Signalling SIP SIGTRAN Overview Handout

1
Signalling, SIP,
SIGTRAN
Overview
- 1 -
Name: Bartlomiej Puchalski (Bartek)
Country: Poland
Education:
PhD in Optimization of analogue Circuit Testing at
Silesian University of Technology in Poland
MsC in Telecommunications (Silesian University of
Technology, Bournemouth University UK)
Professional Experience:
Instructor, Leliwa training for /// Ericsson
Manager, Orange Poland
Consultant, Kennedy Information
- 2 -
Course Agenda
SS7 Signalling Overview ~ 3,5 Days
SIGTRAN ~ 1 Days
SIP 0,5 Days
Daily Agenda
Introduction to the Signaling
Architecture
Vertically Integrated and
Horizontally Integrated network
Figure 1-1: Vertically Integrated and Horizontally Integrated network design models
Old approach
PCM
IP
PPP ATM
SDH
New approach
AMR GPRS
PPP
SDH
IP
AAL2 AAL5
SDH
ATM
AMR GPRS
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
2
Figure 1-3: Monolithic Architecture vs Layered Architecture
Handout: Classical (monolithic) architecture and Mobile Network Development
Figure 1-2: Layered Core Network Model Showing the Logical Network Nodes
Vertical architecture protocol stack.
Control Layer
ISDN MSC
HLR
GMSC BSC
AUC IN
BSSAP ISUP ISUP
MAP INAP
CAP
Figure 1-5: Protocols used in the Mobile Core Network for Circuit Mode services
BICC Used by /// only (all other vendors use SIP-T)
ITU /// IETF
H248 = GCP = MEGACO
/// uses GCP because complete H248 functionality was not implemented in R1
Future .
Figure 1-6: The access signaling in the common GSM and WCDMA systems Network
Figure 1-7: User plane protocol stacks for IP and ATM backbones
Figure 1-8: PCM encoded vs. Compressed speech in the Core Network
Figure 1-9: TrFO for WCDMA and TFO for GSM
Figure 1-10: Target architecture for the Mobile Core Network
Introduction to Signaling
Signalling and network activities
Traffic control
Database communication
Network management
B-number
Address complete
Clear forward
B-answer
data base
1
data base
2
MS=X
MS=X is now in my area!
OK, I have updated!
Trunk seizure!
Trunk blocked!
O
&
M
Trunk group Y blocked!
Redirect traffic , etc.!
Figure 2-1: Signaling in Telecommunication Networks
Signalling:
Access signalling (or subscriber signalling), between a subscriber
terminal and the local exchange.
Trunk signalling (or inter-exchange signalling), between network
nodes (exchanges, switches, databases, etc.).
Access Signalling:
Subscriber line signalling (used in PSTN).
Digital subscriber signalling (used in ISDN and PLMN).
A-subscriber Local exchange B-subscriber
Off hook / seizure
Dial tone
B-number
Ring tone Ring signal
speech / data / fax
On hook
On hook
Off hook / answer
Subscriber line signalling
3
Digital Subscriber Signalling
system No.1 (DSS1)
Setup
Call proceeding
Setup
Call proceeding
Alerting
Alerting
Connect
Connect
Connect ack
Connect ack
SS7
SS7
call communication
Disconnect
Release
Release complete
Disconnect
Release
Release complete
Trunk Signalling:
Channel Associated Signalling (CAS).
Common Channel Signalling (CCS).
BSC
LAPD LAPDm
D-channel signalling Dm-channel signalling
(m modified)
GSM access signalling
GSM
CC (call control)
ISDN
DSS 1
P ... C B A S Q ... P ... C B A S Q ...
17 16 ... 3 2 1 0 18 ... 31 17 16 ... 3 2 1 0 18 ... 31
0 31 16
a a a a p p p p b b b b q q q q
register signals / traffic channels 17-31
line signals 16
register signals / traffic channels 1-15
frame synchronisation 0
used for time slot
Channel Associated Signalling (CAS)
In practice CAS is not implemented
nowadays. However some old
PSTN exchanges still use it and
must be supported in MSC.
Figure 2-2: CCITT R2 Signals (MFC)
Figure 2-3: Simplified Call Setup using the CAS System
Signalling
Terminal
Computer
Signalling
Terminal
Computer
Exchange Exchange
Signalling link
Data packet
Signalling message
Common Channel Signalling (CCS)
Figure 2-4: OSI Reference Model
Figure 2-5: Schematic figure of Information added in each Layer
L1
L2
L3
Service
Access Point
Signalling
entity
Primitive
Characteristics
High flexibility
Many different types of telecommunication services can use SS7.
High capacity
A single signalling link can support several thousand traffic circuits.
High speed
Setting up a call through a number of exchanges takes less than a second.
High reliability
The system contains powerful functions for elimination of disturbances in
the signalling network. One example is the possibility of choosing
alternative links for signalling.
Economical
Wide range of telecommunication services and connections can use one
and the same signalling system. is an important economical aspect.
Signalling System No. 7 Signalling System No. 7
Figure 2-8: Relationship between OSI and CCITT SS7
Figure 2-6: CCITT SS No. 7 General Structure
L3 Addressing & Routing,
MTP L2 Reliable Transmission (ACK, ReTx, Flow Control)
L1 1 64 kbps Timeslot on E1
TUP not used in practice
ISUP connection related signalling
SCCP non connection related signalling
Figure 2-7: ETSI / ITU-T Protocols in the Mobile Core Network
4
SS7 Terminology
SP
(SPC=10)
SP
(SPC=20)
SL (SLC=1)
SL (SLC=0)
circuit (CIC=1) circuit
(CIC=29)
LS
0 31 1 2
circuit (CIC=2)
SP - Signalling Point sender/receiver of signalling message
SPC - Signalling Point Code address of the SP
SL - Signalling Link 64 kbps TS carrying SS7 signalling between two SPs
SLC - Signalling Link Code SL identifier (4 bits)
LS - Link Set set of SLs connecting two SPs. Max 16 SLs/LS
CIC - Circuit Id. Code Connection Id. Standard 12b (4000 connections)
may be extended to 16b (65 000 connections)
Figure 2-9: Signaling Network Elements
SS7 Signalling Links
Problem with capacity 16 Signalling Links/Link Set not enough for GSM
Solution 1. Allocation of 2 logical signalling points to one physical node.
SPC=A
SPC=A
SPC=B
SPC=B
1 LS
16 SLs
16 SLs
Solution 2.
Proprietary modification
(e.g. CISCO, not supported by ///).
SPC=B
32 SLs
SPC=A
Solution 3. HSL High Speed Signalling Link. Whole E1 allocated for SS7.
SPC=B 16 HSLs SPC=A
SS7oATMoE1
1 SL has 2Mbps capacity
In practice 50% is wasted by ATM
1 HSL = 16 SL
SS7 Addressing
International level
National level
SP
2-20
SP
2-10
SP
2-10
SP
2-32
NI Network Indicator
0 international net.
2 national net.
1 not used
3 operator network (e.g. in Russia 2 whole federation,
3 whole republic)
SP
0-12
2-28
SP
0-10
2-23
SPC Signalling Point Code
SS7 Signalling Point Types
Figure 2-10: Associated and Quasi-associated Signaling Modes
Topology guidelines
Each SP that is not an STP is connected to at least two STPs of the
lower level.
Each STP of the lower level is connected to at least two STPs of the
higher level.
STPs in the higher level are fully meshed (all STPs have direct link to
each other).
Figure 2-11: A Hierarchically Structured Network
SS7 Signalling Link Types (ANSI)
SP
STP
STP
STP
SP
SP
STP
STP
SP
STP
F
A
A
E
C
B
B
D
D
C
A Access
B Bridge
C Cross
D Diagonal
E Extended
F Fully associated
Figure 2-12: North American Signaling Network Link Types
Message Transfer Part - MTP
5
SS7 Protocol Stack
MTP
TUP
SCCP
BSSAP ISUP
TCAP
MAP CAP/INAP
Figure 3-1: Functional Levels of the Message Transfer Part
MTP1
MTP2
MTP1
MTP2
MTP1
MTP2
MTP1
MTP2
MTP1
MTP2
MTP1
MTP2
MTP1
MTP2
MTP1
MTP2
MTP 3
LS
SL
Relations between MTP entities
and SL
Regional Hardware
& Software
Central Software
Figure 3-2: MTP Connections in an AXE Exchange
Figure 3-3: Traditional MTP versus ATM-based MTP
Figure 3-4: Message Processing on High-speed Signaling Links
Signal Unit
Figure 3-5: MTP Signal Unit Formats
MSU - Message Signal Unit
(LI = 3 63) is used to carry upper layer messages protocol messages.
LSSU - Link Status Signal Unit
(LI = 1 or 2) is used to start up the link and in case of failures.
FISU - Fill-In Signal Unit
(LI = 0) is used for error supervision (it carries only error correction fields.
It is sent when in the transmission buffer there is nothing else to be sent
to keep the link running.
Figure 3-6: Bit Stuffing and De-stuffing
MTP L2: FSN, BSN, FIB and BIB usage
request for
retransmission
retransmission
FSN=1 BSN=1 FIB=0 BIB=0
sequence
error
positive ack.
MTP L2: FSN, BSN, FIB and BIB usage
Backward Indicator Bit (BIB)
The BIB (1 bit) marks the signal unit as:
Positive acknowledged if the logical value of the BIB bit is the same as
that received in the latest signal unit.
Negative acknowledged if the value of BIB is not equal to the value in the
latest received signal unit.
Forward Indicator Bit (FIB)
If the logical value of the FIB is equal to the one in the previous signal
unit, the receiver is informed that the signal unit is sent for the first time.
If the logical value of FIB is not equal to the one in the previous signal
unit, the receiver is informed that it is a repetition of a previously sent
signal unit.
Service Information Octet
Figure 3-7: Service Information Octet
Signalling Information Field
DPC
CK F SIO LI FSN BSN F SIF
OPC CIC ISUP message
OPC Originating Point Code
DPC Destination Point Code
SLS Signalling Link Selection -> SLC (used for load sharing)
CIC Circuit Identity Code
ISUP ISDN User Part
routing label
SLS
6
MTP routing labels
Signalling information CIC
SLS
OPC DPC
14 bits 14 bits
Management information SLS OPC DPC
4 bits
12 bits
Signalling information CIC OPC DPC SLS
Signalling information OPC DPC SLS
4 bits
MTP management messages (label type A):
TUP messages (label type B):
ISUP messages (label type C):
SCCP messages (label type D):
Status Field in the LSSU
Figure 3-7: Service Information Octet
Alignment procedure
LSSU (SIO)
LSSU (SIN/SIE)
LSSU (SIOS)
Out of alignment (HELLO)
Normal/Emergency (faster) alignment
Proving period
Normal Operation
Out of Service (e.g. link failure, cannot
transmit/receive MSU, due to other
reasons than processor outage)
FISU
Alignment Error Rate Monitor
AERM
Emergency 0.5s 1 error
Normal 8.2s 4 errors
If proving is aborted M (M=5) times, the link is returned to the out-of-
service state.
Recommendation:
In each LS one SL should
operate in emergency mode.
At restart of the SP, all routes
become available very quickly
SP SP
SP
LS
SIO
SIE
Figure 3-12: Signal Unit Error Rate Monitor
Processor outage
Problems at a functional level higher than MTP level 2 preclude
utilisation of the link.
MSU/FISU
MTP3
MTP2 LSSUs (SIPO)
FISUs
MTP3
MTP2
MSU/FISU
Rx Tx Rx Tx
LSSU (SIB)
Re-Tx Re-Tx
BSN, BIB - stop
LSSU (SIB)
Rx Tx Re-Tx
BSN, BIB - stop
link faulty
First SIB reception T6 (3-6s)
SIB reception -> restart T7 0,52s)
T5 (80-120ms)
T5 (80-120ms)
Congestion in the receiver buffer
Figure 3-9: Overview of the Signaling Link Functions (level 2)
Figure 3-10: SU Acceptance Procedure
Signalling Network MTP 3
Signalling Network functions
Signaling Message Handling
Signaling Network Management
Traffic handling sub-functions
Message Routing
Message Discrimination
Message Distribution
Figure 3-13: Overview of the Signaling Network Functions
Figure 3-14: Signaling Message Handling Overview
Figure 3-15: MTP SIF Fields: Routing Labels and User Information
7
International Signalling Point
Codes (ISPC)
Zone identification Area/network identification Signalling point identification
3 bits 8 bits 3 bits
Signalling Area/Network Code (SANC)
Zone identification
7 South America 5 Australia, South East Asia 3 North and Central America
6 Africa 4 Asia and Middle East 2 Europe
7-096 Uruguay 3-136 Cuba
7-060 Chile 3-128 Bahamas
7-048 Brazil 3-020 to 3-059 USA
2-144 Ireland
5-102 Tuvalu 6-110 South Africa 4-120 China 2-124 to 2-131 Germany
5-050 Singapore 6-092 Madagascar 4-108 Hong Kong 2-080 to 2-081 Sweden
5-040 Thailand 6-078 Kenya 4-080 Japan 2-072 UK (Mercury)
5-010 Australia 6-010 Tunisia 4-040 Saudi Arabia 2-068 UK (BT)
5-004 Malaysia 6-004 Egypt 4-008 India 2-004 Greece
MTP Routing
Figure 3-16: MTP Routing Table Example
Link Set identification
SP
2-20
SP
2-30
LS=2-30 LS=2-20
Figure 3-17: Load Sharing of Message Signal Units
Load Sharing
Load sharing within a LS - Always applied, uses the least significant part
of the SLS field.
Load sharing between LSs - one method, commonly used, can be
applied by using a specific Load SHaring Bit (LSHB) in the SLS field (each
signalling route set usually needs no more than two LSs).
Load Sharing
SLS is selected by upper layer protocols (ISUP, SCCP) that control load
Sharing. Often SLS values are changed one-by-one.
In case of sequence-sensitive protocol Load Sharing is disabled in order
to cope with variable delays in different Signalling Links (loss of sequence)
IAM
ACM
CPG
ANM
SLS=X
fixed = lower bits of CIC
problem
Signalling Network Management
Signalling traffic management:
Signalling link management:
Signalling route management:
changeover, changeback, forced rerouting, controlled rerouting, MTP restart,
management inhibiting, signalling traffic flow control
signalling link activation, restoration and deactivation, link set activation,
automatic allocation of signalling terminals and signalling data links
transfer-controlled procedure, transfer-prohibited procedure, transfer-allowed
procedure, transfer-restricted procedure, signalling-route-set-test procedure,
signalling-route-set-congestion test procedure
Status of signalling link
available
failed or inactive;
blocked
(failed or inactive) and blocked
inhibited
inhibited and (failed or inactive)
inhibited and blocked
(failed or inactive), blocked and inhibited
unavailable:
Signalling link status:
Inhibited may be
automatically
restored
Blocked may only
be manually (by
command) restored
Status of signalling route
Restricted priority is decreased automatically. Faces some
problems, but still able to carry traffic.
Status of signalling routes:
available
restricted
unavailable
Status of signalling point:
available
unavailable
Status of signalling point
8
Congestion thresholds
(international network)
Tx Re-Tx
congestion onset thr.
congestion abatement thr.
Congestion thresholds (national
network available in ANSI)
Tx Re-Tx
cong. level 3 onset thr.
cong. level 3 abatement thr.
cong. discard level 3 thr.
Congested Signalling Route Set
A
B
C
D
Route #1
Route #2
SL congested
SR congested
SRS congested
SL congestion -> SR congestion -> SRS congestion
Congested Signalling Route Set
A
B
C
D
Route #1
Route #2
SL congested
T
F
C
L4 SRS towards
D congested
(congestion status not
retained at level 3)
TFC Transfer Control
Signalling Link Changeover
COA SLC=0 FSN=123
Re-Tx Tx
MSU 123
MSU 124
MSU 125
MSU 126
Re-Tx Tx
MSU 72
MSU 73
MSU 74
MSU 75
MSU 76
MSU 77
MSU 78
Re-Tx Tx
MSU 81
MSU 82
MSU 83
Re-Tx Tx
MSU 64
MSU 65
MSU 66
MSU 67
MSU 68
unavailable
COO SLC=0 FSN=81
MSU 69
Changeover Order (CCO) Changeover Acknowledgement (COA)
Diverted traffic has no priority in relation to normal traffic already conveyed on the SL.
Figure 3-21: Changeover Procedure
Figure 3-20: Fault in Local Signaling Link (SL)
Emergency Signalling Link
Changeover
Due to Signalling Terminal failure it may be impossible to determine FSN of
the last MSU accepted over the unavailable link.
COA SLC=0 FSN=123
Re-Tx Tx
MSU 123
MSU 124
MSU 125
MSU 126
Re-Tx Tx
MSU 72
MSU 73
MSU 74
MSU 75
Re-Tx Tx
MSU 81
MSU 82
MSU 83
Re-Tx Tx
MSU 64
MSU 65
MSU 66
MSU 67
MSU 68
unavailable
ECO SLC=0
Figure 3-22: Emergency Changeover Procedure
9
Time-controlled changeover
Time-controlled changeover is initiated f any (or several) of the
following cases apply:
No signalling path exists between the two ends of the unavailable link, so that the
exchange of changeover messages is impossible.
Processor outage indication is received on a link. In this case, if the remote
processor outage condition is only transitory, sending of a changeover order
could result in failure of the link.
A SL currently carrying traffic has been marked (locally or remotely) inhibited. In
this case, time controlled changeover is used to divert traffic for the inhibited link
without causing the link to fail.
Traffic is transmitted via a new SL after expiry of a time T1 (500 to 1200 ms) in
order to reduce the probability of message mis-sequencing.
If no changeover message in response to a CC0 is received within a timer T2 (700
to 2000 ms), new traffic is started on the alternative SL.
Figure 3-23: Changeover Procedure on No Response to COO
Signalling Link Changeback
CBA
CBD
SP SP
ChangeBack Declaration (CBD)
ChangeBack Acknowledgment (CBA)
Forced Rerouting Procedure
A
Y
Z
X
O
O
O
O TFP (x)
ODestination X:
Route Y, unavailable
Route X, available
Figure 3-24: Fault on SL between A and B
Transfer Prohibited (TFP)
Case 1
RST every
30s
Route Set Test (RST)
Figure 3-25: Forced Rerouting Procedure
TFP procedure (case 2
broadcast method)
X
Destination X:
Route Z, available
B
A
C
Y
Z
TFP (x)
TFP procedure (case 3 response
method)
A
Y
Z
X
M
S
U
X
Destination X:
Route Z, available
T
F
P
(x
)
Controlled Rerouting (case 1)
A
Y
Z
X
O
O
O
Destination X:
Route Y, available
Route X, available
Figure 3-26: Fault on SL between A and B Repaired
Figure 3-27: Controlled Rerouting Procedure
O TFA (x)
Transfer Allowed (TFA)
RST
10
Controlled Rerouting (case 2)
A
Y
Z
X
O
O
T
F
R
(x
)
O
Destination X:
Route Y, restricted
Route Z, available
Link Management Procedure
Signaling link activation
Activates the SL at the operators request.
Signaling link restoration
Performs an attempt to restore (activate) a faulty SL.
Signaling link deactivation
Deactivates the SL at the operators request. Can be performed even if
the SL is in service.
Signaling link emergency restart
If the entire LS fails, the resource management indicates an emergency
situation for all links in the group. In this case a restoration of each link is
started and level 2 uses the short alignment period.
Link inhibiting
X Y
SL 0 unavailable, locally inhibited
SL 1 available
management
system
LIN
LIA
SL 0 unavailable, remotely inhibited
SL 1 available
Inhibiting disabling traffic for testing/troubleshooting purposes.
e.g. too many changeovers and changebacks in a short time
Link Inhibit Message (LIN)
Link Inhibit Acknowledgement (LIA)
Link Inhibit Denied (LID) - inhibiting
will result in a destination becoming
inaccessible
Link uninhibiting
X Y
SL 0 unavailable, locally inhibited available
SL 1 available
management
system /
signalling routing
control function
LUN
LUA
SL 0 unavailable, remotely inhibited available
SL 1 available
Link Uninhibit (LUN)
Link Uninhibit Acknowledgement (LUA)
Link Forced Uninhibit (LFU) - Signalling routing control will initiate SL
uninhibit if an inhibited link is found to be a member of a LS in a route to
a destination which has become inaccessible.
Signalling Link Test
SLTM
SLTA
A B
Signalling Link Test Message (SLTM) initiates test. Sent every T2 (30-90s)
Signalling Link Test Acknowledgement (SLTA)
Fault Indication
A test run is unsuccessful if the following events occur:
SLTA is not received within 10 seconds on the SL that has sent the
corresponding SLTM.
The bit pattern in the received SLTA does not agree with thebit pattern in
the sent SLTM.
The SL is indicated faulty if two consecutive tests fail.
Policing
STP Policing
OPC restricted, all DPCs allowed
DPC restricted, all OPCs allowed
Both OPC and DPC restricted
SNM Policing support for STM Policing. Limits the use
of SNM messages.
Figure 3-28: Communication between Layers and Nodes
11
Signaling Transport in ATM
Networks - SAAL
Figure 4-1: Broadband and Narrowband SS7 protocol stacks
Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
Figure 4-2: ATM cell format
Figure 4-3: The use of AALs
Figure 4-4: ATM Adaptation Layer type 1
Figure 4-5: ATM Adaptation Layer type 5
Figure 4-6: Message Transfer Part Functional Levels
Figure 4-7: AAL Architecture
Segmentation and Reassembly sublayer (SAR)
The SAR is responsible for the segmentation of the CS Protocol
Data Unit (PDU) into 48 octet ATM SDUs.
Convergence Sublayer (CS)
The CS is responsible for adding information to the user-data,
allowing acceptable recovery at the exit point of the ATM
network.
ATM Adaptation Layer for Signaling on the
Network-to-Network Interface, (SAAL-NNI)
Figure 4-7: AAL Architecture
Common Part Convergence Sublayer (CPCS)
Performs functions that are common to all users of the specific
AAL type (e.g. compressed voice and compressed video)
Service Specific Convergence Sublayer (SSCS)
Performs functions that are specific to the user application.
In SAAL NNI the two lower sublayers SAR & CPCS are the same as in
AAL5
SERVICE SPECIFIC CONNECTION-
ORIENTED PROTOCOL (SSCOP)
SSCOP almost the same capabilities as MTP-2, adapted
to broadband ATM transport
Figure 4-8: SSCOP Functions
Figure 4-9: SSCOP PDUs
Figure 4-10: Sequenced Data PDU
Invalid PDU :
Has an unknown PDU type code
Is not 32 bit aligned.
Is not the proper length for a PDU of the stated type.
and should be discarded.
SSCOP PDU fields
N(S) - functionally similar to the MTP-2 Forward Sequence Number (FSN).
Information field - in SD, MD or UD PDUs (upper layer info).
N(PS) - in POLL PDU, incremented each time a POLL PDU is sent
N(R) - although there is no explicit field like (BSN) receiver still maintains a
variable containing the next in-sequence N(S) expected. Sent in
STAT and USTAT PDUs
N(MR) - receiver window advertisement. Sent in STAT, STAT, RS, RSAK,
ER, ERAK, BGN and BGAK
Source (S) bit - set (1) when the connection was released by the SSCOP
entity. Sent in END PDU.
N(SQ) - incremented every time a new connection is initiated. Used by
SSCOP entities to detect duplicate BGN, RS, or ER PDUs.
PDU Type field, PAD, Pad Length (PL)
SSCOP FUNCTIONS
Figure 4-11: Connection Establishment and Release
Figure 4-12: SSCOP Error Free Operation
Figure 4-13: Error Correction using USTAT
Figure 4-14: Error correction using STAT
Figure 4-15: Coding of STAT element lists
Flow Control
N(MR) - For example, if the senders N(S) is 23 and the receiver
Sets N(MR) to 87, the sender is permitted to send PDUs 23..86
Without further acknowledgement.
Keep Alive
No FISU. Heartbeat mechanism POLL->STAT
12
SERVICE SPECIFIC CONTROL
FUNCTION (SSCF)
Figure 4-16: SSCF Functions
ISDN User Part - ISUP
ISUP Function
Figure 6-8: ISUP Message Structure Overview
ISUP is responsible for providing the necessary signaling
capability between exchanges in order to support the handling
of the basic and supplementary ISDN services.
ISUP Message structure
Optional Part
Mandatory Variable Part
Mandatory Fixed Part
Message Type Code
Circuit Identification Code (CIC)
Routing label
CIC and SLS
CIC
SLS
4 bits
LSB
Ensures the in-sequence delivery of all
messages related to a particular connection
Interaction between ISUP and MTP
loadsharing
2-20
2-30
2-31
2-50
1 2-31
1 2-30 2-50
Priority LS DPC
SLS=x0xx
SLS=x1xx
LSHB
SLS=xx00
SLS=xx01
SLS=xx10
SLS=xx11
path (message
with SLS=1010)
CIC=0x1010
All the messages related with connection on CIC=0x1010 between exchanges 2-20
and 2-50 are exchanged under normal conditions over the same SLs and LSs.
Circuit Identity Code (CIC) format
CIC (most sig. bits) octet 2
CIC (least significant bits) octet 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bit
Spare
For international applications, the four spare bits of the
CIC field are reserved for CIC extension, provided that
bilateral agreement is obtained before any increase in
size is performed. For national applications, the four spare
bits can be used as required.
13
Handout: ISUP message types
Formatting Principles
Figure 6-9: An IAM Example Message
Figure 6-3: Information Elements in an IAM Message
Call Setup
B
A
Setup
CIC
B-no
IAM
Selection of outgoing route
B
A
Setup
B-no
?
called party number
connection type required,
network signalling capability required
CIC allocation (example)
C
I
C
=
1
C
I
C
=
2
C
I
C
=
3
1
C
I
C
=
3
2
C
I
C
=
6
2
A B
A B
IAM (CIC=54)
2-11 2-10
IAM (CIC=54)
ACM (CIC=54)
IAM (CIC=22)
Dual Seizure
Automatic repeat attempt
A B
OIAM
OIAM
O!#$??
OIAM
OACM
OACM
Params. in Initial Address Message -
National/international call indicator
A B
IAM IAM IAM
national national international international
nat/international nat/international international
End-of-pulsing signal
IAM
A
Called Address Signals:
48323764433F
Removal of CC at last international
exchange
A B
IAM IAM IAM
48323766305 323766305 48323766305
Network protection timer
IAM
A
T7 (20-30s)
ind.
no ACM/CON/
Completion of transmission path
O IAM
A B
OSetup
OSetup
O ACM
OAlerting
OAlerting
OAnswer
O ANM OConnect
O O
O
O
Figure 6-2: En-bloc, Non-auto Answer Call Set-up and Disconnection
14
Subsequent Address Messages (SAM)
A B
IAM(48)
0
0
4
8
3
2
3
7
6
6
3
0
5
national
IAM(4832)
SAM(32)
IAM(4832)
SAM(3766)
SAM(3766)
SAM(3766)
IAM
(48323766)
SAM(305) SAM(305)
SAM(305)
SAM(305)
Figure 6-4: Overlap, Non-auto Answer Call Set-up and Disconnection
Message Segmentation
IAM / ACM / CPG / CON
>272 octets
272 octets
IAM / ACM / CPG / CON SGM
simple segmentation
indicator
Unsuccessful set-up
A B
IAM
IAM
tones/ ann. REL
REL
RLC
RLC
cause
cause
A B
IAM
IAM
tones/ ann. REL
REL
RLC
RLC
ACM
ACM cause
cause
CASE 1
CASE 2
Address incomplete (1)
A B
IAM
IAM
tones/ ann.
c
REL
REL
RLC
RLC
cause:
address
incomplete
cause:
address
incomplete
(4832376630F)
(4832376630F)
Address incomplete (2)
A B
IAM(48)
0
0
4
8
3
2
IAM(4832)
SAM(32)
IAM(4832)
T35 (15-20s)
REL
REL
REL
cause:
address
incomplete
cause:
address
incomplete
RLC
RLC
cause:
address
incomplete
RLC
tones
Call release
A B
REL
RLC
REL
RLC
on-hook/
disconnect
conversation
15
Suspend/resume (T6/T38 expires)
Figure 6-6: Suspend/Resume Procedure
A B
SUS
REL
SUS
REL
on-hook T6 (1-2 min)
conversation
Propagation delay determination
A B
IAM
propagation delay
counter = d1+d2
ACM/CON
call history information
= d1+d2+d3+d4
d1 d2 d3 d4
IAM
propagation delay
counter = d1+d2+d3
ACM/CON
call history information
= d1+d2+d3+d4
Echo (2-wire/4-wire hybrids)
2
2
2 2
trunk network access network access network
ECHO
Echo (acoustic feedback) & (crosstalk
in the handset cord)
IHECD and OHECD
2
2
2 2
trunk network access network access network
A B
OHECD
IHECD
Incoming Half Echo Control Device IHECD
Outgoing Half Echo Control Device
Echo control procedure (decision in
originating exchange)
A B
OHECD
IHECD
O
IHECD
may be
needed
IAM
(OHECD included)
IAM
(OHECD included)
IAM
(OHECD included)
O
IHECD
may be
needed
IHECD
may be
needed
O
ACM ACM ACM O
O
(IHECD included,
OHECD not included,
OHECD requested)
(IHECD included,
OHECD not included,
OHECD requested)
(IHECD included,
OHECD not included,
OHECD requested)
16
Echo control procedure (decision in
terminating exchange)
A B
OHECD
IHECD
IAM
(OHECD not included)
IAM
IAM
O O
ACM
(IHECD included,
OHECD included,
OHECD requested)
ACM ACM O O
O OHECD
may be
needed
(IHECD included,
OHECD included,
OHECD requested)
(IHECD included,
OHECD included,
OHECD requested)
NRM
(OHECD included)
NRM
(OHECD included)
O
O
O
(OHECD released)
O
O
O
O
O
O
(OHECD released)
NRM O
(OHECD released)
(OHECD included)
Continuity check
OIAM
continuity check
required
TX
RX
O
OCOT
continuity check
successful
O
O
COT
O
Continuity check test call
OCCR
TX
RX
O O
CIC mismatch
C
I
C
=
1
C
I
C
=
2
C
I
C
=
0
C
I
C
=
3
C
I
C
=
4
C
I
C
=
1
C
I
C
=
2
C
I
C
=
3
Swapped cables
DIP #1
DIP #2
Tx
Rx
Tx Rx
Reset of circuits
RSC
REL
GRS
GRA
Reset Circuit (RSC) acknowledged with Release
Circuit Group Reset (GRS)
Circuit Group Reset Acknowledgement (GRA)
Unreasonable messages
When a message format error (e.g. improper length, mandatory
variable or start of optional parameters pointer points beyond the
message length) the message is discarded.
Unrecognized messages and
parameters
release call X X 1
discard message and send notification 1 1 0
pass on message 0 1 0
discard message 1 0 0
pass on message 0 0 0
discard
message
indicator
send
notification
indicator
release call
indicator
Required action
Instruction indicator
Message compatibility information parameter
Unrecognized messages and
parameters
release call X X X 1
1 1 1 0
discard message and send notification
0 1 1 0
discard parameter and send notification 1 0 1 0
pass on parameter 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
discard message
0 1 0 0
discard parameter 1 0 0 0
pass on parameter 0 0 0 0
discard
parameter
indicator
discard
message
indicator
send
notification
indicator
release call
indicator
Required action Instruction indicator
Parameter compatibility information parameter
17
Compatibility information missing
XXX
CFN
Message compatibility:
- do not release call,
- send notification,
- discard message
message type non-existent
or not implemented discarded,
diagnostic field = XXX
Confusion message
Signaling Connection Control
Part - SCCP
Call related and call non-related
signalling
Figure 12-1: Circuit-related vs. Non-circuit-related Signaling
Addressing
Normally exchanges analyse B-number, which is a problem with
the call non-related signalling (no B-number).
The only address available in MTP is DPC. Problem with mobile
subscribers, as national DPCs are not unique.
Additionally, to enable routing based on DPC each SP should
know the routes to all SPs worldwide. Any network reconfiguration
requires updates in routing tables (manually configured).
Figure 12-14: SCCP Address Elements
Figure 12-3: SCCP in the Mobile Core Network
Global Title
E.164 numbering plan address.
GT = 46 501 563 432
SPC = 2-2745
GT = 46 501 456 501
SPC = 2-1024
GT = 46 501 767 453
SPC = 2-7038
GT = 46 501 273 454
SPC = 2-6053
2-7038 2-1024 46 501 456...
2-1024 2-7038 46 501 273...
SSP PSP GT series
Figure 12-15: Global Title Translation
SCCP & Load Sharing
How to exceed LS above 16 SLs?
SPC=A
SPC=B
SPC=B
16 SLs
16 SLs
How to implement Load Sharing over 32 links?
MTP impossible
SCTP possible with GTT
GT
48 607 0
48 607 1
48 607 2
48 607 3
48 607 4
48 607 4
GTRC = 1
GTRC = 2
GTRC PSP SSP
1 B B
2 B B
MGT Mobile Global Title
MSC HLR
IMSI MGT
GT = 48 607 000 000
IMSI 260 01 221954
MGT 48 607 21954
MCC MNC MSIN
CC NDC SN
Used in the GSM network during the registration procedure.
One-to-one relation between MCC Mobile Country Code (IMSI) and the
CC Country Code.
In MNC to NDC translation a first digit of the MSIN is taken into account
because operator can use more than one NDC.
STP on the way are only analysing MGT series
In home network
IMSI is used.
International STPs
do not
understand IMSI
18
SSN Subsystem Number
SPC = 2-2381
GT = 49 601 000001
VLR
GMSC, MSC
HLR
AUC
SSN = 10
SSN = 6
SSN = 7
SSN = 8
Result of GT translation
Termination indication (OWNSP) - The message terminates in this node.
DPC with intermediate indication - The message is sent to the next SCCP
node. The next SCCP node re-routes the message further. The DPC is used
In the routing label of the message to route the message to another node for
further GT translation. The GT is left unchanged for translation in the next
node.
DPC with termination indication - The message is sent to the next SCCP
node. The message terminates in the next SCCP node. The DPC is used in
the routing label of the message together with the SSN of the called party
address to route the message to its final destination.
Figure 12-16: Connectionless Signaling Sequence
SCCP exemplary procedures
Figure 12-26: SCCP Addressing during a Call to an MS
Figure 12-27: SCCP Addressing during Location Updating
Figure 12-28: SCCP Addressing between the MSC and the BSC
SCCP service classes
Figure 12-4: SCCP Protocol Classes
Connectionless Connection oriented
SCCP CL 0 (MAP example)
This class of operation is used for window size = 1
procedures, i.e. there is never more than one message send
in particular direction before the result or answer message is
received from the opposite side.
MSC
VLR HLR
SEND ROUTING INFORMATION
PROVIDE ROAMING NUMBER
PROVIDE ROAMING NUMBER
SEND ROUTING INFORMATION
GMSC
IAM
SCCP class 0,
called address,
calling address
SCCP class 0,
called address,
calling address
SCCP class 0,
called address,
calling address
SCCP class 0,
called address,
calling address
SCCP CL 0 & MTP load sharing
SCCP
MTP
0 0 SCCP message
1 0 SCCP message
2 0 SCCP message
3 0 SCCP message
4 0 SCCP message

15 0 SCCP message
0 0 SCCP message
SLS Class
19
SCCP CL 1 (MAP example)
This class of operation is used for window size > 1
procedures, i.e. there are multiple messages send in particular
direction before the result or answer message is received from
the opposite side (bigger portion of data).
VLR
HLR
MSC
UPDATE LOCATION
INSERT SUBSCRIBER DATA
UPDATE LOCATION
Class 0, called and calling address
The same
SLS
SCCP
MTP
4 0 SCCP message
5 1 SCCP message
3 1 SCCP message
2 0 SCCP message
1 0 SCCP message
0 0 SCCP message
6 0 SCCP message
3 1 SCCP message
5 1 SCCP message
7 0 SCCP message
3 1 SCCP message
5 1 SCCP message
8 0 SCCP message
SLS Class
operations
executed in
sequence
SCCP Class 2 is used across BSC-MSC interface in order to
make relation between identity of the dedicated channel
allocated to the MS, known by the BSC, and the identity of the
MS (IMSI/TMSI), known by the MSC.
SCCP CL 2 & (BSSAP example)
Figure 12-19: Connection Establishment
Figure 12-21: Data Transfer Phase
Figure 12-23: Connection Release Phase
Figure 12-9: SCCP Messages
Figure 12-10: Parameters of Some SCCP Messages
Figure 12-11: Overview of the Structure of an SCCP Message
Figure 12-5: SCCP Service Primitives
Figure 12-6: Peer-to-peer Communication
Figure 12-7: Service Primitive - General Syntax and Examples
Figure 12-12: Detailed Structure of an SCCP Message
Figure 12-13: Unitdata (UDT) Message
Figure 12-20: Connection Establishment Data Flow
Figure 12-22: Data Transfer Data Flow
Figure 12-24: Connection Release Data Flow
SCCP
MTP
3 2 SCCP message
4 2 SCCP message
2 2 SCCP message
2 2 SCCP message
1 0 SCCP message
0 0 SCCP message
5 0 SCCP message
2 2 SCCP message
4 2 SCCP message
3 2 SCCP message
2 2 SCCP message
4 2 SCCP message
6 0 SCCP message
SLS Class messages
belonging to
the same
connection
SCCP Subsystem Status Management
Signalling Point status management (SSN=1 the whole SCCP)
- Inaccessible
- Accessible
- Congested
Remote SCCP status management
- Remote SCCP available,
- Remote SCCP unavailable (reason unknown),
- Remote SCCP unavailable (unequipped),
- Remote SCCP unavailable (inaccessible).
- Remote Subsystem prohibited,
- Remote Subsystem allowed.
Local Subsystem status management
- In-Service
- Out-Of-Service
Subsystem status test
Broadcast
Figure 12-25: SCCP Subsystem Status Management
Base Station System
Application Part - BSSAP
20
BSSAP introduction
Figure 13-1: GSM infrastructure in 2G
Figure 13-2: MSC and SGSN in Pool for GSM and WCDMA
Figure 13-3: GSM access connected to Layered Architecture Core Network
Figure 13-4: BSC connectivity to the MSS infrastructure
Figure 13-5: Signaling between the MS and MSC
Direct Transfer Application Part DTAP
Used for the transparent transfer of CM and MM messages
between MS and MSC in SCCP CO mode.
Base Station System Management Application Part BSSMAP
Used for sending of messages related to handover procedures,
MS initial communication, cell or BSC management.
MSC BSC
CM, MM
DTAP
BSSMAP
Initial MS messages
DTAP and BSSMAP
BSSAP message format
1 2 3 4n
Discrimination DLCI Length Indicator CM, MM info
L3 message Discrimination Length Indicator
1 2 3n
DTAP message
BSSMAP message
Discrimination
DTAP BSSMAP
DLCI
3 - SMS 0 all other
Traffic channel assignment
MSC BSC
Assignment request
Channel activation
Channel activation ack
Assignment command
SABM
UA
Establish indication
Assignment complete
Assignment
complete
Handover (A interface)
MSC BSC BSC
Handover required
Handover request
Handover request ack.
Handover command
Handover detect
Handover complete
Clear command
Clear complete
Other BSS Protocols and BSSAP
Figure 13-5: Signaling between the MS and MSC
Figure 13-6: Overview of the Air Interface Layer 3 Functions
Figure 13-7: Example LAPDm Signaling
Figure 13-8: BSC-BTS Layer 3 Messages
Figure 13-9: BSSAP Signaling at Location Updating
BSC/TRC Application Part (BTAP)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BSC
Um
A-bis
0 1 2 3 4 30 31
TRC
A-ter
BTAP
MSC
A TRC is transparent for BSSAP
signalling
Figure 13-10 13-19
21
Mobile Application Part - MAP
TCAP dialogues and transactions
Figure 14-1: TCAP A Common Communication Protocol
Figure 14-2: TCAP in the Mobile Core Network
Binds response with request
MSC HLR
MAP req.
MAP req.
MAP req.
MAP resp.
MAP resp.
MAP resp.
Enables dialogs
MSC HLR
MAP
MAP
MAP
MAP
Begin, OTID=12
12
OTID=15
Continue, DTID=12
OTID=12
Continue, DTID=15
OTID Originating Transaction Identifier
DTID Destination Transaction Identifier
OTID=15
Emd, DTID=12
Invoke #1
Invoke #2
Result #2
Result #1
TCAP dialogues and transactions
Figure 14-3: Functional View of TCAP
CAP
INAP
MAP
TCAP
SCCP
MTP
CAP
INAP
MAP
TCAP
SCCP
MTP
dialogues
transactions
TCAP sub-layers
TCAP
MAP
TCAP
MAP
SCCP
TC_Invoke
Component #1
(MAP message)
TC_Invoke
Component #2
(MAP message)
TC_Invoke
Component #3
(MAP message)
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t

s
u
b
-
l
a
y
e
r
TC_Begin
TCAP message
Dialog ID ID ID ID
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
Figure 14-4: Structure of TC
Figure 14-5: TC Primitives
TCAP sub-layers
Many Upper Layer (MAP) messages may be embedded into
single TCAP transaction
Figure 14-4: Structure of TC
TCAP message
Figure 14-12: An Embedded TCAP Message
Mobile Application Part - MAP
22
MAP Structure
There is no single node, where complete MAP functionality
is implemented.
Figure 15-1: Structure of the Mobile Application Part
ASE Application Service Entity. Functionality (set of messages
characteristic for the particular procedure).
1982-1992 1991-1994 1994-...
GSM Phase 1
Services:
Speech
Data
Fax
SMS
International roaming
Call forwarding
Call baring
GSM Phase 2
Services:
calling line
iiiidentification
call waiting
call hold
conference calling
GSM Phase 2+
Services:
interworking between
iiiGSM 900, GSM 1800
iii& GSM 1900
HSCSD
EDGE
GPRS
interworking with UMTS
Figure 15-2: MAP Versions in Ericssons Mobile Core Network
MAP protocol fallback
HLR VLR
BEGIN Location Update
Application Context Name = Network Loc Up, ver 3
ABORT
Application context name not supported
BEGIN Location Update
I understand only ver 3
OK lets proceed with 2
Figure 15-3: MAP Primitives Used by the MAP-CHECK-IMEI Service
Figure 15-5: MAP Messages between the MSC and EIR
MAP Services Location Updating
Figure 15-4: Messages in MAP version 2
ack means the same
message in opposite
direction
no separate ack
messages exist
PVLR
VLR HLR
D
D G
MSC
old LAI
TMSI
SEND IDENTIFICATION
SEND IDENTIFICATION ack
UPDATE LOCATION
CANCEL LOC
CANCEL LOC ack
ACTIVATE TRACE MODE
ACTIVATE TRACE MODE ack
INSERT SUBSCRIBER DATA ack
UPDATE LOCATION ack
Figure 15-6: MAP Messages at Location Updating
Roaming Management
Solution 1
ROAMING
visited PLNM
MSC
unwanted
MSC
wanted
HLR
black box filters all UPDATE LOCATION
operations from unwanted network
may allow access to unwanted network
after predefined number of tries
otherwise no coverage from wanted
network -> no service
X discarded
passed
how to cheat it?
artificially generate a sequence
of many UPDATE LOCATION
operations
Roaming Management
Solution 2
ROAMING
visited PLNM
MSC
unwanted
MSC
wanted
HLR
black box only monitors and informs SIM
Application Toolkit Server
X
passed
Remote SIM
control. Initially
intended to facilitate
GPRS configuration
black box
SIM
Application
Toolkit
1
2
reset preferred
network list
(background SMS)
3
proper
Location Update
HLR Restoration
MSC
VLR HLR D
RESET
Loc Upd UPDATE LOCATION
ACTIVATE TRACE MODE
INSERT SUBSCRIBER DATA ack
UPDATE LOCATION ack
FORWARD CHECK SS INDICATION
Figure 15-7: MAP Messages at HLR Restoration
23
MS Purging
VLR HLR D
PURGE MS
PURGE MS ack
MS Terminating Call
Basic Handover
VLR VLR
MSC A MSC B E
PREPARE HANDOVER
PREPARE HANDOVER ack
PROCESS ACCESS SIGNALLING
SEND END SIGNAL
FORWARD ACCESS SIGNALLING
SEND END SIGNAL ack
Subsequent Handover
VLR
MSC A
MSC B
E
SEND END SIGNAL
MSC B
E
PREPARE SUBSEQUENT HANDOVER
PREPARE HANDOVER
PREPARE HANDOVER ack
PREPARE SUBSEQUENT HANDOVER ack
SEND END SIGNAL
SEND END SIGNAL ack
Subscriber Tracing
MSC
VLR HLR D
Subscriber Tracing Activation
ACTIVATE TRACE MODE
OMC
Subscriber Tracing Activation Acc.
Subscriber Tracing Information
Subscriber Tracing Information
Subscriber Tracing Deactivation
DEACTIVATE TRACE MODE
DEACTIVATE TRACE MODE ack
Subscriber Tracing Deactivation Acc.
Subscriber Deletion
VLR HLR D
Delete subscriber
CANCEL LOCATION
OMC
Subscriber deleted
CANCEL LOCATION ack
MO short message transfer
VLR
IWMSC
SM
SC
MO FORWARD SM
MSC
SM
SM ack
MO FORWARD SM ack
SM ack
MT short message transfer
VLR
GMSC
SM
SC MSC
SM
SM ack
SEND ROUTING INFO FOR SM
SM ack
HLR
SEND ROUTING INFO FOR SM ack
MT FORWARD SM
MT FORWARD SM ack
Vendor specific MAP versions
Figure 15-9: Ericsson Variant MAP Compared to a Standard MAP
Figure 15-10: Extension Area and Extension Container
Handout: Message examples in ASN.1 x2 s
24
Signaling for Intelligent
Networks
IN services
ACC Account Card Calling
FPH Freephone
PRM Premium Rate
UAN Universal Access Number
UPT Universal Personal Telecommunications
VOT Televoting
VPN Virtual Private Network
PNA Personal Number
UAN Universal Access Number
PPS Prepaid SIM Card
I&Bii Information & Business Service
Whos who (VOT)
Uses the service
(TV viewers)
Service User
Subscribes to the service
(TV company)
Service Subscriber
Provides the VOT service
(MIN owner)
Service Provider
Provides the network
(GSM network owner)
Network Operator
Whos who (VOT)
MSC/SS
F
BSC
cell ID=11
One number taxi = 800123456
SCP
tr
ig
g
e
r

ta
x
i s
e
r
v
ic
e
Cell ID C-number
B
-
n
u
m
b
e
r
Hello Taxi
Hello Taxi
Without SCP (database)

routing tables should be
modified in all exchanges
taking into consideration their location
Similar service prompted development of IN for PSTN (freephone) in 1960s
Network architecture
Figure 16-1: Intelligent Network Elements
Figure 16-2: IN in the Core Network Layered Architecture
Figure 16-3: Basic Principles of IN Call Handling
Figure 16-4: Handling of a Terminating IN Service
Figure 16-5: Handling of an Originating IN Service
Triggering
MSC
SSF
VLR
GMSC
SSF HLR
MSC
A-sub category found in VLR
A
B-no
B-no
B-sub category found in HLR
B-no
CAP vs INAP
INAP
Intelligent Network Application Part
Dedicated for PSTN
Capability Set 1 (CS1)
Capability Set 2 (CS2)
CAP
CAMEL Application Part
Dedicated for PSTN
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
CAMEL Customised Application of Mobile Enhanced Logic
Figure 16-6: CAMEL Compared to CS-1 and CS-2
25
Description of CAMEL Subscriber Data
Originating CAMEL Subscription Information
TDP List
gsmSCF address
Service Key
Default Call Handling
DP criteria
CAMEL Capability Handling
O-CSI
CSI state
Notification flag
TDP triggering
detection point
determines when
control should be
passed
to IN.
address to be used to
access the gsmSCF
(E.164 number)
enables roaming
indicates the service
(logic to be used)
indicate whether the gsmSSF shall
request instructions from the gsmSCF
phase of CAMEL
what to do in case
of SSF error
indicates whether the
O-CSI is active or not
indicates whether the
change of the O-CSI shall
trigger Notification on
change of Subscriber
data
Example of service execution
Figure 16-7: CS-1 Operations
Figure 16-8: Additional CS-1+ Operations and Extensions
Figure 16-9: Detection Points in the Basic Call State Model
Figure 16-10: Originated Call Request from a VPN Subscriber
Figure 16-11: InitialDP Operation
Figure 16-12: Response from the SCF
Figure 16-13: Event Reporting and Call Continuation

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Without SCP (database)

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