Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BY ZIAULLAH CE-30/2012-2013
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BACKGROUND
The Mangla Dam in Pakistan serves the world's largest irrigation network, bringing water to 120,000 square kilometers of land and serving the 50 million people who live in the vast Indus River basin. It is the fifth largest earth-filled dam and has the largest capacity spillway, capable of discharging 28,600 m3/s, The Project is operated and maintained by WAPDA. The dams are inspected annually by the Dam Safety Organization, WAPDA and at five year intervals by independent inspection teams constituted for this purpose from outside or from within WAPDA.
BACKGROUND, Cont.
Since its completion, the overall performance of the various components has remained satisfactory. However, seepage and foundation pore pressures at some places in the sandstone beds are relatively high.
The original design made provision for future raising of the dam crest by 12 m. In 2000,reservoir capacity having been lost as predicted due to sedimentation.
The Government of Pakistan decided to exploit the raising provision, thus regaining capacity.
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LOCATION
The project is located on the Jhelum River at Mangla and its 260 square kilometer reservoir partly lies in Azad Jammu & Kashmir and partly in province of the Punjab.
The catchment area of the dam is 33,000 square kilometers of which about 28% lies more than 3,000 m above mean sea level.
PROJECT COMPONENTS
The Mangla Dam includes four major zoned earth fill embankments with a total length of over 13 km and a maximum height of 138 m. 110 million m3 of fill was required for the embankments, which was unprecedented at that time. The main spillway was designed for a discharge of 28 600 m3/s and performed well when tested close to its design capacity to route flood in September 1992.
An un-gated, overflow-type emergency spillway with a design capacity of 6 500 m3/s was also provided for operation when the capacity of the main spillway is exceed. The ten 100 MW hydropower units were installed in three stages
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Later, WAPDA retained the same group of Consultants, under the same name of MJV to prepare the Tender Documents Preparation and perform the Construction Supervision of Mangla Raising Project.
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A new 250 m long x 18 m high RCC weir to control flows to the Emergency Spillway with design capacity of 6 500 m3/s. 15
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INSTRUMENTATION
The dams at Mangla was well instrumented during the original construction. About 600 piezometers of various types were installed to monitor the behavior of earth fill embankments, their abutments and foundations. Settlement gauges, slope indicators and survey markers were installed to monitor the foundations and fill settlements.
The equipment worked satisfactorily and a large number of instruments were still in service. However, with the passage of time some of the installations were blocked by foreign material.
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EMBANKMENT DESIGN
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SEEPAGE ANALYSIS:
The hydraulic gradients and quantities of seepage through the zones of the embankments were estimated using the finite element software SEEP/W. Filters and drains were provided in the raised sections of all the embankments to prevent piping.
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EMBANKMENT DESIGN
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS:
The Morgenstern and Price method, programmed in SLOPE/W (GEO-SLOPE 2002), was used for two dimensional slope stability analysis of the embankments. In the two dimensional analysis, the calculated factors of safety sometimes varied considerably from section to section and in some cases fell below acceptable values.
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Table#2
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CONCLUSION
The construction for the Dam Raising Works was carried out under a single contract. Nine firms/joint ventures of foreign and local contractors purchased Tender Documents. Six submitted tenders. The tenders were opened on 20th March 2004. WAPDA awarded the Contract to M/s CWE-JV, the lowest tendered and a Letter of Acceptance was issued on 14th June 2004 for an amount of Rs 13.8 billion, 36% lower than the Engineer's Estimate. The successful Contractor was a joint venture of one Chinese firm CWE as a lead, and four Pakistani contractors. DESCON and SACHAL remained to project completion but SMADB and Inter Construct left in the early stages.
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CONCLUSION Cont.
The Contractor started mobilization in July 2004. The construction period was 39 months which was scheduled to be completed on 19th September 2007. In the event there were 27 months of delay in total and the Taking over Certificate (TOC) was issued by WAPDA only on 26th December 2009. The total construction cost of the Project is Rs 15.8 billion. Mangla Dam was the largest embankment dam project of its time when completed in 1967. The raising project that was completed in December 2010 places the project once again at the top of the list of largest dam raises. The total length of dam embankment after raising is 14 km with maximum height of 148 m. The work required 30 million m3 of fill materials.
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REFERENCES
ICE (1967), Proc. of the Institution of Civil Engineers, UK, 1967, 38 (November), pp. 337-576, and 1968, 41 (September), pp. 119-203 reprinted under the title of 'Mangla" by Binnie & Partners. MANGLA JOINT VENTURE (2001). feasibility study report, MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT. MANGLA JOINT VENTURE (2003). Project Planning Report, Volume IV, MANGLA DAM RAISING PROJECT HTTP://WWW.SCRIBD.COM/ (The Worlds Largest Online Library)
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