Exercice L. (Cone of a morphism of complexes) Let f.: A. --1 B. be a morphi,sm of chain compleres. One defi,nes a complea Co(/).

by Co(f)": BnA An-1, the d,ifferenti'al be'ing g'iuen by the matrin

(

\o
+

au- (-1)"-r"f"_r\

di-, )
----+

Check that this i.s indeed a di,fferenti,al. Then proue that there i.s a long eract sequence

H^(A.)

+ H.(8.) ---+ H"(Co(f)). --+ H^-r(A.)

"'

Exercice 2. Characterize injecti.ue objects in the category of abelian groups; generalize to the category of moilules oaer a princi.pal ring. In part'icular, show that Q and, Q/Z are injectiue. Giue an injeetiue resolut'ion of ZlnZ.
Exercice
K-uector spaces to the category of all K-uector spaces. Let E be a K-aector space. Show that the functor PB giuen by V r+ K[Hom(,B, V)l is projectiue. To show this, proue that there is a natural equiualence Hom7*(P6, F) F(E).

3.

LetK

be a

field, and let 7w

be the category of

functors from the category of f,ni'te dimensi'onal

= Exercice 4. Show that i,n the category of torsion abelian groups the zero group is the only projectiue
object.

Exercice 5. Let k be a field. Construct a projectiue resolution of the trix)ial D-n'Lod,ule k, where D : k[tllQz) and, k i,s endoweiL wi.th a D-moilule stracture by d,ef,ni.ng t.n to be 0. _CornputeExt'p(k,k). Do the same ererc,ice with the ring R : klt]lQ3) and, the modules k and kltll(t2) endowed with the obaious R-mo d,ule structure. C omp ute Extb (k, kltl I Q'z D
.

E>iercice

6.

Let Zi32l

be.

ihe z-algebrn-a!

the,

sgmmetric group i,n 2 letters. Let us

d'q

x.Z. Onerl,efilesa'notherrnodulestrttctureonZbydefini,ng(a*br).r:an-bxforalla+breZlE2l anrJ, r Z. It is d,enoted, z- . show that there are short exact sequences of zlS2l-modules
{0}

^ttx :q,F

* z- --+Z[3zl ---+ Z+ --+ {0},

---+ V,l9z) ---+

&"tqe7$

{0} --+ Z+
Ded,uce

V,- ---+ {0}.

from these eract

sequences projecti,ue (free) resoluti'ons of

Zt

and,Z- asZ[E2]-mod'ule' Compute

the groups Ext'v1s"1(Z+

,Z-)

and' Ext'v6"1(Z+

,Z+)

Exercice 7. Show that if M i,s a flat A-mod,ule (recalt the d,efini,tion) then Torf (M, N) is triuial for any object that i,s not projecti,ue. " N and. i, > I. ht the case of ubelia'n groups, gi,ue an erample of a flat Exercice 8. Let X be a conuer subset of R". On wants to show that H{X,V') is triuial. Let e X. Let , : Luaioi, oi: Ak --+ X , be al-cycle. Define a2-simpler H(z) aslnair(oa) where H(o): A2 --+ X
is giuen by
where

<,

Concluile.

+ (1 - t)s r+ lse * (1 - t)oa(s), ss is the \-th summi.t of L2, and s is a poi.nt of t!,e face (edge) opposi,te to ss identi'fi'ed with L,t, < l. Show that as : Dnaioi is a l- cycle then z : d(Dr aiH(oa)), d being the differential. "
fso

Exercice 9. (Koszulcompler) LetKbeafieldof characterist'ic0. LetV beaK-aectorspace. Letnbe a g'i.uen integer and i * i : n. Define a rnap Ki

st(v) I Li(v) --+ sn+t(Y) eAi-1(Y)

by

ut

"'uiSTur

"' Awi* f

{-t)'ur "'uiwtSut

"' A@A "'

Atr.rj.

Show that ni o

Ki-t

:0.

Define a chai,n compler

K(n).(V)

by

K(n){V)o Si(v)8Ai(v),
i + j : n, (it is called the Koszul conr.pler) and. differential n. n is l, 2 and 3 and all n but V of dimension I or 2'
Define a map
Show directly that this compler i,s eract

if

ai I si(v)
by

I Ai(v)

---+

^9i-1(y)

Ai+1(v)
u1,Aw1

O{ot...a.r8wrn...n ui): I
Show that the commutator n4-1 o Et fthe Koszul complex is eract.

q"'6i"'u;I

A"'Awi. i'f j,
Conclude that

1,...,i

0+r o Kt is multi,plication

by the total degree

Exercice 1O. Let C

be an Abelian category and let

"l,l"l"l-l vY.,t(,Y.,v
A, o.B,
be a commutatiue d"iagram

A o'B--\C

d'E orE,

"D orC, trDI

If t and u are n"ronon'rorphisms and I is an epimorphism, then u is d nlonornorphism. b) If s, t, u and w are isomorphisms, then u is an isomorphism, too.
a)

with eract rows in C. Proue the followi,ng statements:

'

Exercice 11. Let A

be a

Sffitat

tlre-Ah;odule Homi(M,

commutatiae ri,ng, Iet M be a flat A-module, and.let.l{ Le atu-'i&jectiue A-m,odule-N) ts inj ecti'u e.

"

Exercice L2. LetC be a category. An object L of C i,s called empty i/Hom6(.4, L):A for euery object A of C that is not initial, An object of C is called coempty if i't is emptg in C a) Show that an object L of C is empty if and only if it i,s initial and euerg morphism i,n C with target L is an isomorphism. b) Suppose that L and, M are empty objects in C. Show that there enists a unique isomorphism f 3 m. c) Suppose that C has a zero object 0. Show that C has an empty object if and only if euery morphism in C is an i,somorphism. d) Let A, B and C be objects of C, and, suppose that A is not empty, that B x C ex'ists, and, that there eri,stmorphisrnsb: A-+ B andc: A-+ C. Show that B xC is not empty. e) Let A and, B be objects of C, and $uppose that B is empty. Show that A x B eri.sts and is canonically i,somorphic to B. f ) Determine the empty and coemptg objects of the category of sets (in a giuen uniaerse) and of the category of ri,ngs (in a gi,uen uniuerse).
.

Exercice L3. LetC and,D becategories, andletF: C -+ D beaJunctor. ThefunctorF'i,s called, conservative iJ euery morphi,sm a 'in C such that F(a) i,s an 'isomorphism in D i,s an 'isomorphi,sm in C. The category C is called balanced if euery morphisrn in C that is a monomorphi,srn and an epi,morphism
is an isomorphism. a) Suppose that C has lcentels and that

F commutes with kernels. Show that if F is conseruatiue, then is faithful. b) Suppose that C is balanced. Show that if F is fai,thful, then it is conseruatiue. c) Show that conservatiue, -edt4it;iue functors between Abelian categories are faithful.
tiues, and a generator.

it

Exercice L4. Show that the category of sets (i,n a giuen uni,uerse) has enough projectiues, enough 'injec-