CONTENTS

Topic
WHY VEHICLE SLIP WHEN IT IS TRAVELLING ON A SLOPE BASIC TERM USED IN DETERMING ROLLING RESISTANCE AIR RESISTANCE GRADE REISTANCE TRACTION AND TRACTIVE EFFORT

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BASIC EQUATION GOVERNING THE STABILITY OF THE VEHICLE ON THE SLOPE SOLVED EXAMPLE REFRENCES

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WHY VEHICLE SLIP WHEN IT IS TRAVELLING ON A SLOPE

Actually, it's static friction. Even though the vehicle is moving, the point of contact the tire makes with the road is stationary. It is static friction which drives the vehicle. If the wheels were spinning, then there would still be a frictional force (kinetic in this case) driving the vehicle, but it will be less because the coefficient of static friction is greater than the coefficient of kinetic friction. This is why street racers and drag racers try not to spin their tires when they launch. This is why automakers have implemented anti-lock brakes. If the car is keeping its speed, it has a constant acceleration forwards. If a car is keeping it speed, that is, maintaining a constant velocity, then its acceleration is 0. This acceleration causes that the tire is trying to friction with the surface to maintain speed and this could cause that the tire slips. And even more, if the driver decides to accelerate in a slope so the car increases speed, the tire is increasing its work on the surface making it more probably to slip. How can those things be simulated in a simplified formula? Simplified I mean considering a car is a weighted point and the tires are not four points of contact

but one, and the tires have an infinite radius. Just some condition that can be easily programmed by a novice first course student not much experienced in programming, where the program can decide that at this moment, the tires slip and traction control must be activated. Stability of a Vehicle on a Slope

BASIC TERM USED IN DETERMING THE STABILITY OF VEHICLE ON A SLOPE

ROLLING RESISTANCE Rolling resistance, sometimes called rolling friction or rolling drag, is the resistance that occurs when a round object such as a ball, tire, or wheel rolls on a surface. It is caused mainly by the deformation of the object, the deformation of the surface, and movement below the surface. Additional contributing factors include wheel diameter, forward speed load on wheel, surface adhesion, sliding, and relative micro-sliding between the surfaces of contact. It depends very much on the material of the wheel or tire and the sort of ground. What might be termed "basic rolling resistance" is steady velocity and straight line motion on a level surface, but there also exists rolling resistance when accelerating, when on curves, and when on a grade.

The "rolling resistance coefficient", is defined by the following equation: where is the rolling resistance force (shown in figure 1), is the dimensionless rolling resistance coefficient or coefficient of rolling friction (CRF), and is the normal force, the weight of the vehicle on the wheel (including the weight of the wheel)

AIR RESISTANCE
This is the resistance offered by the air to the movement of the vehicle the air resistance has influence on the performance of the vehicle and on the the stability of the vehivle and depends on the shape and size Air resistance Rr = Ka . A.V2 A = are of the frontal prjoction V= speed of the vehicle Ka= coefficient of air resistance

GRADE REISTANCE
The component of the weight of the vehicle parallel to the gradient on the slope on which it moves is termed as grade resistance . Thus depending on the steepness of the grade of the grade is

expressed as 1in 5 it means that for every 5 metres the vehicle moves it is lifted up by 1 metres hence Rg= W. sin Theta is the inclination of the slope with respect to the horizontal W = the weight of the vehicle in kgf

TRACTION AND TRACTIVE EFFORT

The force available at the contact between the drive wheel tyres and road is known as tractive effort. The ability of the drive wheels to transmit this effort without slipping is known as traction. Hence usable tractive effort never exceeds traction. The tractive effort relate to engine power as follows.

When the tractive effort F>R, the total resistance on level road, the surplus tractive effort is utilized for acceleration, hill climbing and draw-bar pull

BASIC EQUATION GOVERNING THE STABILITY OF THE VEHICLE ON THE SLOPE

Let the vehicle rest on a slope of inclination 0 to the horizontal. This alters the distribution of the weight between the front and back axle and gives rise to reaction which can have components along the perpendicular to the inclined plane as shown in Fig. 31.8. Now, resolving forces parallel and perpendicular to the slope respectively,

Fig. Force acting on a vehicle at rest on an inclined plane.

It should be noted that when the vehicle is being driven up, the angle of overturning is, in general, smaller than in the present case and also the condition of instability becomes different from those ELLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE Example . A vehicle of total weight 49050 N is held at rest on a slope of 10 . It has a wheel base of 2.25 m and its centre of gravity is 1.0 m infront of the rear axle and 1.5 m above the ground level. Find (a) what are the normal reactions at the wheels ? (6) assuming that sliding does not occur first, what will be the angle of slope so that the vehicle will overturn ? (c) assuming all the wheels are to be braked, what will be the angle of the slope so that the vehicle will begin to slide if the coefficient of adhesion between the tyre and the ground is 0.35 ?

REFRENCES

P.K Mishra ,Automobile engineering G.B.SNarang ,Automobile engineering R.K Rajput Automobile engineering william crouse, automobile engineering Simon Iwnicki, ed. (2006). Handbook of railway vehicle dynamics