Consonant Sounds

A consonant sound is made by blocking the air as it moves through the mouth. There are different types of consonant sound:

Plosive - explosive sounds (20 - 26 in the diagram) Fricative - friction sounds (27 - 34 in the diagram) Affricate - plosive followed by fricative (35 - 36 in the diagram) Nasal - partly made through the nose (37 - 39 in the diagram) Approximant - vowel-like consonants (40-43 in the diagram) Glottal - made in the throat (44-45 in the diagram)

1. What is drug addiction? Drug addiction is a complex brain disease. It is characterized by compulsive, at times uncontrollable, drug craving, seeking, and use that persist even in the face of extremely negative consequences. Drug seeking becomes compulsive, in large part as a result of the effects of prolonged drug use on brain functioning and, thus, on behavior. For many people, drug addiction becomes chronic, with relapses possible even after long periods of abstinence. 2. Differentiate drug abuse from drug addiction. Well drug use is just casual use of a drug, while drug abuse is constant use of a drug 3. What type of drugs are commonly abuse and description. Cannabinoids Cannabinoids, such as marijuana and hashish, come from hemp plants named Cannabis sativa. In 2008, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported marijuana was used by 15.2 million illicit drug users aged 12 or older and is the most commonly used illicit drug. The active ingredient tetrahydrocannabinol in cannabinoids works on the pleasure center in the brain as well as the part that controls memory, coordination and perception.

Opioids Opioids are a natural or synthetic morphine-like product extracted from the poppy plant made with the intent of reducing pain, according to "Core Concepts in Pharmacology" by Norman Holland and Michael Adams. When opioids adhere to receptors in the body, they stop the awareness of pain, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. This type of drug has an increased potential for physical dependence and abuse because it can be obtained legally. Medications given to treat pain are the most abused type of prescription medication, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Opioid drugs include oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, fentanyl, propoxyphene, butorphanol, heroin, buprenorphine and meperidine. In 2008, there were nearly 5 million people in the U.S. who abused narcotics, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Stimulants Stimulants increase activity in the central nervous system by affecting the wakefulness and awareness neurons in the brain, according to Holland and Adams. High doses of these drugs used short term give the user the feeling of exhilaration and euphoria. Long-term use of stimulants can cause anxiety, restlessness and rage. Stimulants also affect the cardiovascular and respiratory systems by elevating blood pressure and breathing rate. Drugs in this category range from legal to illegal substances. Prescription stimulants, like amphetamine, dextroamphetamines, dextroamphetamine (Dexadrine) and methylphenidate (Ritalin), can be obtained

legally. Illicit substances include cocaine, ecstasy, and methamphetamine, often referred to as crank. Caffeine is an over the counter stimulant substance that can result in physical dependence when used regularly, according to Holland and Adams. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported in 2008 that less than 1 percent of Americans abused stimulants.

Sedatives Central nervous system depressant drugs, also known as sedatives, can cause sedation and relaxation while producing an intoxication-like state. Depressant drugs include barbiturates, methaqualone, butalbital, diazepam, oxazepam, pentobarbital, oxazepam, triazolam, glutethimide, alprazolam, flurazepam and chloral hydrate. These drugs are often combined with other drugs of abuse, like stimulants or alcohol, which increase the risk of physical and psychological dependence, according to Holland and Adams. Hallucinogens Hallucinogens, sometimes called psychedelics, have the ability to produce a dream-like state of consciousness, says Holland and Adams. These drugs have no medicinal use and are purely for recreational use. Effects of hallucinogens vary with the user's mood, says Holland and Adams. Often times users report delusions, hallucinations and paranoia. One common adverse effect is when the user experiences the effects of the drug again after it wears off. This is medically termed a flashback, and can happen sometimes years after a person used the drug. Hallucinogenic drugs include LSD (acid), PCP (angel dust), XTC (ecstasy) and ketamine (date rape drug). 4. Causes and effects of drug addiction. Drug addiction is a serious illness that affects millions of Americans. If you are one of those millions, or if someone you love shows signs of addiction, reach out for help before its too late. You may be someone who just cant understand how you got into addiction, or you may want to help a friend or family member but you dont know what to do. Understanding some of the possible causes for abuse, which can lead to addiction, and the effects of addiction on your body can help you move forward in seeking help. The Effects of Drug Addiction Drug addiction, regardless of the types of drug used, has social, psychological and physical effects, such as:

Changes in the structure and function of your brain from drug abuse make it impossible to safely stop using without professional intervention. If you are abusing any drug, whether prescription or illegal, your brain has adapted to its presence. Your body perceives a normal that is established by the dependence on the drug. Physical effects of drug addiction, as reported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) vary, depending on the drug, but can include heart rhythm irregularities and heart attacks; breathing difficulties and respiratory arrest; nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain; poor musculoskeletal development, cramping and muscle weakness; kidney and liver damage; seizures and memory loss; and cancer.

Psychological effects can include depression, hallucinations, paranoia and aggression. If left untreated or if the condition gets out of control, any of these effects can lead to death. Social effects are often noticed by family and friends of someone addicted to drugs. If you recognize a change in aggressiveness, selfishness, lying or a lack of interest in usual activities, you may be observing or experiencing the results of drug addiction. 5. Can we prevent a person to become drug addict? You hear it all the time, that it just takes a few drinks maybe even just one to change your life, to have an addiction and become an alcoholic. Its the same with drugs. One day youre smoking weed and the next thing you know youre taking your chances with speed. How does addiction happen? And why is it that some people get addicted so fast, while others dont get addicted to drugs even though they abuse them all the time? Addiction, like so many things in life, is complicated. It takes its toll on a person both physically and mentally. In a TIME magazine article, Dr. Nora Volkow (Director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse) explained, Some people have a genetic predisposition to addiction, but because it involves these basic brain functions, everyone will become an addict if sufficiently exposed to drugs or alcohol. This explains why sometimes addiction seems to set in really quickly for some people. If a predisposition to addiction is a part of your genetic code, then you are naturally likely to become addicted. As the article further explains, for someone who is inclined to become addicted, that person isnt just more likely to develop an addiction to illegal drugs or alcohol. An addiction can be defined as any behavior a person feels compelled to conduct and cannot discontinue without traumatic effects. Its possible for someone to become addicted to their work, to cleaning, to gambling or eating anything, really. Any addiction is unhealthy, and is truly a disease, but the danger level is significantly higher when someone is addicted to substance abuse, because it can kill them. Of course, sometimes the drug is to blame for causing addiction to set in quickly. Different drugs affect people differently, but there are some drugs like heroin that are extremely addictive for just about everyone. Breaking the physical addiction that comes along with those drugs makes detox and rehab very challenging for both the doctors and the addict. Genetics and drug strength arent the only reasons why people become addicted to drugs. Studies show that people with psychological disorders or some form of mental illness are more likely to suffer from drug addiction. New studies are showing that people who start abusing drugs at an early age or as a teenager are more likely totrigger an addiction that can last a lifetime. Finally, perhaps one of the most prevalent reasons why people get addicted to drugs, and why they start abusing drugs in the first place, is due to social acceptance. Its all about the company you keep. If you hang out with people who enjoy smoking pot, drinking beers, or shooting heroin, then youre more likely to start using drugs or drinking alcohol because of that environment. Knowing and understanding why addiction happens can help someone understand their own struggle with addiction. What is even better is that by learning about the triggers of addiction, it can increase a persons awareness of what addiction is and help prevent it altogether. 6. Five ethical principles about the addiction.