Programming Methodology

Chapter 1

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Computer Language
. Data: Row Facts. . Information: Processed data. . Knowledge: Processed information. ___________________________________ There are 2 numbering systems: 1) Binary System. {0-1} 2) Decimal System. {0-9} Computer uses Binary System. We call it Bits. . Bit: 0 or 1. The formula we use here is: 2n. (n=Number of Bits) ______________________________________________
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Computer History
-First computer used 7000 Vacuums. -Then transistors. -Then SSI >MSI>LSI>VLSI ( what's used nowadays, is VLSI ). . IC: Integrated circuits. -IC went through the following technologies: 1) SSI: Small Scale Integrates. <10 2) MSI: Medium Scale Integrates. <100 3) LSI: Large Scale Integrates. <1000 4) VLSI: Very Large Scale Integrates. / More than 1000.

. Intel 4004: Is the rst microprocessor built using 2400 transistors.

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Types of Data
1. Text. 2. Numbers. 3. Images. 4. Audio. 5. Video.
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Data Representations
1.Text: Is a bit pattern agreed upon users. e.g. ASCII code (American Standard Code For Information Interchange). ASCCI code is the rst code that was agreed by. It contains 1277=7. / 27=128. e.g. Unicode. it has 32 bits. { 2n = 232 } -(x0=1). { 20=1, 21=2, 22=4, 23=8 ...etc } 2.Numbers: Using numbering systems. (Binary & Decimal). 32 | 16 | | 8 | | 4 | | 2 | 0 1 | 0

. 32= {16+8+4+2+1} : (|||||) . 28= {16+8+4} : (|||0 0 )

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3.Images: Is a matrix of pixels. . Pixels: Picture elements. Each pixel is a bit pattern. . Image Resolution: The number of pixels in an image. 6/million pixels. . M.P (mega pixel): Mega= 10 . Matrixes: an arrangement of elements in rows & columns. . Optical zoom: Uses the cameras lens & keeps the numbers of pixels. . Digital zoom: Enlarge the pixels itself on the zoomed area.

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Components of computers (Hardware V.S Software)

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Hardware
1.CPU. (Central Processing Unit) - Fetching instructions from the memory one-by-one & executes them by the same order. It has 3 main components: 1.Registers and Counters. 2.ALU: Arithmetic and logical unit. 3.Timing and control unit (Provides the synchronization required between the CPU & the peripherals.) - The Most important things that should be there in the CPU are: 1) The ability to fetch information from memory. -This information is either instructions or data used to execute these instructions. 2) There should be a place in the CPU to save that information till its required. 3) There should be a multiple places to save that information. 4) The ability to fetch information from the input port. 5) The ability of doing some basic Mathematical & Arithmetic logical operations. 6) The ability to write information to the memory. 7) The ability to write information to the input devices.
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2.Memory. - A device that stores data. These data can be either: 1.Data you need in the future. 2.Programs waiting to be executed. - Memory can be categorized in 2 Types: Main Memory & Auxiliary Memory. 1.Main Memory. -Stores programs waiting to be executed. -Main Memory is of 2 Kinds: a) RAM. (Random Access Memory) / Used for writing & reading. 1. Stores data & programs waiting to be executed. 2. It loses its data within power failure. b) ROM. (Read only Memory) / Used for Reading. 1. It contains the basic statistics & constants programs used to turn-on the computer. 2. It doesnt lose its data in power failure. 2.Auxiliary Memory/ Mass Memory. Information about Memory Size: -It is he Number of memory location that the CPU can deal with. -It depends on the Number of lines in the Address Bus. Formula: The No. Of Memory Location= 2n. n= Number of lines in the Address bus.

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3.Input/Output devices. (Ports) -Input: Converts the information of data from the way that human understands to a way computer understands. -Output: Converts the information of data from the way that computer understands to a way human understands. _________________________________________________

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**Characteristics of a Computer**

- Computer in general has 2 common characteristics (ChX) : 1) A computer is an information processing machine. 2) The set of rules that govern the information processing is called a Program. . A Program is a set of instructions.

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Bus Organization
. Bus: Number of parallel lines that connects the 3 computer components.
-There are 3 kinds of buses:

1.Data Bus: Its a number of parallel signal lines used to transfer data. -Each line will carry 1 bit at the time. / (Bidirectional / send & receive) 2.Address Bus: Its a number of parallel signal lines that the CPU use to send out the address of memory locations to be written in, or read from, as well as I/O ports. - (Unidirectional / only send) 3.Control Bus: Its a number of parallel signal lines that the CPU use to send out control signals or its used to control both; the memory & I/O ports. -The control signals are: 1) Read from memory. 2) Write to memory. 3) Read from Input port. 4) Write to Output port.
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End of Chapter #1
* Rahma Alhajri *

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