21/05/2012

Gizem ARAS

MATH PORTFOLIO TASK

MATRIX BINOMIALS

INTRODUCTION

In this portfolio task, I am going to ty to find expressions for binomials. I am given two matrices, X and Y. From these two matrices I will fin expressions for X n, Yn and (X + Y)n. I will not be using any formulas during this process. In order to understand my work, it is enough to know the multiplication and addition of matrices. Going back to my process, after finding expressions for Xn, Yn and (X + Y)n, I will multiply the matrices with constant numbers and I will find expressions for those. My general statement will be an expression for nth power of addition of two matrices, which are both multiplied by some constants. I will call constant for X as a, and constant for Y as B, and my general statement will express (aX + bY)n. After finding each statement, I will test them with different numbers or prove them. Sometimes, I will come to my expression with doing trials, in that case I will not further test my expression with further different numbers. After testing my general expression, I will talk about the limitations to my statement and my work will be finished there.

FINDING (X + Y)n
Matrices X and Y are given as the following: X= and Y =

And we are asked to find an expression for X n and Yn. Therefore it is appropriate to start with trying small powers such as 2,3,4 to see th trend. X2 = X3 = X4 = Y2= Y3= Y4=

Here, we can see the trend with twos powers. The elements of X and Y can be expressed in terms of 2n. 2=21 4=22 8=23 The entry in the matrix is 2n-1 when we take the power of X and Y as n. Therefore;

In other words; Xn=2n-1 X and Yn=2n-1 Y .

Proof for Xn by induction

The basis of finding binomial expressions of matrices X and Y was to find expressions for X and Y themselves first, without multiplying them with any constants and staring to complicate. Because the constants will just multiply Xn and Yn. Therefore it is important to prove the basis of the general statement that will be found accordingly. Since X and Y are very similar, only the proof for X n is introduced. Here is the proof for Xn by induction:

n=1, n=k,

X= Xk-1 =

n=k+1, Xk = X . Xk-1 = X Xk = (from Step 2; n=k)

= Q.E.D. Now, we can work out (X + Y)n

Lets try different values for n using calculator. = = = We can say that general formula for is;

; since 254 = 1.80 1016 For all n values, we can only use natural numbers. Because all other numbers give domain error on the calculator, which is acceptable since n is normally a symbol that represents natural numbers.

FINDING (A + B)n
Let A=aX and B=bY, where a and b are constants. So, A would be number. and B would be . Which means, they both could take any

If we work through the equations above, we will see that they are actually doing: An = (aX)n = an Xn = an

Bn = (bY)n = bn Yn = bn

Let M=(A +B) Now, to find Mn, write A + B first.

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Showing that M2 = (A + B)2 = A2 + B2

Here, we can see that M2 = (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 using An and Bn formulas and comparing them to (A + B)2 calculated above.

Finding an expression for Mn

Now, to continue to investigate Mn, find M3

Now, if we accept M=A+B and look at different powers of row 1, column 1s of M, we will see a trend: M111 = a + b M211 = 2(a2 + b2) M311 = 4(a3 + b3) M411 = 8(a4 + b4) M511 = 16(a5 + b5) Mn11 = 2n-1(an + bn) Therefore;

This general statement can be written in terms of aX and bY as following: (aX + bY)n = an 2n-1 X + bn 2n-1 Y = an-1 2n-1 aX + bn-1 2n-1 bY

Testing General Statement

Test the general statement with a randomly chosen situation. Situation1: Let n=4, a=1.2, b=3.1

Typing (1.2[A]+3.1[B])^4 to a calculator where [A] is X and [B] will give the same result.

Evaluating the general statement:limitations

Limitations to this general statement come from n. n has to be natural number, i.e. n= {0,1,2,3,4,5,6} For a and b enough variety of values havent been tried such as logarithms, or trigonometric values. However, since they can all be written in decimals and it is shown that decimals work, they will work too.
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