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Circuits and Systems ExpositionTHE GFT: A GENERAL YET PRACTICAL FEEDBACK THEOREM
R. David Middlebrook
210 Calle Solana, San Dimas, CA 91773Tel. (909) 592-0317; Fax (909) 592-0698EMail: rdm@rdmiddlebrook.com
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Review Version
Circuits and Systems ExpositionTHE GFT: A GENERAL YET PRACTICAL FEEDBACK THEOREM
R. David Middlebrook Professor Emeritus of Electrical EngineeringCalifornia Institute of Technology
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ABSTRACT
Feedback systems are usually designed with the familiar single-loop block diagram in mind, that is, the major loop feedback path is designed to have atransmission function such that the specified gain is achieved in the presence of noninfinite major loop gain. Various nonidealities, such as unavoidable minorloops and direct forward transmission, make the single-loop block diagramprogressively less useful, especially at higher frequencies.A general feedback theorem (GFT) enables the major loop to be identified atall frequencies, and gives a unique description of the closed-loop gain in terms of three component transfer functions: the ideal closed-loop gain
G
∞
, the loop gain
T
,and the null loop gain
T
n
. The loop gain and the null loop gain are each composedof a current return ratio, a voltage return ratio, and an interaction term, all of whichcan easily be calculated under certain null conditions that are established by testsignal injection. An alternative form presents the closed-loop gain as a weightedsum of
G
∞
, the gain with
T
=
∞
, and
G
0
, the gain with
T
= 0.The GFT defines a “natural” block diagram model that is identical in formatto the single-loop model that is conventionally assumed, thus providing a link between general feedback theory and a detailed circuit diagram analyzed in terms of factored pole-zero transfer functions. Different test signal injection points producedifferent loop gains, and a “principal loop gain” is defined.The GFT is illustrated on a two-stage feedback amplifier having variousnonidealities, including loading interactions at all points, direct forwardtransmission, and two minor loops.The GFT is computer friendly. Once the null injection conditions have beenprogrammed, a user unfamiliar with null injection can obtain all the results on anycircuit simulator program. The symbolic results for the two-stage amplifier exampleare verified numerically with use of an Intusoft ICAP/4 simulator.
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