Data Communication And Networking

Submitted BY : CH AHSAN ISHAQUE Reg No: Programme: 14294 BBA 8-B

October 22

2012
Assignment No.1 TCP/IP

Submitted to : SIR KHURAM

Introduction: TCP/IP model is Internet reference model and also referred as DoD (Department of Defense) or ARPANET reference model. For computer network protocol design and communication over network, this model uses abstraction that is based on a layered system of network architecture just like in a OSI model. TCP: TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol IP: IP stands for Internet Protocol Layers: It has four construct layers, each with its own protocols. From highest to lowest, the layers are:

i. Application Layer : Top most layer is the Application Layer. It deals with process-to-process. The communications partners are often called peers The higher levels protocols such as SMTP, FTP, SSH, HTTP, etc operate.

ii. Transport Layer: Second level is the Transport Layer where the connection protocols such as TCP, exist. Other popular Transport Layer Protocols are UDP, DCCP, GTP, SCTP, etc. It deals with host-to-host. This layer not only enables opening and maintaining connections but also ensures that the message packets are received properly.

iii. Internet Layer: At third level is the Internet Layer . Which defines IP address system and the routing schemes for navigating packets from one IP address to another. The Internet Protocol (IP) is the primary protocol in the Network Layer. It deals with internetworking. Sending data from the source network to the destination network , this process is called routing. Some examples of Internet Layer protocols are IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, IGMP, etc.

iv. Network Access Layer: In the TCP/IP architecture, the Data Link Layer and Physical Layer are normaly grouped together to become the Network Access layer. It is fourth level layer. It defines the low-level protocols used for signaling and communication. Some examples of Low level protocols in Network Access Layer are PPP, FDI, Frame Relay, ATM, GPRS, etc.

In the following illustration, each layer of the TCP/IP model corresponds to one or more layers of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model proposed by the International Standards Organization (ISO).

SIMILARITIES: The main similarities between the two models include the following: They share similar architecture: Both of the models share a similar architecture.This can be illustrated by the fact that both of them are constructed with layers. They share a common application layer: Both of the models share a common "application layer". However in practice this layer includes different services depending upon each model. Both models have comparable transport and network layers: This can be illustrated by the fact that whatever functions are performed between the presentation and network layer of the OSI model similar functions are performed at the Transport layer of the TCP/IP model. Knowledge of both models is required by networking professionals. Both models assume that packets are switched: Basically this means that individual packets may take differing paths in order to reach the same destination.

Difference: TCP/IP Reference Model Defined after the advent of Internet. Service interface and protocols were not clearly distinguished before. TCP/IP supports internet working. Loosely layered. Protocol Dependant standard. More Credible . TCP reliably delivers packets, IP does not reliably deliver packets. OSI Reference Model Defined before advent of internet. Service interface and protocols are clearly distinguished . Internet working not supported. Strict layering. Protocol independant standard. Less Credible. All packets are reliably delivered.

Graphic Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP model: