WCDMA FDE & IC Features

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WCDMA FDE & IC Features

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The multi-path effect is a fundamental characteristic of the UMTS. In the case of low-rate transmission, the multi-path combination gain obtained by the RAKE receiver is greater than the inter-path interference, whose value is insignificant.

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The RAKE receiver, however, is not capable of handling high-rate services, such as the HSUPA services. The inter-path interference in high-rate transmission is normally much higher than that in low-rate transmission. As the RAKE receiver cannot suppress the interference in high-rate transmission effectively, the throughput of the HSUPA users is limited. As a result, the peak rate of the HSUPA user may not reach 11.5 Mbit/s, which is the uplink peak rate of 16QAM (as indicated in R7 of the 3GPP specifications).

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LMMSE receiver: The LMMSE receiver is capable of suppressing multiple access interference and near-far occurrences in a CDMA system operating in radio channels in the multi-path fading environment. The LMMSE receiver is relatively less complex, and thus more suitable for both uplink and downlink receivers. The 3G receivers are mainly based on the principle of coherent detection. Carrier frequency, carrier phase, multi-path profile, path delays, and fading characteristics are important parameters to perform a coherent detection of transmitted symbols. G-RAKE receiver: The G-RAKE receiver is an equalizer technique used to suppress interference and combine multiple paths. The G-RAKE receiver is similar to the RAKE receiver in structure; however, the two receiver types differ in the parameter settings of the number of paths and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) coefficient. The parameter settings in the RAKE receiver case are fixed, whereas the parameter settings in the G-RAKE receiver case are variable. Compared with the RAKE receiver, the G-RAKE receiver has a larger number of multiple paths and diversified combining coefficients. The combining coefficients are obtained through the maximal likelihood ratio equation by converting the interference in the cell into colored Gaussian noises. The G-RAKE receiver is normally effective when the spreading factors are not orthogonal on the channel working in specific frequencies.

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The calculation complexity of the FDE is 60% to 70% of the complexity of a typical LMMSE receiver. The available equalization techniques, which are used for minimizing the effects of time dispersion, are as follows: Time domain equalization technique Frequency domain equalization technique When fixed reference channel 8 (FRC8) is used, the result of simulation shows that the RAKE receiver supports a data rate of only about 4 Mbit/s, while FDE supports the full data rate of 8.1 Mbit/s.

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Step 1: Pre-processing A serial to parallel conversion is performed on the received signals. Step 2: Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) The signals are converted from the time domain to the frequency domain by using the FFT algorithm. Step 3: Spectrum equalization The uplink FDE is performed to equalize the spectrum in the frequency domain on the HSUPA E-DPDCH by using the uplink receiver of the NodeB. After the spectrum equalization, the inter-path interference on the EDPDCH is suppressed, and consequently the SNR on the E-DPDCH is increased. Step 4: Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) The signals are reverted from the frequency domain to the time domain by using the IFFT. This is the last operation in the FDE process. Step 5: Post-processing A parallel to serial conversion is performed on the processed signals. After despreading and decoding, the status of the signals is the same as that of the signals transmitted from the UE.

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In a WCDMA system, all subscribers communicate through radio channels having the same frequency and timeslot. Subscribers are distinguished by orthogonal spreading codes. In theory, if the orthogonal spreading codes provide a complete and perfect orthogonality between channels, co-channel interference can be avoided. However, in practice, these codes are not completely orthogonal, radio channels change in time, and multipath fading effect exists. The loss of orthogonality of the spreading factors in UEs causes fading in the high-rate transmission scenarios. This in turn leads to severe inter-chip interference (ICI) and multi-user interference (MUI). Therefore, co-channel interference exists in a WCDMA system, which characterizes it as a self-interference system. Far-near effect: As the distances from subscribers to base stations or the fading degrees are different, strong signals may suppress weak signals.

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In the system, there is interference between channels including intra-cell interference and inter-cell interference, and between multipaths of signals related to the same subscriber.

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Interference Cancellation is one of the MUD techniques. This technique effectively combats the far-near effect, greatly improves system performance, and increases capacity of the WCDMA system.

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Optimal MUD is implemented by using a matched filter and the Viterbi algorithm to detect the transmit sequence with the maximum posterior probability for the received signals. This technique is also called maximum likelihood sequence (MLS) detection. The Viterbi algorithm has excellent performance. However, the MLS detection uses the amplitude and phase of the received signals, which are obtained through estimation, and therefore the optimal MUD actually cannot be implemented. Suboptimal MUD can in turn be classified into two types: linear MUD and nonlinear MUD. Non-linear MUD uses the IC technique. It estimates the MAI produced by different subscribers through decision and reconstruction, and then eliminates part of or all interference from the received signals. The interference canceller need not involve the calculation of correlated matrix. It can be expanded without increasing the calculation complexity. In addition, the interference canceller can improve the reception performance of low-power signals. Therefore, the IC technique is often preferred in a third-generation (3G) communications system.

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Parallel interference cancellation (PIC) PIC performs decision and reconstruction on signals of multiple subscribers simultaneously to reduce the impact of MAI between subscribers. Currently, the IC method used in Huawei products is PIC. Successive interference cancellation (SIC) SIC performs decision and reconstruction on signals of a single subscriber at each level and then eliminates interference from the received signals to reduce the impact of MAI on other subscribers at lower levels. The operations by levels are performed in descending order of power of received signals. The SIC operation is performed preferentially on subscribers with higher power. Therefore, this is most beneficial for subscribers with lower power.

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The IC technique involves the following operations: 1. One-time demodulation or data regeneration: After the NodeB receives the real-time antenna data (data of all subscribers), it demodulates the data of each subscriber and then modulates the data to obtain the modulated data of each subscriber, that is, regenerating subscriber data 2. IC: The regenerated data is sent to the IC module 3. NodeB demodulation: The NodeB demodulates the data after IC
Real-time antenna data (for cells) : the cell baseband data received by the UL processing module of the NodeB after being processed by the RF module Time-delay antenna data:

the data after IC Regenerated data (for IC users): means the user baseband data rebuilt on the basis of the original information about some E-DPDCHs obtained from real-time antenna data and the features of radio channels

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The E-DPDCH is a physical channel used for the UE to transmit bits (E-DCH processing results) to the NodeB. Subscriber data is carried on this channel. With the increase of the HSUPA rate, the UL interference increases.

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Each subscriber has a control channel, which is the major source for the interference, especially for low-rate and low-activity services. CCPIC is a simplified MUD technique of the receiver in the NodeB. It is used in the heavy-load scenario. By eliminating interference from the UL control channel signals in the baseband data and reducing UL interference, CCPIC improves system capacity and thus reduces the investment for operators.

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HSUPA provides UL high-rate services. The Radio Access Network (RAN), based on the wideband code division multiple access technology, is a typical selfinterference system. With the increase of the HSUPA rate, the UL interference increases. The UL interference is a major factor affecting the UL capacity of the RAN. For the baseband data after IC, the interference from the E-DPDCH data is eliminated and the colored noise in the cell caused by the self-interference feature of the WCDMA system is reduced. Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the data is improved.

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The RNC obtains the UL load after IC from the time-delay antennas of the NodeB for more accurate access control and load control.

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