Deepak Kedia, Dr. Manoj Duhan

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology Hisar (Haryana), India
Abstract Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is the predominant multiple access technology for future generation wireless systems. The performance of CDMA based wireless systems is largely based on the characteristics of user specific spreading codes. The objective of this paper is to highlight the various factors affecting the choice of these spreading codes and present a comparative evaluation of correlation properties of Orthogonal Gold codes, Orthogonal Golay complementary sequences and Walsh-Hadamard codes for application to next generation CDMA based wireless mobile systems. Keywords- CDMA; Multicarrier (MC); Auto-correlation Function (ACF); Cross-correlation Function (CCF); Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR); Spreading Codes.

Prof. S.L. Maskara

Dean (Academics & Research) Jaypee Institute of Information Technology University, NOIDA (U.P.), India

I.

INTRODUCTION

The demand for bandwidth intensive multimedia services in wireless mobile has been increasing exponentially. The next generation wireless systems aim to provide data rates of the order of 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps in outdoor and indoor environments respectively. CDMA is one of the most suitable candidates for multiple access in future generation wireless systems [1]-[2]. CDMA is attractive for wireless access because of its numerous advantages over Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). It is based on spread spectrum technique [3]-[4] which requires user-specific pseudo-random codes. These codes spread the original information signal to a large bandwidth and also provide unique identity to the various channels originating from base station as well as mobile station. At the receiver side, the original information signal is recovered by correlating the received signal with synchronized replica of pseudo-random code. Thus, the performance of a CDMA based wireless system is mainly limited by the multiple access interference (MAI) arising due to cross-correlation between the spreading codes assigned to different users. The codes suitable for use in CDMA systems should bear very low cross-correlation values to provide adequate discrimination between the various users. A family of spreading codes for which cross-correlation function is zero for all time shifts is known as Orthogonal Codes [4]. Mathematically, it is defined as:

where, c1(t) and c2 (t) are the members of an orthogonal code set and is the time shift. Orthogonality (i.e zero CCF), therefore results in zero multiple access interference. This implies that the receiver has to cope with the noise introduced by the channel only. In such a case, the number of users that can be accommodated in a CDMA environment is limited only by the family size of the set of orthogonal codes used, and not by the MAI. Examples of orthogonal codes are Walsh-Hadamard codes, orthogonal Gold codes, etc. For future applications like 4-G or next generation broadband wireless mobile systems, a CDMA system combined with multicarrier modulation using orthogonal subcarriers has been reported in the literature [5]-[7]. This combination effectively exploits frequency diversity and counter severe frequency selective fading which occur due to bandwidth intensive services like live video transmission, high speed wireless internet, etc. In multicarrier modulation, the total bandwidth is divided into smaller bandwidth sections. The user data is then transmitted in parallel on several narrowband orthogonal subcarriers so as to allow overlapping in the spectrum. In this approach each subcarrier now experiences flat fading instead of frequency selective fading. In other words, each narrowband signal has a longer symbol duration and thus experiences less ISI (Inter-Symbol Interference). A typical multicarrier Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA modulator [8] is shown in Fig. 1. The transmitted signal s ij (t ) of the jth user during the ith signaling interval [8] is written as:

sij (t ) =

N 1G 1 k =0 g =0

bkj, i C gj p(t iTs gTc ) e j 2 ( f 0 + kf d )t

(2)

where bkj,i is the ith bit of the jth user modulating the kth subcarrier after serial to parallel conversion, C gj , g = 0.G-1 represents the jth users spreading sequence, Rb is the source bit
Serial to Parallel Cyclic Prefix Sj(t)

bj

Cj

Cos(2 fot)

c ( ) =

c1 (t ) * c2 (t )dt = 0

(1)

Cj Cos(2 fN-1t) (Spreading) (Multicarrier modulation) Fig. 1: Schematic of MC-DS-CDMA Modulator

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rate, Ts = N/Rb is the signaling interval, Tc = Ts/G is the spreading code chip duration and p(t) is a rectangular signaling pulse shifted in time. In order to meet orthogonality condition, R the subcarrier frequency separation f d is equal to b G , where N N is the number of subcarriers and G is the processing gain [3] or spreading factor (SF = G = Ts/Tc) of the code sequence. The spreading sequences capable of providing variable spreading factor (VSF) [4] are desirable for the support of multimedia services having multiple data rates. The variable spreading factor ensures constant chip rate during variable bit rate transmission. Thus, the performance of a CDMA based wireless system is largely dependent on the characteristics of these pseudorandom codes. The desirable characteristics of CDMA codes [3], [4], [8] include (i) availability of large number of codes (ii) impulsive auto-correlation function (iii) zero cross-correlation function (iv) low Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) value and (v) support for variable data rates. Some well known sequences for wireless CDMA systems include WalshHadamard codes [4], non-orthogonal Gold codes [9], ZadoffChu codes [10], etc. The choice of these codes is mainly governed by the above mentioned desirable characteristics. In this paper, orthogonal Gold codes, orthogonal Golay complementary sequences and Walsh-Hadamard codes have been investigated with special emphasis on their correlation properties. This paper is organized as follows. In Section II, the various factors affecting the choice of spreading codes have been discussed in detail. In Section III, IV and V respectively, the generation and properties of Walsh-Hadamard codes, orthogonal Gold codes and orthogonal Golay complementary sequences have been presented. In Section VI, the correlation properties of these codes and their suitability are evaluated. Finally, Section VII presents some conclusions. II. FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF SPREADING CODES

registers possess ideal impulsive ACF characteristics but these codes are non-orthogonal. B. Cross-Correlation Like auto-correlation, cross-correlation is also a crucial parameter which dictates the choice of suitable spreading codes. Each user in CDMA based system is being assigned a separate and unique code sequence. Cross-correlation [3] is the measure of similarity between two different code sequences c1(t) and c2 (t). Mathematically, it is defined as:

c ( ) =

c (t )* c
1

(t ) dt

(4)

Cross-correlation function (CCF) in-fact indicates the correlation between the desired code sequence and the undesired ones at the receiver. Therefore, in order to eliminate the effect of multiple access interference at the receiver, the cross-correlation value must be zero at all time shifts. As explained using (1), the codes for which c ( ) = 0 i.e. zero cross-correlation value at all time shifts, are known as orthogonal codes. Therefore, it is desirable to have a code dictionary consisting of spreading codes which possess both impulsive ACF and all zero CCF characteristics. But unfortunately no such code family exists which possess both characteristics simultaneously. Therefore, a communication engineer has to compromise with maximum possible difference between ACF peak and CCF peak of the codes selected. C. Length and Size of Code set In order to support large number of users in the system, code family must be very large. It is very difficult to ensure a large code dictionary consisting of codes having desirable properties because such codes are very few in number. Therefore, one has to optimize the requirements. Further, the length of the code should also be large so that the spreaded signal is able to maintain its noise like properties. This will also ensure adequate safety against eavesdroppers. D. Variable Spreading Factor As already discussed the next generation wireless systems are aimed to provide multimedia services and not just voice or fixed low data rate services. Multimedia services like video conferencing, MMS, etc. require support of variable data rate channels instead of fixed rate data channels. Moreover, more than one data channel and that too with different data rates will be required to be dedicated to each user. Thus, in order to ensure constant chip rate after spreading of variable rate data channels, spreading codes with variable spreading factors (VSF) [4], [8] are required. E. Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) One of the most important challenges faced by CDMA system combined with multicarrier modulation (Fig. 1) is high peak to average power ratio of the transmitted signal [11]-[13]. In these systems, signals are comprised of a summation of several sinusoids as shown in (2). Depending on input data, the summation of subcarriers may result in a signal with a large amplitude, or small amplitude. As a result the peak signal power is much greater than the average power. And high PAPR causes out of band radiations due to non-linear power

The main limiting factors in a CDMA based wireless system are presence of multiple access interference (MAI), large number of users and variable rate bandwidth intensive multimedia services. The various factors that affect the choice of spreading codes for future generation wireless CDMA systems are investigated below.

A. Auto-Correlation Auto-correlation [3] is a measure of the similarity between a code c(t) and its time shifted replica. Mathematically, it is defined as:

a ( ) =

c(t )* c(t ) dt

(3)

Ideally, this auto-correlation function (ACF) should be impulsive i.e. peak value at zero time shift and zero values at all other shifts. This is required at receiver side to distinguish the desired user from other users producing MAI. Thus, spreading codes should be carefully chosen to ensure highest possible peak value of auto-correlation function and lower correlation peaks at non-zero shifts (sidelobes). For example, Pseudo-Noise (PN) codes generated using linear feedback shift

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amplifier. Thus, there is a requirement of highly linear power amplifier, but unfortunately the power conversion efficiency of linear power amplifiers is poor. This PAPR is significantly affected by the correlation functions of the codes selected in the system as explained in the mathematical expressions below. For a multicarrier signal, the PAPR of the transmit signal S (t ) is defined as [11]:

PAPR =

1 NT

0 t < NT NT

max S (t )

(5) dt
2

S (t )
0

where NT denotes the useful data block period and S (t ) is

envelope power. The envelope power of the multicarrier CDMA signal is significantly affected by the auto-correlation and cross-correlation function of the selected code sequences. Mathematically, the relationship between envelope power and correlation functions [11] may be expressed as:
t N 1 j 2 Fn 2 T Re ( A[n] + X [n]) * e (6) N n =1 where L is the number of simultaneously used spreading codes of N chips each, F is sub-carrier separation parameter and A[n] & X[n] are collective aperiodic auto-correlation and crosscorrelation respectively as defined below.

S (t )

= L+

where N is a power of 2 and overscore denotes the binary complement. Each row of the matrix presents a WalshHadamard code by mapping 0 to 1 and 1 to -1. These codes have zero cross-correlation between each other and therefore these codes are orthogonal. The support for multiple and variable data rates can be provided by the VSF property of Walsh-Hadamard codes. Variable spreading factor is achieved through generation of tree structured codes based on modified Walsh-Hadamard matrix. The code tree for generation of OVSF Walsh codes is shown in Fig. 2. Here the generated codes of the same layer form a set of Walsh functions and these are orthogonal. Also, any two codes of different layers are orthogonal except for the case that one of the two codes is a mother code of the other. Using code tree one can choose appropriate spreading code according to the transmission rate. However, a code in the code tree can be used by a mobile station if and only if no other code on the path from the specific code to the root of the tree or in the sub-tree below the specific code is used by the same mobile station. Such codes do not fulfill the orthogonality condition and thus their usage is avoided for variable data rate communication. So, the number of available Walsh codes depends on the rate and spreading factor of each physical channel.
C8,1 C4,1=[ 1,1,1,1] C2,1=[ 1,1] C8,2 C8,3 C8,4 C8,5 C4,3=[ 1,-1,1,-1] C8,6 C8,7 C8,8 SF=8 SF=16

A[n] =

L 1

X [ n] =

l =0 L 1

A [n]
l

for n 0
* l l' X l, l'

b b
l = 0 l '= 0 , l ' l

L 1

[n]

(7)
C4,2=[ 1,1,-1,-1] C1,1=[ 1]

where Al [n] represents the aperiodic auto-correlation of lth spreading code, defined by the following relation:
Al [n]=
N n 1

i=0

Cl [i ]Cl*[i + n]

(8)
C2,2=[ 1,-1] C4,4=[ 1,-1,-1,1] SF=1 SF=2 SF=4

And X l , l ' [n] represents aperiodic cross-correlation between lth

and l th spreading codes respectively as defined below: X l , l ' [n] =

N n 1

C [i]C [i + n]
l * l' i =0

(9)

It is quite evident from (6) that the envelope power and thus PAPR is dependent on ACF and CCF of the chosen spreading codes for multicarrier CDMA systems. Therefore, the spreading codes which provide lower PAPR value must be selected. III. WALSH -HADAMARD CODES

Fig.2. Code tree for generation of OVSF Walsh codes

IV.

ORTHOGONAL GOLD CODES

Walsh-Hadamard codes make useful sets for CDMA based wireless systems because of their orthogonality and VSF characteristics. Walsh functions are generated by mapping codeword rows of square matrix called Hadamard matrix [4], [8] which can be generated by the recursive procedure: 0 0 H N H N H 1 = [0] ; H 2 = (10) ; H 2N = H 0 1 N HN

Orthogonal Gold codes [8] are also particularly attractive in terms of zero CCF, ease of generation and support of variable data rate communication. These codes are obtained by modifying original Gold codes [9] generated by preferred pair of maximal PN sequences. Let a and a ' represent a preferred pair of m-sequences each having a period N=2n-1. The family of original Gold codes is defined by a, a' , a + Da' , ..........a + D N 1a' , where D is a delay element. With the exception of sequences a and a ' , the set of Gold sequences are not maximal sequences. The Gold codes so generated have cross-correlation values equal to -1 for many

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time shifts. This suggests that the cross-correlation values associated with these shifts can be rendered 0 by attaching an additional 0 to the original Gold codes. For example, a 7 chip length original Gold code 1110010 will be modified to orthogonal Gold code 11100100 having length 8. Such a set of modified codes excluding the m-sequence delayed for generation (i.e. a ' ) forms a family of orthogonal Gold (Ogold) codes having zero CCF value. This set of K number of orthogonal Gold codes each having length K=N+1, can be represented in the form of a matrix GK of order K*K by mapping 0 to 1 and 1 to -1. Orthogonal Gold codes can also be made to support multirate data transmissions in a similar fashion to that of WalshHadamard codes. The set of orthogonal Gold codes of length M for variable rate transmission can be represented in the form of a matrix GM of order M*M. This matrix is constructed by using Ogold code matrix GK and Hadamard matrix H P of order P*P, where M=K*P. Ogold code matrix GK is substituted at places where 0 is present in Hadamard matrix H P and GK (overscore denotes binary complement) is substituted at places where 1 is present. This results into a matrix GM of order M*M. For example, G32 matrix of multirate Ogold codes is obtained from G8 and H 4 matrices as mentioned below. G8 G8 G8 G8 0 0 0 0 G G G G 0 1 0 1 8 8 8 (11) ; H4 = G32 = 8 G8 G8 G8 G8 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 G8 G8 G8 G8 Now when the data rate is doubled, spreading factor will have to be reduced by half and H 2 matrix will generate G16 matrix as shown below. G G8 0 0 G16 = 8 (12) ; H2 = 0 1 G8 G8 Thus, for a given length K of orthogonal Gold code and fixed chip rate Rc maximum spreading factor SFm = ( ) , min data rate Rb maximum order P of Hadamard matrix can be determined by P = SFm / K . Now as the channel data rate varies/increases by a factor 2n (where, n = 1, 2, 3, ), order of Walsh-Hadamard code matrix is decreased by the same factor. Accordingly, Ogold matrix is also modified by decreasing its order by 2n. Thus, a suitable combination of Orthogonal Gold code matrix and Walsh-Hadamard matrix provides support for variable data rate channels. Tree structured generation for orthogonal Gold codes also has been proposed in this paper in a similar fashion to that of Walsh codes. The code tree for generation of OVSF Gold codes is shown in Fig. 3. In case of these codes, the minimum spreading factor possible is 8 because minimum length for the original parent Gold codes is 7. Therefore, various spreading factors that can be generated using code tree are 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 ... and so on. The Ogold codes belonging to same layer (i.e. same SF) of the tree form a set of orthogonal codes having zero CCF. Also,

G8 G8 G8 G8 G8 G8

G8

G 8 G 8 G 8 G8 G8 G8 G8 G8

G 8 G8 G8 G8 G8 G8
SF=8 SF=16 SF=32 SF=64 SF=128

Fig.3. Code tree for generation of OVSF Ogold codes

the codes belonging to different layers (i.e. different SF) are orthogonal provided these codes do not have mother-child relationship. Also the codes that do not lie on the path from the specific code to the root of the tree or in the sub-tree below the specific code used are non-orthogonal. Therefore, such codes in the code tree must not be assigned to different user channels for variable spreading factor implementation. The correlation properties of these codes in different layers of the proposed code tree have been verified through computer simulation. However, there is a difference between the proposed Ogold codes tree and Walsh codes tree. In case of Ogold code tree, at each layer a code matrix (e.g G8) is present instead of single code as in Walsh code tree. Therefore, care must be taken in assigning Ogold codes from different tree layers for multirate applications so that orthogonality condition is maintained. V. GOLAY COMPLEMENTARY SEQUENCES

Golay complementary sequences are another important candidate for CDMA wireless applications because of their orthogonality. An orthogonal set of Golay complementary sequences can be recursively obtained [15] by: C H C 1 1 HN C N HC = (13) 2 ; H 2N = C C H N H N 1 0
C C where H N is composed of H N of which the right half columns are reversed. The codes of desirable length thus obtained have zero CCF and hence these codes are orthogonal. These codes may also be explored in conjunction with Hadamard matrix in order to support variable rate data transmission. Therefore, the correlation properties of these codes also need to be investigated.

VI.

EVALUATION OF CORRELATION PROPERTIES

As already discussed in section II, auto-correlation function and cross-correlation function play crucial role in deciding the spreading code for future generation CDMA based wireless communication system. Even the important factor PAPR is affected by the correlation functions. Correlation functions for all orthogonal codes considered in this paper have been obtained through computer simulations.

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A. Walsh-Hadamard Codes Walsh-Hadamard codes possess ideal cross-correlation properties with zero value for all shifts and thus results in zero multiple access co-channel interference. However, not all the codes in the code tree at a given layer have zero CCF for all shifts. The set of CCF values at various time shifts for each cycle and for all possible combinations of Walsh code pairs having SF = 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 are evaluated and tabulated in Table I. It has been observed that when these Walsh codes are synchronized at zero time shifts, all codes corresponding to a given SF yield zero cross-correlation values. Further, crosscorrelation values at non-zero time shifts for some code pairs are as high as their corresponding spreading factors. Also, some of the code pairs yield zero CCF values for entire cycle. Therefore, orthogonality of Walsh codes is completely ensured only when these codes are synchronized with each other. The auto-correlation properties of these codes for different SFs (8 to 256) have also been evaluated. And it has been found that Walsh codes possess poor auto-correlation properties. For these codes, the ACF values at many of the non-zero time shifts (or sidelobes) are same as that of the ACF peak value at zero time shift. This observation suggests that it is not possible to distinguish the desired Walsh code at the receiver side when these codes are not synchronized. As an example why Walsh codes are not suitable for asynchronous case, the ACF of a code of length 8 has been plotted in Fig. 4. It is observed from the Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 4(b) that the many side-lobes have the same value as that of peak ACF value (i.e. 8) at zero shift. Extensive computer simulation has suggested that none of the Walsh codes has the desirable impulsive ACF characteristics. Further it has been found that 50% of the codes of each length (L = 8 to 256) have many side-lobes as high as peak ACF value at zero time-shift. Thus, Walsh codes are not a good candidate when the user channels are asynchronous e.g. in uplink. These codes therefore can be assigned only when the channels are synchronized and generated from the same source, e.g. in downlink. B. Orthogonal Gold Codes Orthogonal Gold codes too possess OVSF property similar to the Walsh codes. The correlation properties (ACF and CCF) of all possible Orthogonal Gold codes of various lengths = 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256 have been evaluated. It has been observed that Ogold codes possess better ACF characteristics as compared to Walsh codes. The auto-correlation function for typical Ogold codes of length 8 has been plotted in Fig. 5. It has been clearly noticed from the Fig. 5(a) that the level of sidelobes is much lower as compared to the ACF peak at zero shift. In Fig. 5(b) too the peak sidelobe level is 6 dB down
Table I: Set of Cross-correlation values for all possible combinations of Walsh Code-pairs for various SF
Spreading Factor of Walsh codes SF=8 SF=16 SF=32 SF=64 SF=128 SF=256 Set of CCF values for all possible chip shifts { -8,-4, 0, 4, 8} { -16,-12,-8,-4, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16} {-32,-12,-8,-4, 0, 4, 8, 12,32} {-64,-12,-8,-4, 0, 4, 8, 12,64} {-128,...-12,-8,-4, 0,4,8,12,128} {-256,...-12,-8,-4, 0,4,8,12,256}

as compared to the ACF peak at zero shift. The computer simulation has proved that no Ogold code of each length (L = 8 to 256) has sidelobe level equal to the ACF peak at zero shift. Therefore, Ogold codes can be investigated for their feasibility of implementation in asynchronous case also. Even CCF characteristics of these codes come out to be either equivalent or better. The set of CCF values for all the combinations are tabulated in Table II. It has been observed that when these Ogold codes are synchronized at zero time shifts, all codes corresponding to a given SF yield zero crosscorrelation values. Therefore, Ogold codes are also orthogonal only when these codes are implemented in a synchronized environment similar to that of Walsh codes. Secondly, it has been observed from Table II that none of the Ogold codes has CCF values (at non-zero time-shifts) as high as ACF peaks. This observation is in direct contrast to that of WalshHadamard codes. Further, the peak CCF value of Ogold codes at a given SF is much lower as compared to Walsh codes.
Table II: Set of Cross-correlation values for all possible combinations of Ogold Code-pairs for various SF
Spreading Factor of Ogold codes SF=8 SF=16 SF=32 SF=64 SF=128 SF=256 Set of CCF values for all possible chip shifts {-8, -4, 0, 4} {-8, -4, 0, 4, 8, 12} {-20, -16, -12, -8, -4, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20} {-32,-16, -12, -8,-4, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16,28} {-48, -44...-12,-8,-4, 0,4,8,12,44, 48} {-76, -72,...-12,-8,-4, 0,4,8,12,80, 84}

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Therefore, we can conclude that for synchronous wireless CDMA applications, orthogonal gold codes are a good alternative to Walsh-Hadamard codes in terms of correlation properties. As mentioned earlier in this section, Ogold codes can be explored for application in asynchronous case. It is clear from the results obtained that original non-orthogonal Gold codes will result into lower levels of ACF sidelobes and CCF peaks. Orthogonal Gold codes therefore can not replace Gold codes when implemented in asynchronous environment. C. Orthogonal Golay Complementary Sequences In order to investigate the suitability of orthogonal Golay complementary codes for CDMA based wireless systems, the ACF and CCF of all possible orthogonal Golay codes of various lengths = 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256 have been evaluated. It has been observed that Golay codes possess better ACF characteristics as compared to both Walsh codes as well as Ogold codes. The auto-correlation function for typical Golay codes of length 8 has been plotted in fig. 6. It has been clearly noticed that the level of sidelobes is much lower as compared to the ACF peak at zero shift. The CCF characteristics of these codes however come out to be almost equivalent to Walsh codes as in Table I. And it has been observed that when these Golay codes are synchronized at zero time shifts, all codes corresponding to a given SF yield zero cross-correlation values. Therefore, Golay codes too are orthogonal only when these codes are implemented in a synchronized environment. Thus, orthogonal Golay complementary codes may also prove to be another candidate for CDMA based synchronous wireless access. VII. CONCLUSIONS The desirable characteristics of CDMA codes for next generation wireless CDMA systems include (i) availability of large number of codes (ii) impulsive auto-correlation function (iii) zero cross-correlation value (iv) low Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) value and (v) support for variable data rates. The correlation properties of orthogonal Gold codes, Golay complementary codes and Walsh-Hadamard codes have been evaluated and compared for application to CDMA based wireless systems. Walsh-Hadamard codes when synchronized at zero time-shift have practically zero CCF values. These codes also possess poor ACF characteristics. Therefore, for practical implementation using Walsh codes, the wireless system and user channels must be synchronized e.g. as in downlink. Similarly, for Ogold codes and Golay codes also orthogonality is ensured only when these codes are synchronized at zero time shift. But ACF sidelobe peaks for these codes are not as high as ACF peaks at zero time shift. Therefore, we can conclude that for synchronous wireless CDMA applications, orthogonal Gold codes and Golay complementary codes are a good alternative to WalshHadamard codes in terms of correlation properties. Ogold codes are being investigated for their feasibility of implementation in asynchronous case also i.e. in uplink. The results show that original non-orthogonal Gold codes will produce lesser MAI as compared to Ogold codes. Orthogonal

Gold codes therefore can not replace Gold codes when implemented in asynchronous environment. REFERENCES
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