Chapter 8 DELIVERY OF CARGO Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book and seminar the students

should be able to: recognise and use correctly the words and phrases related to the delivery of cargo; translate a text on delivery of cargo giving correct Romanian equivalents; construct and act out a dialogue between the First Mate and the Agent about the delivery of cargo.
1. Read the following text and try to guess the new words and phrases from the context. On arrival in the port of discharge necessary arrangements are made for discharging the cargo. In the majority of cases, the agent entrusts the discharging of goods to some stevedoring company or wharfingers. This company usually undertakes to discharge the cargo into their own warehouses and then to deliver this cargo to the respective consignees. In other cases, the agent arranges with the consignees a direct delivery of goods alongside the ship. In both cases the Chief Mate is under duty to make out notices of readiness and to hand them over to the agent. The agent, in his turn, hands in these notices to the consignees. As a rule the cargo is delivered against original bills of lading and on payment of freight. The receiver of the goods is to sign his name on the bill of lading to the effect that full cargo under the bill has been received to his entire satisfaction. Such an endorsement is called clean receipt. A bill of lading is a negotiable document and it is often sold and resold before it is presented to the master at the port of discharge. So, when a bill of lading is presented to the master he must see that it has been properly endorsed by the consignee and by each of the holders, if the bill of lading has changed hands. Usually the ships agent is charged with the legal formalities. He negotiates with the consignees or the holders of the B/L and introduces to the master the right and legitimate person who must take the delivery of goods. The agent also secures clean receipts for the goods delivered. Sometimes the goods are delivered in small separate lots against the consignees receipts. With the final lot all these receipt are exchanged for a duly signed and endorsed bill of lading. Very often the agent places his signature and seal on the bill of lading, which serves as a proof that the goods have been delivered to the right persons. According to the contract the agent is bound to collect from the receivers of goods the freight and other charges due to the shipowners. The amount of freight is usually in the bill of lading. Besides, the agent usually gets direct instructions from the shipping company as to what amount of money he should collect in connection with a definite shipment. The master of the ship may deliver the goods only after he has ascertained that the freight and other charges, if any, have been paid. The fact that the money has been paid must be efficiently confirmed by the agent. He usually does this by giving the captain either a formal written notice or by arranging with the captain that he will visa each B/L the money under which has been duly collected. In case of non-payment of freight and of other charges due to the ship the master may exrecise a lien upon the goods and the agent renders him assistance in this connection. In case of shartage of goods or any claims or disputes on the part of consignees the agent is to arrange immediate checking of the cargo in order to protect the interests of the vessel. If the shortage or defects of goods are found on discharging, an appropriate statement of facts should be drawn up. This statement is usually signed by the master, by the agent and sometimes by the customs house officer or a surveyor.

2. Role play the following dialogues and then make out and perform your own dialogues 2.1. Dialogue 1. CS = Chief Stevedor ; CM = Chief Mate CS: Well, weve finished with that lot of sugar. Whats your tally? CM: let me see. According to my entries weve got on board 912 bags of sugar. All of them stowed on hold no. 3. CS: Then our tallies dont agree. We had 920 bags in that lot. CM: Im afraid youve included in the total some of the bags that were rejected. Let us check separate drafts then. The first 17 drafts were of 50 bags each. Then in the eighteenth draft 4 bags were badly soiled, 1 bag torn and 2 bags rather wet. All these 7 bags were rejected. Then in the eighteenth draft one bag burst and started leaking, so we sewed it up and returned ashore. And, finally, in the last draft you sent up only 20 bags. CS: Well, I have to investigate that. Maybe you are right and these 9 bags are still under the shed, waiting for their turn. Ill directly send a man to find that out. CM: By the way, in the fifteenth draft, there were 7 second-hand bags. Ill have to make an appropriate remark about that in my mates receipt. CS: Do you keep those 7 bags together with the rest of the lot, or have you stowed them aside? CM: We have stowed them aside in Hold No 3; you may go and see them for yourself. CS: No. I believe you. Ill ring up the office to find out whether they want to substitute new ones for them. As to those 8 bags, you were right. Ive just been told that they still have them under the shed to be substituted by new ones. They will be directly delivered, so, please make out the mates receipt for the whole amount of 920 bags. As to your remark about 7 second-hand bags, Ill arrange that with the owners and let you know the result a little later. 2.2. Dialogue 2. CM: Chief Mate; CS = Chief Stevedore CM: Ive been informed that there are two boxes of nonstandard size in that lot under your Shipping Order No. 27. The numbers and the marks are the same. Youd better go and see them in Hold No.2. We stowed them aside. CS: No, thats all right with those boxes. They belong to the next lot of bigger sized boxes. With the next draft well send up the two missing boxes and you may close up Shipping Order No. 27. Dont forget only to tally these two bigger boxes with the lot under Shipping Order No. 28 which will cover a separate bill of lading. CM: Never mind that. As to Shipping Orders Nos.25 and 26, our tallies agree and you may have my mates receipts. CS: Well, if you dont mind, Ill have them right now. CM: Here you are. Please have them. CS: Thank you.

2.3.Dialogue 3 CM = Chief Mate; A = Agent CM: 10 casks are short under your shipping Order No.30. A: Yes, I know that. These casks proved to be a little bit leaky and we had to hoop them afresh. Ive ordered to have them sent up as soon as they are ready, and the chief stevedore will report to you when they are on board. CM: We wanted to take aboard these crates which are ashore, under Shipping Order No.27, but we had to reject them. A: Why, whats the matter with them? CM: You see, these crates are not strong enough. You should strengthen them with bolts. A: All right, Ill see to that. What about the consignment of rubber under Shipping Order No.7? CM: Under this shipping order we took on board only 658 bales. Thus, 7 bales were evidently short-shipped. There must be some mistake in that order as our tallies agree with the shore tallymens. A: You must have made a mistake in calculating the total. CM: No, not I. Ive checked the total twice and both times I got the same figure. Besides this total agrees with that of your tallymen. A: Ill investigate that. Maybe this shortage is covered by the surplus in some other lot. CM: No, I dont think so. We havent got any surplus so far. A: Well, anyhow, please give the mates receipt under this shipping order for the amount stated and well give you a letter of guarantee for the missing quantity. CM: I am sorry, Mr Patterson. We cant do that. We have very strict orders not to receive any letters of guarantee. A: I must say it is quite customary with other shipping companies. You run no risk. But since you have different customs, I dont insist on that. Please make out your receipt for the amount you have on board, and Ill settle the discrepancy with the shippers. 2.4. Dialogue 4. CM = Chief Mate; A = Agent CM: I am sorry Mr Patterson but the packing of many bales has been tampered with. We can accept this lot only with an appropriate reservation in the bill of lading. A: Ive warned the shippers to this end beforehand. There is nothing to be done now. Make remarks in your mates receipt and Ill insert a proper reservation in the bill of lading. CM: Very well, Mr.Patterson. Ill insert in the mates receipt Packing damaged on bales Nos. so and so Now have you brought the Bs/L for yesterdays lot of spices and other commodities? A: Yes, I have. Here you are. Check them, initial them and lets go to the master to have them signed. CM: Wait a moment, Mr Patterson. I must first verify the data with my entries. Will you kindly help me with it to do it more quickly. A: Certainly, I will. Lets begin with B/L No. 3782. CM: What shipping order does it pertain to? A: This B/L covers our two Shipping Orders Nos.27 and 28. CM: Oh, I see, thank you. This B/L is O.K.Whats the next one? A: The next one is B/L No. 31 for 2000 pieces of iron bars. CM: This bill covers Shipping Orders Nos.34 and 37, doesnt it? A: Yes, exactly so.

CM: Then, Im afraid you must have missedmy remark on the mates receipt: 3 pieces of iron bars in dispute. A: No, I didnt. I put down that remark on the margin. CM: Oh, excuse me, Ive overlooked it. Well, everything is OK then. Lets go to the master to have these Bs/L signed. A: OK lets go. 2.5. Dialogue 5. M = Master; A = Agent M: How many copies of the B/L am I to sign Mr Agent? A: For B/L no. 3782 you are to sign four copies; as for the rest three copies will do. M: All right, here you are. Please have all the papers; they are duly and properly signed. When will you issue the rest of the bills of lading? A: What Bs/L do you mean, Captain ? M: Oh, I mean Bs/L for the rails and cotton. We are just completing loading and I think we may put to sea by tomorrow night. A: Oh, thats what you mean. Well, tomorrow by 3 p.m. I hope Ill bring you the last B/L and the remaining shipping documents. M: Thats very good indeed. How many copies of the cargo manifest are you going to give us? A: I think three copies will suffice M: Oh, no they wont. I would kindly ask you to give us five copies of the manifest and four copies of the stowage plan. You know we had some trouble with these copies last time. The Gibraltar Customs House asked us to present two copies of the cargo manifest and we had to type them ourselves. It took us a lot of time and put us to much inconvenience. A: Oh, I see. Well, dont bother about that. Ill do as you ask. 2.6. Dialogue 6 M = Master; CS = Cargo Superintendent M: Are you the representative of the Oil Company, Sir? CS: I am cargo Superintendent of the Kuwait Oil Co., Ltd. Where do you come from? M: We come from Haipheng. CS: Have you prepared notices of readiness? M: yes, we have. Here they are. We are ready to start loading the cargo from 1.00pm today. Will you sign your acceptance and state in its copy the time when the notice is served? CS: Yes, of course. Now, we have to settle several points with regard to handling the cargo. M: Good. Shall we start with examining the tanks and signing the certificate of inspection? CS: I suppose we may do it right away. Have you already made connections to the submarine hoses? M: No, not yet. We are just picking up floating buoys and hoses from the submarine pipeline. Your mooring master is superintending that job. Ill call for my second mate to show you the tanks.

2.7. Dialogue 7 M = Master; CS = Cargo Superintendent CS: Ive examined all the tanks; they are dry and clean. Here is the certificate of inspection which Ive already signed. Here are some papers which you are to sign too. M: What papers do you mean? CS: First of all the declaration that your water ballast intended for discharging here is free of oil or other harmful contamination. M: Thats clear. Let me sign it. What else? CS: Here is another declaration that all the fire and safety regulations have been complied with. M: Thats also clear. Anything else? CS: Yes, there are two more papers. One is the declaration to the effect that all the necessary valves are open and that the vessel is in a proper condition to receive cargo. The other one is to the effect that ships seacocks are closed except these which are necessary for the normal running of the ship. M: Very well. Here you are. Ive signed everything. Now, how can we arrange for the signals? CS: The signals are as follows: six short blasts on your whistle when you are ready to load. One long blast when you want to slow down the loading rate. Two short blasts when you what it at full speed, and three long blasts meaning stop. M; Thats settled. Besides, well station a deck-hand to relay orders by voice to your man at the shore terminal valve. CS: Thats good, Sir. Ill instruct our man accordingly. Will your deck-hands relay commands in English? M: Yes, they will, but briefly, like: start, slow speed, full speed, Stand by to slow down and stop CS: Thatll do, Sir. M: When loading is completed send someone to take at once the measurings and the samples. CS: Certainly, Sir, you neednt worry about that. 3.VOCABULARY AND EXPRESSIONS to entrust = a ncredina negotiable = negociabil to be satisfied with = a fi satisfcut de to endorse = a gira holder = deintor to negotiate = a nogocia, a duce tratative to exchange = a schimba, a face schimb seal = sigiliu proof = dovad, prob to be bound = a fi obligat to collect = a strnge amount = sum, cantitate to state = a declara, a stabili to ascertain = a constata, a stabili, a preciza charges = taxe, sume datorate to confirm = a confirma seacock = robinet claim = reclamaie, pretenie statement of facts = raport oficial

to draw up = a ntocmi to consign = a expedia according to = conform cu, potrivit cu to overlook = a emite, a trece cu vederea to resume = a relua to suppose = a presupune rusty = ruginit to refuse = a refuza to stipulate = a stipula unknown = necunoscut mean = mediu lay days (hours) = stalii ullage = ulaj ullage tables = table de ulaj to compute = a calcula to drain (tanks) = a evacua tape = band, rulet (de msurat) certificate of quality = certificat de calitate certificate of inspection= certificat de inspectie the bill of lading has changed hands = conosamentul a trecut din mna n mn to exercise a lien upon the cargo = a exercita dreptul de gaj asupra mrfii to take delivery of the cargo = a recepiona marfa two bags were short = lips de doi saci to relieve of liability = a fi eliberat de rspundere to bear responsibility = a purta rspunderea to thieve the tank = a lua probe de ap de la fundul mrii to strip the tank = a evacua tancul complet outage measurements = msurtoare, sondaje la nivelul stratului de lichid. 4. Reading comprehension. 4.1. Read again the text and answer the following questions.
1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

To whom may the agent entrust the discharging of goods? What does the stevedoring company usually undertake to do in such cases? Against what document is the cargo delivered to the consignee? Should the freight be paid before or after the delivery of the cargo? May a bill of lading be sold to another person? Who is to see that cargo is delivered to the legitimate holder? Who is to secure clean receipts for the goods delivered? 8. What payments is the agent to collect from the consignees? What must the master ascertain before he delivers the goods? In what case does the agent visa the bills of lading? In what case may the captain exercise a lien upon the goods? What is the agent to do in case of shortage of goods? What document is usually drawn in such a case? By whom is this statement usually signed?

4.2. Read the dialogues again and answer the following questions: 4.2.1. Dialogue 1 1.What cargo were they ready to discharge? 2.When was the first mate to receive clean receipts? 3.What were these receipts to be exchanged for? 4. To whom were the refrigerators to be delivered? 5. Why did the first mate want to have clean receipts for each draft? 4.2.2. Dialogue 2 1. 2. 3. 4. What consignment were they talking about? What did the first mate say about the remark on the B/L? How ought they to have stated that remark correctly? What document did they decide to draw up?

4.2.3. Dialogue 3 1. 2. 3. 4. Why couldnt the agent give clean receipts for the steel billets? What clause was there in the Bill of Lading? What document were the experts to draw up? In what condition was the cargo delivered? Dialogue 4

4.2.4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Up to what temperature was the cargo heated in the tanks? 2. What was that done for? 3. Were they ready to take measurements in the tanks? Who were they waiting for? What did the captain say about the gauging equipment aboard? What consignment were they talking about? What did the first mate say about the remark on the B/L? How ought they to have stated that remark correctly? What document did they decide to draw up?

4.2.5.Dialogue 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why couldnt the agent give clean receipts for the steel billets? How deep a layer of oil was he asked to leave below? What were the drains to be pumped into? What did the captain say about the additional samples taken from the barge? What samples were to serve as characteristics of the whole lot?

4.2.6.

Dialogue 6

1. When was cargo superintendent going to start inspecting the tanks? 2. How did the cargo superintendent want to have the pipeline pressed after discharge was completed? 3. What did the captain need the written order for? 4. How many tons of cargo were to be discharged into the barge? 5. Standard Marine Communication Phrases Related to Preparing to Load/Unload Go through the standard phrases below, then turn to the text and dialogues above and identify all the SMCP and observe how they are used in context. Prepare the vessel for loading/unloading = Pregtii nava pentru ncrcare/descrcare Unlock the hatch covers = Descuiai capacele gurilor de magazie Rig hatchrails in nohold(s) = Pregtii calea de rulare la magazia(magaziile) nr.. Give notice of readiness to load/unload byUTC/local time = Notificai nava gata de ncrcare/descrcare pn la oreleUTC/LT Have you received the cargo list? = Ai primit lista de ncrcare? Complete the cargo list = Completai lista de ncarcare Complete the stowage plan = Completai cargo-planul Make a stability calculation = Efectuai un calcul de stabilitate Are the goods ready to load? = Sunt bunurile gata de ncrcare? Are the cargo holds clean/dry/free of odour = Sunt magaziile de marf curate/uscate/aerisite? Clean the cargo hold(s)/deck(s) = Curtai magazia/magaziile puntea/punile de marf Are the safety arrangements in the cargo hold(s) operational ?= Sunt dispozitivele de siguran din magazia/magaziile de marf operaionale? Check the drain well(s) are clean = Verificai dac puul/puurile de santin este/sunt curat/curate Test the drain suctions = Probai tubulatura de drenaj Cover the bilge(s) with tarpaulins/wrapper/before loading = Acoperii santina/santinele cu prelate/husenainte de ncrcare Are sufficient dunnage and mats available? = Exist suficiente materiale de separaie i rogojini disponibile? Can the heavy lift(s) be stowed on deck = Pot fi stivuite pe punte coadele grele? Fill the double bottom tank(s)/ballast tank(s) before loading the heavy lift(s) = Umplei tancul (tancurile) din dublu-fund/tancul (tancurile) de balast nainte de a ncrca coada (coadele) grele. Pump out the ballast water = Evacuai prin pompare apa de ballast What is the maximum loading rate/unloading rate/pumping rate? Care este rata maxim de ncrcare/descrcare/pompare? The maximum loading rate/unloading rate/pumping rate istones/cubic metres per hour = Rata maxim de ncrcare/descrcare/pompare este detone/metri cubi pe or. Do not exceed a loading rate/unloading rate/pumping rate oftonnes/cubic metres per hour = Nu depii o rat de ncrcare/descrcare/pompare detone/metri cubi pe or. Additional phrases for tankers Is the COW-system/inert gas system operational? = Este sistemul COW/sistemul de gaz inert operaional? When do you start crude oil washing? = Cnd ncepei splarea cu iei? How much time does it take to ballast/deballast? = Ct timp este necesar pentru balastare/debalastare? What is the pumping pressure? = Care este presiunea de pompare?

Check the cargo connections = Verificai racordurile de marfa Can we connect the loading arm? = Putem conecta braul de ncrcare? What backpressure is required for stripping? = Ce contrapresiune este necesar pentru stripuire? Do you have reducers ofinches? = Avei reducii deinci? Close all sea valves and overboard discharges = nchidei toate prizele de ap de mare i sabordurile laterale de descrcare. 6.Grammar. Conditionals: Introduction 6.1. We can use if with many different structures. Here are the most common: 6.1.1.Open present or future conditionals If + present simple + will + infinitive If he asks me, Ill help him.(Perhaps he will ask me) 6.1.2. Unreal present or future conditionals If + past simple + would + infinitive If he asked me I would help him.( but he wont ask me, or he probably wont) 6.1.3. Unreal past conditionals If + past perfect + would have + past participle If he had asked me, I would have helped him. (But he didnt ask me) 6.1.4. General conditionals If + present simple + present simple If he asks me, I always help him.(=Whenever he asks me) 6.2. An if-clause can go at the beginning or the end of a sentence. If it rains, Ill stay at home. Ill stay at home if it rains. We often write a comma (,) after the if-clause when we begin with this clause. 6.3. We can use conditional clauses without if. Unless we hurry, well be late. Suppose you won a lot of money, what would you do? 6.4. Open present or future conditionals 6.4.1. Basic form IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE If I go out Ill buy a newspaper. If you dont study you wont pass your exam. If they offer you the job, what will you do? 6.4.2. Use We use this structure when there is a possibility that the situation in the if-clause will happen in the future. If I go out, Ill buy a newspaper. (Perhaps I will buy a newspaper, perhaps I wont) If we have enough time, well visit Robert. (Perhaps we will have enough time, perhaps we wont) We also use this structure when there is a possibility that the situation in the if-clause is true in the present. If youre hungry, Ill make you something to eat. (Perhaps you are hungry, perhaps you arent). 6.4.3. Other forms 6.4.3.1. We can also use shall instead of will with I and we in the main clause. If I fail the exam, I shall take it again. 6.4.3.2. In this structure, we can use a modal verb e.g. can, may instead of will in the main clause.

6.4.3.3. We can also use the imperative in the main clause. If you see Maria, give her a message for me, please. 6.4.3.4. We can use the present perfect or present continuous instead of the present simple in the if-clause. If you have finished the letter, Ill post it for you. Ill come back later if youre working now. 6.4.3.5. We can also use should after if when we are less sure about a possibility. Compare: If I see Maria, Ill give her your message. (Perhaps I will see Maria) If I should see Maria, Ill give her your message.( I am less sure that I will see Maria.) We can also begin with should when we are less sure. Should I see Maria, Ill give her your message, 6.5. Unreal present or future conditionals 6.5.1. Basic form IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE If I had a lot of money, Id travel round the world If he got up earlier he wouldnt be late for work. If you didnt pass the exam, would you take it again? 6.5.2. Use We use this structure to talk about unreal present or future situations. If I had a lot of money, Id travel round the world. (But I dont have a lot of money) If I didnt feel so tired, Id come out with you. (But I feel very tired) If the weather was nice, Id go to the beach. ( But the weather is not nice.) We also use sentences like these to talk about unlikely present or future situations. If she really loved you, she wouldnt be so horrible to you. If I won a lot of money, Id take a long holiday. The past form e.g. had, loved does not have a past meaning in sentences like these: it has a hypothetical present or future meaning. 6.5.3. Other forms 6.5.3.1. We often use were instead of was after if, especially in a more formal style. If the weather were nice, Id go to the beach. Id come out for a walk with you if I werent so busy. We often use if I were you to give advice. If I were you, Id apply for a job. 6.5.3.2. We can use the modal verbs might or could instead of would in the main clause. If I won a lot of money, I might stop working. (=I would perhaps stop working.) I could repair the car, if I had the right tools. (= I would be able to repair the car) 6.6. Unreal past conditionals 6.6.1. Basic form IF-CLAUSE If the weather had been nice yesterday If I had studied hard, If you hadnt missed your bus, MAIN CLAUSE I would have gone to the beach I would have passed the exam. you wouldnt have been late for school.

If I hadnt helped you

what would you have done?

6.6.2. Use We use this structure to talk about unreal past situations. If the weather had been nice yesterday, I would have gone to the beach. (But the weather was not nice.) If Id studied hard, I would have passed the exam.(But I did not study hard) If you hadnt missed your bus, you wouldnt have been late for school.(But you missed your bus.) 6.6.3.Other forms We can use the modal verbs might and could instead of would in the main clause. If you had taken the exam, you might have passed it.(=..you would perhaps have passed it.) I could have repaired the car, if Id had the right tools. (=I would have been able to repair the car) 6.7. Conditional clauses without if 6.7.1. Unless We can use unless to mean Ifnot. Unless you put on some suncream, youll get sunburnt. (= If you do not put on some suncream) I wont go to the party unless you go too. (=if you do not go too.) We often use unless in threats e.g. Unless you stop making that noise, Ill scream! And warnings e.g. Youll be hungry later unless you eat now. Compare if and unless If you eat now, you wont be hungry later. Unless you eat now, youll be hungry later. Ill go to the party if you go too. I wont go to the party unless you go too. 6.7.2. As/So long as, provided/providing (that) We use As/So long as, provided/providing (that) to mean if but only if. You can borrow my camera as long as youre careful with it. (=if but only if youre careful with it.) Ill go to the party provided you go too. (=if but only if you go too.) 6.7.3. And and or (else) 6.7.3.1. We sometimes use and to join two ideas instead of using an if-clause. Stay in bed for a few days and youll be fine.( =If you stay in bed for a few days, youll be fine.) 6.7.3.2.We can use or (else) to mean if not or otherwise. Dont try to lift that box or (else) youll hurt yourself.(=If you try to lift that box, youll hurt yourself.) 6.7.4. Should We can use should instead of if when we are less sure about a possibility. Compare: If we have enough time, well visit Robert.(Perhaps we will have enough time.)

Should we have enough time, well visit Robert.( I am less sure that we will have enough time.) We can also use should after if with this meaning e.g. If we should have enough time, well visit Robert. 6.7..5. Suppose/Supposing We can also use suppose or supposing instead of if, especially in unreal conditions. Suppose/Supposing you won a lot of money, what would you do? 7. Grammar Practice
1.

Put the verbs into the correct form: will/wont or the present simple. Are these things true? Example: If we keep on (keep on) using more and more cars, well run out (run out) of oil. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. If we(run out) of oil, we(need) other kinds of energy. Pollution(increase) if we(use) more oil and coal. If pollution(increase), more and more trees(die) The climate(change) if more trees(die) If we(try) to control pollution, it(be) very expensive. If we(not control) pollution soon, it(be) too late!

2. Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Example: If I dont leave now, I might be late. Have finished can lane might be should need are feeling may go should phone 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. If you need any more money Iyou some. You can go now if you. If the weather is fine tomorrow, wefor a picnic. Just ask me if you.any help. If anyonefor me while I am out, tell them Ill be back at 4 oclock. Go to bed now if youtired. Do,know Know,tell Move, call Do, know Know, not/try Run, see

3. Complete the sentences Example: What would this woman do if she knew the boy was there? 1. If shehe was there, shehim to go away. 2. Sheher purse and perhaps shepolice. 3. Whatthe boyif hethe two policemen were nearby? 4. If he, heto take the womans purse. 5. Perhaps heaway if hethem. 4. Find the endings. Put the verbs into the correct form. Example: 1. Id give up work if I were a millionaire. 1. Id give up work 2. Well go for a picnic 3. If I took more exercise if it(be) a nice day tomorrow. if I(not/have) such a big nose. the world(be) a better place.

4. Ill watch TV tonight. 5. Id be better looking 6. If people werent so greedy, 7. If I can get a ticket

I(go) to the concert next week, if I(be) a millionaire. if I(not/go)out. I(not/be) so unfit.

5. Put the verbs into the correct form: the past perfect, or would(nt) have + past participle. Example: She would have spoken to you if she had seen (see) you. 1. 2. 3. 4. If I(not/be) so busy yesterday, I would have visited you. If you had seen the film, you(enjoy) it. She would have gone to university if she(have) the opportunity. If he had been more careful, he(not/have) an accident.

6. Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea from B. Example: 1. If I get a headache, I usually take some aspirin. A 1. If I get a headache, 2. I feel terrible, 3. If I drink too much coffee, 4. If flowers dont get any water, 5. You put on weight B they die it makes me feel nervous if you dont get enough exercise I usually take some aspirin if I dont get 8 hours sleep a night

7. Rephrase the sentences using unless. Example: If we dont leave now, well miss the start of the film. Unless we leave now, well miss the start of the film. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. If you dont wear your coat, youll be cold. Ill phone you, if you dont phone me first. He wont receive the letter tomorrow if you dont post it before 1 oclock today. I wont go to school tomorrow if I dont feel better. I cant write to you if you dont give me your address. Your cough wont get better if you dont stop smoking.

8. Choose the correct word or expression. Example: Well have a picnic tomorrow unless/provided it rains. 1. Unless/Provided you tell me the truth, everything will be all right. 2. In Britain you can marry at the age of sixteen unless/provided you have your parents permission. 3. He wont forgive you unless/as long as you say youre sorry. 4. Unless/providing you land me the money, I wont be able to go on holiday. 5. Ill buy the car unless/as long as its not too expensive. 9. Read the sentences. Make a new sentence with the same meaning using the word(s) in brackets. Example: If you dont lend me your map, Ill get lost. (or) Lend me your map or Ill get lost. If you do as I say, everything will be all right. (and)

Do as I say and everything will be all right. 1. 2. 3. 4. If you dont stop making that noise, Ill hit you. (or) If you take this umbrella, you wont get wet. (and) If you dont drive more carefully, youll have an accident. (or else) If you help me, Ill help you. (and)

10. Complete the sentences using should I/he/she and the verb in the box. Example: I think Ill arrive at the meeting on time, but should I be late, please start without me. Miss change be need fail 1. 2. 3. 4. I think Ive got enough money, butany more, Ill borrow some. Im sure hell pass the exam, buthe can always take it again. I dont think Ill go to the party, butmy mind Ill let you know. She expects to catch the last bus, butit, shell tale a taxi.

11. Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea from B. Make sentences beginning Suppose/Supposing. Example: 1. Suppose/Supposing I moved to Scotland, would you come and visit me? A 1. I moved to Scotland 2. someone finds my wallet 3. they had stayed at our house 4. they had offered you the job 5. you had won the competition B would you have taken it? what would the prize have been? do you think they will take it to the police? would you come and visit me/ where would they have slept?

12. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in brackets: the present simple, past simple, past perfect, will/wontwould(nt)or would(nt) have.. Examples: My father would have died if the doctors hadnt operated (not/operate) on him straight away. Dont worry about getting home. If you miss (miss) the last bus, Ill give you a lift in my car. My friend would get (get) better marks at school if she did more homework. If she doesnt have much time, she normally has (have) a sandwich for lunch. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. I(wear) some warm clothes today, if I were you. Its quite cold outside. You(not/have) the accident if youd been more careful. If I(have) enough money, Id buy a new one. If you(wait) for a few minutes, Ill come into town with you. I would have told you if I(know). People(like) Robert more if he didnt always talk about himself. I(speak) to my boss about my holidays today if I get the chance. If he(make) a promise, he always keeps it. Id go to the cinema more often if it(not/be) so expensive. I(not/leave) my last job if the wages had been better. He always(get) angry if you talk to him about politics. If you go out without a coat, you(catch) a cold. If you(ask0 me, I would have helped you. What(you/do) if you saw someone drowning in the sea?

15. Ill go out this evening if I(not/be) too busy. 8.Grammar Practice-Answer-key 1. 1.run out, ll need; 2. Will increase, use; 3. Increases, will die; 4. Will change, die; 5. Try, will be; 6. Dont control, will be 2. 1. can lend; 2. Have finished; 3. May go; 4. Should need; 5. Should phone; 6. Are feeling 3. 1. knew, would tell; 2. Would move, would call; 3. Would, do, knew; 4. Knew, wouldnt try; 5. Would run, saw. 4. 1.Id give up work if I were a millionaire; 2. Well go for a picnic if its a nice day; 3. If I took more exercise, I wouldnt be so unfit; 4. Ill watch TV tonight if I dont go out; 5. Id be better-looking if I didnt have such a big nose; 6. If people werent so greedy, the world would be a better place; 7.If I can get a ticket, Ill go the concert next week. 5. 1.hadnt been; 2. Would have enjoyed; 3. Had had; 4. Wouldnt have had. 6. 1.If I get a headache, I usually take some aspirin; 2. I feel terrible if I dont get 8 hours sleep a night; 3. If I drink too much coffee, it makes me feel nervous; 4. If flowers dont get any water, they die; 5. You put on weight if you dont get enough exercise. 7. 1.Unless you wear your coat, youll be cold; 2. Ill phone you unless you phone me first; 3. He wont receive the letter tomorrow unless you post it before 1 oclock today; 4. I wont go to school tomorrow unless I feel better; 5. I cant write to you unless you give me your address; 6. Your cough wont get better unless you stop smoking. 8. 1. provided; 2. providing; 3. unless; 4. Unless; 5. As long as 9. 1. Stop making that noise or Ill hit you; 2. Take this umbrella and you wont get wet; 3. Drive more carefully or else youll have an accident; 4. Help me and Ill help you. 10. 1. should I need; 2. should he fail; 3. should I change; 4. should she miss 11. 1.Suppose/Supposing I moved to Scotland, would you come and visit me?; 2. Suppose/Supposing someone finds my wallet, do you think they will take it to the police?3. Suppose/Supposing they had stayed at our house, where would they have slept?;

4.Suppose/Supposing they had offered you the job, would you have taken it?; 5. Suppose/Supposing you had won the competition, what would the prize have been? 12. 1. would wear; 2. Wouldnt have had; 3. Had; 4. Wait; 5. Had known; 6. Would like; 7. ll speak; 8. Makes; 9. Werent/wasnt; 10. Wouldnt have left; 11. Gets; 12. ll catch; 13. Had asked; 14. Would you do; 15. m not.