M S RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU) Bangalore-560054

Report on

Analysis of Geopolymer Concrete Slabs using Support Vector Machine

Under the guidance of R. Mourougane Dept of Civil Engineering MSRIT

Submitted by Naresh Reddy G.N 2nd Sem. M.Tech Structural Engineering MSRIT

ANALYSIS OF GEOPOLYMER SLABS USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE

CONTENTS 1. Definition 2. Usage 3. History 4. Concept of SVM 5. Classification of SVM Models 6. Applications 7. Analysis of GPC Slabs 8. Limitations 9. References

Definition SVM can be defined as a technique to analyze a set of data and recognize patterns, which is used for classification and regression analysis. Regression analysis basically refers to the study of relation between a dependent and independent variable; i.e. how the value of a dependent variable changes when the value of an independent variable is varied.

Usage of SVM SVM is widely used for predictions and forecasting of unknown values depending on a set of known data.

History SVM was originally developed by a Russian mathematician called Vladimir Vapnik as a tool for classification of huge amounts of machine data.

Concept of SVM The functioning of SVM can be understood in 5 steps. 1. Input Data: SVM is a binary classifier. It takes a set of Input data and predicts for each input value the category under which it falls. 2. Hyperplane of infinite-dimensional space: Based on the input data that is given, SVM builds a plane of many dimensions. 3. Categorizing: From the given input data, SVM algorithm builds a model of 2 categories and these 2 categories are divided by a clear gap that is as wide as possible. 4. Mapping: The given input data is then represented on the Hyperplane as points in space and each input value is mapped into either of the 2 categories. 5. Prediction: The new data (for which the output is required) is then mapped into the same space and predicted to belong to a category based on which side of the gap they fall on.

H3 (green) doesn't separate the two classes. H1 (blue) does, with a small margin H2 (red) with the maximum margin.

Classification of SVM models 1. Linear SVM: The training data is linearly separable, i.e. the categories are separated by a straight line.

2. Non Linear SVM: The 2 categories are separated by a boundary which is not straight.

Basis of classification The classification is done by using different mathematical functions called Kernels, such as linear, polynomial, RBF (radial basis function) and sigmoid functions. The last three kernels are for non-linear analysis. Polynomial functions of any degree can be of any order depending on the type of analysis to be carried out. RBF function uses exponential functions and sigmoid function uses trigonometric formulations.

Applications of SVM SVM is used for many practical problems such as face recognition, image classification, handwriting recognition, etc. Its engineering applications include analysis of traffic data which can be used for determining the flow characteristics of vehicles, speed etc. The analysis and classification of pollution data, study of satellite images in remote sensing etc.

Versions of SVM available There are different versions of SVM available depending upon the complexity of analysis. SVMdark, SVMlight, SVMstruct, mySVM, libSVM.

Using SVM for comparative study of GPC slabs:

Here, the load and deflection values (i.e. experimental data) are chosen as the input data. SVM can be used for obtaining predicted values of either load or deflection.

Procedure: 1. The experimental data is split into 3 sets and named as training set, validation set and test set; the ratio of division is 50%, 25% and 25% respectively. 2. Here, the deflection is chosen as the input data and the load is chosen as the preferred output. 3. First, the training set and the validation set are used to build a suitable decision boundary based on the regression analysis. And the values of various constants (explained later) are obtained using the training set and validation set. 4.Based the constants obtained through optimizing the training & validation data, the test data is then used to obtain the predicted values of load for the given set of deflection.

Input

Output

Exp. Load (in KN)

Deflection (in mm)

Predicted Load (in KN)

0.18

0.415

0.842

Training Set (50%)

1.346

10

1.858

12

2.429

14

2.75

16

3.184

18

3.622

20

4.087

22 Validation Set 24 (25%) 26

4.695

5.104

5,687

28

6.266

30

6.786

32 Test Set 34 (25%) 36

6.894

6.936

7.284

38

7.316

The table shows the experimental data of load and corresponding deflection of simply supported GPC slab. All the 20 entries are divided into 3 sets of ration 50%, 25% and 25%, and then saved as .text files (in notepad).

This is actual screen shot of the SVM dark tool.

First, regression analysis is chosen. Then, using the field Train file, the training set file is selected. Using the field Test file the validation file is selected. The constants in the bottom portion are entered. C is called Penalty Factor and a larger value of C reduces the errors and helps in distinct categorization of values. Epsilon is generally kept b/w 0 to 1. All the kernel function fields are selected for both linear and non-linear analysis and the range of respective values is fixed as shown (i.e. the range of d, c, s and gamma). The desired number of iterations are then entered in field for runs and then Optimize button is clicked. The iterations process is first started by giving a value 1 and is then subsequently increased (with an increment of 1) until the desired number of iterations are performed.

After the completion of all the iterations, the Optimize file is viewed which gives the values of various kernel parameters. For obtaining the predicted output, the kernel parameter values corresponding to least MSE (mean square error) are noted, as highlighted in yellow.

The noted values are then entered in the fields of C, epsilon (in the middle section) and the respective kernel parameters w.r.t least MSE are also entered. Then the button Learn is clicked, followed by clicking the button Predict to obtain the output.

Input

Output

Exp. Load (in KN)

Deflection (in mm)

Predicted Load (in KN)

0.18

0.415

0.842

Training Set (50%)

1.346

10

1.858

12

2.429

14

2.75

16

3.184

18

3.622

20

4.087

22 Validation Set 24 (25%) 26

4.695

5.104

5,687

28

6.266

Test Set (25%)

30

6.786

29.701195

32

6.894

31.093738

34

6.936

33.241844

36

7.284

34.502888

38

7.316

36.617127

The predicted values of load are as indicated in the table.

Limitations of SVM 1. The biggest limitation of SVM is the choice of Kernel. Depending upon the complexity of analysis, a suitable kernel has to be selected. 2. The values of the kernel function parameters play an important role in predicting the values. 3. The predicted values depend only on the range given by the training set, SVM doesnt care about any values that fall beyond the range of training set. 4. The accuracy of SVM depends on the number of iterations. And it consumes more time to perform a large number of iterations.

References 1. A User's Guide to Support Vector Machines. - Asa Ben-Hur & Jason Weston 2. The Solution Path of the Slab Support Vector Machine. - Michael Eigensatz, Joachim Giesen & Madhusudan 3. Wikipedia