ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-1

List of experiments

1. Magnetization characteristics of DC Determination of critical field response.

shunt

generator.

2. Brake test on DC shunt motor. Determination of performance curves. 3. Load test on DC series generator. Determination of characteristics. 4. Load test on DC compound generator. Determination of characteristics. 5. Swinburns test and speed control of DC shunt motor. Predetermination of efficiency. 6. Load test on DC shunt generator. Determination of characteristics. 7. Hopkinsons test on DC shunt machines. 8. Brake test on DC compound motor. Determination of performance curves 9. Retardation test on DC shunt motor. Determination of losses at rated speed.
10. Separation of losses in DC shunt motor.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-1

EXP-1.

MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM : To draw the magnetization characteristics or open circuit characteristics of a self excited DC shunt generator and to determine Critical resistance, critical speed. NAME PLATE DETAILS: 1. 2. 3. 4. voltage : current : H.P/KW rating: speed :

APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.NO Name of the Range equipment Type Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. Wear the hand gloves. Avoid loose connections and hanging wires. Make sure the initial value of field resistance is minimum. Dont start the motor ON load.

PROCEDURE: 1. make the connection as per the circuit diagram 2. Ensure minimum resistance (rheostat in min position) in the field circuit. 3. Switch on the supply and run the generator with out load. 4. Vary the field current in the steps using the field rheostat. i) Increasing mode: increase the field current in steps and not down the values of Field current (If) and Generated e.m.f (E) at each step. ii) Decreasing mode: Decrease se the field current in steps and not down the values of Field current (If) and Generated e.m.f (E) at each step. 5. Plot the graph between the average value (increasing and decreasing) of Field current (If) and Generated e.m.f (E) 6. Find the critical resistance and critical speed OBSERVATIONS : S.No Field current (If) (amps) Increasing mode Generated e.m.f (E) (Vots) Increasing mode Decreasing mode

Decreasing mode

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

EXPECTED GRAPH: Field current (If) Vs Generated e.m.f (EG)

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-1

EXP. 2. BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR.

AIM : To study the performance of DC shunt motor by conducting Brake test. NAME PLATE DETAILS: 1. voltage : 2. current : 3. H.P/KW rating: 4. speed : APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.NO Name of the Range equipment Type Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Wear the hand gloves. Avoid loose connections and hanging wires. Make sure the initial value of field resistance is minimum. Dont start the motor ON load. Release the load on the motor before switch OFF the supply

PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram 2. Ensure minimum resistance (rheostat in min position) in the field circuit. 3. Switch on the supply and slowly push the starter till the end and run the motor with out load. 4. Adjust the speed of the motor to the rated value by adjusting field resistance . 5. Take the Noload readings of ammeter, voltmeter and speed. 6. Slowly increase the load on the brake pulley by tightening the wheels in steps. At each step note down the ratings ammeter, voltmeter, spring balance readings and speed. 7. Release the load on the pulley and switch OFF the supply

OBSERVATIONS :
S.No S1 (kgs) S2 (kgs) Load (S1-S2) (kgs) Speed (N) (rpm) Voltage (V) (volts) Current (I) (amps) Torque (T) (N-M) O/P Power (watts) I/P power (watts) Efficiency ( )

Torque T = (S1 S2)*R*9.81 N-M Motor output = 2NT/60 watts. Motor input = VI watts. Efficiency = output/ input =2NT/60*VI

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

GRAPHS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Efficiency Vs output. Speed Vs output Torque Vs output Load current Vs output speed Vs output

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-1

EXP-3. LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES GENERATOR.

AIM : To perform the load test on DC series generator and to draw the internal and external characteristics. NAME PLATE DETAILS: 1. voltage : 2. current : 3. H.P/KW rating: 4. speed : APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.NO Name of the Range equipment Type Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. Wear the hand gloves. Avoid loose connections and hanging wires. Make sure the initial value of field resistance is minimum. Dont start the machine ON load.

PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram. 2. The motor generator set is started and brought to rated speed my varying the motor field rheostat. 3. When it is running at rated speed the generated field is adjusted to get rated voltage on no load. 4. The generator field rheostat is not disturbed through out the experiment. 5. Load is put in steps on the generator the speed is adjusted to rated value for each load and the load current IL and terminal voltage V are noted. 6. The step 5 is repeated till the generator is over loaded by about 25%. OBSERVATIONS : S.No Load current (IL) (amps) Terminal voltage (VT) (volts) EMF Generated (Eg) (volts)

EMF Generated (Eg)=V + IaRa (volts). SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

GRAPHS: 1. Internal characteristics: Eg Vs IL 2. External characteristics: VT Vs IL

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-1

EXP-4. LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND GENERATOR.

AIM : :To perform the load test on DC compound generator and draw the internal and external characteristics. NAME PLATE DETAILS: 1. voltage : 2. current : 3. H.P/KW rating: 4. speed : APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.NO Name of the Range equipment Type Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. Wear the hand gloves. Avoid loose connections and hanging wires. Make sure the initial value of field resistance is minimum. Dont start the motor ON load.

PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram. 2. The motor generator set is started and brought to rated speed my varying the motor field rheostat. 3. When it is running at rated speed the generated field is adjusted to get rated voltage on no load. 4. The generator field rheostat is not disturbed through out the experiment. 5. Load is put in steps on the generator the speed is adjusted to rated value for each load and the load current IL, shunt Field current Ish and terminal voltage V are noted. 6. The step 5 is repeated till the generator is over loaded by about 25%. OBSERVATIONS : S.No Terminal voltage (VT) (volts) Load current (IL) (amps) Shunt field Ia= Ish+ IL current (Ish) (amps) (amps) E=VT+ IaRa (volts)

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

GRAPHS: 1. Internal characteristics: Eg Vs IL 2. External characteristics: VT Vs IL

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-1

EXP-5(A). SWINBURNS TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM : To perform the Swinburns test on given DC shunt machine and predetermine its efficiency at any desired load both as motor and as generator. NAME PLATE DETAILS: 1. 2. 3. 4. voltage : current : H.P/KW rating: speed :

APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.NO Name of the Range equipment Type Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Wear the hand gloves. 2. Avoid loose connections and hanging wires. 3. Make sure the initial value of field resistance is minimum. 4. Dont start the motor ON load. PROCEDURE: 1. make the connection as per the circuit diagram 2. Ensure minimum resistance (rheostat in min position) in the field circuit. 3. Switch on the supply and run the motor at rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat. 4. take the readings of Line current IL0, shunt Field current Ish and terminal voltage VT OBSERVATIONS : 1. No load Line current IL0: 2. shunt Field current Ish : 3. Terminal voltage VT: Running as a motor Armature current Ra= Rated current Ir = Armature current for motor Iao= I0-If Constant losses (Wco) = Field current (If ) = Terminal voltage V=
S.No Fraction of load Load current IL=X* Ir Armature current Ia= IL*If Armature cu losses Wcu= Ia2Ra Total losses WT= Wco +Wcu Input power Wi=VIL Output power Wo= Wi -Wt Efficiency = Wo/ Wi

Amps 1. 2. 3. 4. 1/4 1/2 3/4 1

Amps

Watts

Watts

Watts

Watts

Running as a generator: Armature current Ra= Rated current Ir = Armature current for motor Iao= I0+If Constant losses (Wco) = Field current (If ) = Terminal voltage V=
S.No Fraction of load Load current IL=X* Ir Armature current Ia= IL*if Armature cu losses Wcu= Ia2Ra Total losses WT= Wco +Wcu Input power Wi=VIL Output power Wo= Wi -Wt Efficiency = Wo/ Wi

Amps 1. 2. 3. 4. 1/4 1/2 3/4 1

Amps

Watts

Watts

Watts

Watts

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-1

EXP-5(B). SPEED CONTROL OF A DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM : To control the speed of the DC shunt motor by varying field current an armature voltage. NAME PLATE DETAILS: 5. 6. 7. 8. voltage : current : H.P/KW rating: speed :

APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.NO Name of the Range equipment Type Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Wear the hand gloves. 2. Avoid loose connections and hanging wires. 3. Make sure the initial value of field resistance is minimum. 4. Dont start the motor ON load. 5. PROCEDURE: 1. make the connection as per the circuit diagram 2. Ensure minimum resistance (rheostat in min position) in the field circuit and maximum resistance in armature circuit. 3. Switch on the supply and run the motor at rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat. 4. Vary the field regulator in steps and take the readings of shunt Field current If and speed for each step. 5. keep the field rheostat in minimum position again. 6. Vary the armature regulator in steps and take the readings of armature voltage V and speed for each step. 7. plot the graphs OBSERVATIONS : Field current control method: S.No Field current If (amps) Speed N (rpm)

Armature voltage method: S.No armature voltage V (volts)

Speed N (rpm)

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

GRAPH: 1. Armature voltage V Vs speed

2. Field current If Vs speed

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-1

EXP-6. LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM : To perform the load test on DC compound generator and draw the internal and external characteristics NAME PLATE DETAILS: 1. voltage : 2. current : 3. H.P/KW rating: 4. speed : APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.NO Name of the Range equipment Type Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Wear the hand gloves. 2. Avoid loose connections and hanging wires. 3. Make sure the initial value of field resistance is minimum. 4. Dont start the motor ON load. PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram. 2. The motor generator set is started and brought to rated speed my varying the motor field rheostat. 3. When it is running at rated speed the generated field is adjusted to get rated voltage on no load. 4. The generator field rheostat is not disturbed through out the experiment. 5. Load is put in steps on the generator the speed is adjusted to rated value for each load and the load current IL, shunt Field current Ish and terminal voltage V are noted. 6. The step 5 is repeated till the generator is over loaded by about 25%. OBSERVATIONS : S.No Terminal voltage (VT) (volts) Load current (IL) (amps) Shunt field Ia= Ish+ IL current (Ish) (amps) (amps) E=VT+ IaRa (volts)

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

GRAPHS: 1. Internal characteristics: Eg Vs IL 2. External characteristics: VT Vs IL

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-1

EXP-7: HOPKINSONS TEST OR REGENERATIVES TEST (BACK TO BACK TEST)

AIM : To perform Hopkinsons test on DC shunt machines. NAME PLATE DETAILS: 1. voltage : 2. current : 3. H.P/KW rating: 4. speed : APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.NO Name of the Range equipment Type Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Wear the hand gloves. 2. Avoid loose connections and hanging wires. 3. Make sure the initial value of field resistance is minimum. 4. Dont start the motor ON load. PROCEDURE: 1. make the connection as per the circuit diagram 2. Ensure minimum resistance (rheostat in min position) in the field circuit. 3. Switch on the supply and start the motor whereas the switch S of the other machine is open. 4. Adjust the speed of the motor to its rated value by the rheostat. 5. Adjust the voltage of the generator by the field rheostst until the voltmeter V1 reads zero, there by showing that its voltage is same, both in polarity and magnitude as that of the main supply. 6. Close the switch S to run the machine in parallel. 7. Note down the reading of I1, I2, I3, I4, I5 and V 8. Repeat the procedure for different generator armature currents. OBSERVATIONS:
SNo Voltage (volts) I1 (amps) I2 (amps) I3 (amps)
I4

(amps)

I5 (amps)

Motor input (watts)

Motor output (watts)

Motor efficienc y %

generat or input (watts)

generator Generat output or (watts) efficien cy %

CALCULATIONS: I1= I2= I3= I4= I5 = V= Total losses:

Armature copper losses in motor= I22Ra watts Shunt copper losses in motor=V I3 watts Armature copper losses in generator = I42Ra watts Shunt copper losses in generator = V I5 watts Motor drawn supply from the supply= V I1 watts Total stray losses= V I1-[I22Ra +I42Ra] watts. Stray losses for each machine =W/2 watts. Motor input: =Armature input + Shunt field input =V I2 +V I3. Motor losses: Armature copper losses +Shunt copper losses +Stray losses 2 =I2 Ra+V I3 +W/2 (watts). Motor output: Motor input losses. Motor efficiency: output/ input. Generator output: V (I4-I5 ) watts Generator losses: Armature copper losses +Shunt copper losses +Stray losses =I42Ra + V I5 +W/2 ( watts). Generator input= output= losses. Generator efficiency: output/ input.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-1

EXP-8. BRAKE TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR.

AIM : To study the performance of DC compound motor by conducting Brake test. NAME PLATE DETAILS: 1. voltage : 2. current : 3. H.P/KW rating: 4. speed : APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.NO Name of the Range equipment Type Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

PRECAUTIONS: 1. Wear the hand gloves. 2. Avoid loose connections and hanging wires. 3. Make sure the initial value of field resistance is minimum. 4. Dont start the motor ON load. 5. Release the load on the motor before switch OFF the supply PROCEDURE: 1. make the connection as per the circuit diagram 2. Ensure minimum resistance (rheostat in min position) in the field circuit. 3. Switch on the supply and slowly push the starter till the end and run the motor with out load. 4. Adjust the speed of the motor to the rated value by adjusting field resistance . 5. Take the Noload readings of ammeter, voltmeter and speed. 6. Slowly increase the load on the brake pulley by tightening the wheels in steps. At each step note down the ratings ammeter, voltmeter, spring balance readings and speed. 7. Release the load on the pulley and switch OFF the supply OBSERVATIONS :
S.No S1 (kgs) S2 (kgs) Load (S1-S2) (kgs) Speed (N) (rpm) Voltage (V) (volts) Current (I) (amps) Torque (T) (N-M) O/P Power (watts) I/P power (watts) Efficiency ( )

Torque T = (S1 S2)*R*9.81 N-M Motor output = 2NT/60 watts. Motor input = VI watts. Efficiency = output/ input =2NT/60*VI

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

GRAPHS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Efficiency Vs output. Speed Vs output Torque Vs output Load current Vs output speed Vs output

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-1

EXP -9. RETARDATION TEST

AIM : To conduct a Retardation test on DC shunt motor and to determine dn/dt and determination of losses at rated speed. NAME PLATE DETAILS: 1. voltage : 2. current : 3. H.P/KW rating: 4. speed : APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.NO Name of the Range equipment

Type

Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY: PRECAUTIONS: 1. Wear the hand gloves. 2. Avoid loose connections and hanging wires.

3. Make sure the initial value of field resistance is minimum. 4. Dont start the motor ON load. PROCEDURE: 5. make the connection as per the circuit diagram 6. Ensure minimum resistance (rheostat in min position) in the field circuit. 7. Switch on the supply and run the motor at rated speed by adjusting field rheostat. 8. Raise speed to 1700 rpm (above rated speed) by adjusting field rheostat. 9. open the DPST switch and start stop watch at 1650 rpm find T1 while coasting down to 1500 rpm. 10. repeat procedure 2 for different speeds starting from 1650.

OBSERVATIONS : Sno N1
rpm

N2 Rpm

T Sec

Va

Ia

dn/dt

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

GRAPHS:

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB-1

EXP -10 : SEPARATION OF LOSSES

AIM : To Separation the losses in a DC shunt motor. . NAME PLATE DETAILS: 1. voltage : 2. current : 3. H.P/KW rating: 4. speed : APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.NO Name of the Range equipment Type Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

RECAUTIONS: 1. Wear the hand gloves. 2. Avoid loose connections and hanging wires. 3. Make sure the initial value of field resistance is minimum. 4. Dont start the motor ON load. PROCEDURE: 1. make the connection as per the circuit diagram 2. Ensure minimum resistance (rheostat in min position) in the field circuit. 3. Switch on the supply and run the motor at rated speed by adjusting field rheostat. 4. Adjust If to rated value at no load. 5. Reduce the armature circuit resistance in steps, increasing the speed. 6. Take the readings of voltmeter, ammeter and speed at constant field current. 7. Continue the experiment till maximum speed is obtained by cutting out the complete resistance in armature circuit (do not exceed rated speed). 8. Bring the armature rheostat back to full resistance(initial position). 9. repeat the experiment with a reduced field (75%) . OBSERVATIONS : At full exciatation: Sno N Rpm V Volts If Amps Ia Amps At excitation: Sno N Rpm VIaRa=Eb Ws=EbIa Ws/N

V Volts

If Amps

Ia Amps

VIaRa=Eb

Ws=EbIa

Ws/N

GRAPHS:

Plot Ws/N vs field excitation From graph OP=A+C PQ=tan 1=slope of line PQ PQ= B+D If motor runs at different excitation then OR= A+C1 RS=tan 2 = slope of line RS RS=B+D1 C-C1=OP-OR D-D1=tan 1-tan 2 = If B1 max and B2max are flux densities of two different excitations then C B1 max = C 1 B2 max
1.6

EB = 1 EB 2

1.6

Where EB1 and EB2 are back emf developed in motor at two different excitations then EB1 D B1 max = 1 B max = EB D 2 2 C-C1=OP-OR D-D1=tan 1-tan 2
2 2

A= B= C= D= Hysterisis losses= AN Eddy current losses=BN2 Friction losses= CN Windage losses= DN2 Stray losses= (A=C)N+(B+D)N2 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION