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Solid Mechanics
Anders Ekberg
2 (20)
Anders Ekberg
3 (20)
da log dN
There exists a threshold value of K below which fatigue cracks will not propagate At the other extreme, K max will approach the fracture toughness K C, and the material will fail A linear relationship between log da dN and K in region II
II
III
log K Kth
Solid Mechanics
KC
Note that K depends on the crack size. This is not shown in the plot
Anders Ekberg
4 (20)
II
III
( )
log K
KC
Solid Mechanics
Anders Ekberg
5 (20)
Anders Ekberg
6 (20)
K Kmax Kmin the stress intensity range R Kmin Kmax the stress intensity ratio H the stress history
Thus, the crack growth rate (i.e. growth per stress cycle) can be expressed as
da = f ( K , R, H ) dN
where da dN is the crack growth per stress cycle
Solid Mechanics
Anders Ekberg
7 (20)
Paris law
Paris law can be written as
Anders Ekberg
8 (20)
da = f ( K , R, H ) dN
Anders Ekberg
9 (20)
Short cracks
So far
da = f ( K ) dN
where K depends on the amplitude of the normal stress (and geometry) But short cracks are shear stress driven also LEFM is not valid
Crack Speed
1 > 2 a1 < a2
Short Crack Theory
Two types of short cracks mechanically short cracks propagate faster than large cracks with same K microstructurally short cracks interact closely with the microstructure and grow fast
Solid Mechanics
Microstructural Threshold
Crack Length
Anders Ekberg
10 (20)
Unloading
crack
Plastic zone
(compression)
A (tensile) overload will introduce (compressive) residual stresses These residual stresses will influence K and thus the rate of crack propagation
Solid Mechanics
Anders Ekberg
11 (20)
d0
a + dc R = d0
crack
da = da R dN R dN
dc
Solid Mechanics
Anders Ekberg
12 (20)
Solid Mechanics
Anders Ekberg
13 (20)
K Kmax Kmin
da
Empirical relation
Kop = ( R) Kmax
Fatigue crack propagation
Anders Ekberg
14 (20)
If the crack is closed throughout the stress cycle, the crack will arrest This is not the only mechanism of a crack to arrest!
Solid Mechanics
Anders Ekberg
15 (20)
KParis
KElber
KParis
4 2 0
Smallest magnitude of Kmin in Paris law
The only difference when using Elber correction is in a new, higher Kmin
-2 -4 -6 -8
-10 1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Using Elber correction in Paris law is conservative (predicts a longer fatigue life)
Anders Ekberg
R
Solid Mechanics
16 (20)
Crack arrestment
m Keff da K = CK m = C eff K dN m Kmax Kop K = C K m Kop Kmax C = K Kmax Kmin K
For
Kop 1 =0 1 R K
we get and
K = Kop (1 R) = Kth da =0 dN
For
we get
Kop 1 =1 1 R K 1 K = Kop 1 R
Anders Ekberg
17 (20)
Solid Mechanics
Anders Ekberg
18 (20)
log log e
The applied load gives a stress intensity below the Fatigue fatigue threshold stress failure intensity macroscopic cracks will not continue to grow
Anders Ekberg
19 (20)
Cracks that are loaded in mixed mode, will normally tend to propagate in pure mode I One exception is when a crack propagates along a weak zone (e.g. a weld). In this case, an effective stress intensity factor can be employed
Solid Mechanics
Anders Ekberg
20 (20)
Anders Ekberg