Mitochondria

N are membrane-enclosed organelles Iound in most eukaryotic cells

N range from 0.510 micrometers in diameter
N described as "cellular power plants " because they generate most of the
cell's supply of ATP, used as a source of chemical energy
Structure
N contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers
and proteins
4 Outer Membrane
S encloses the organelles
S has a protein-to - phospholipid ratio similar to that of the
eukaryotic plasma membrane (about 1:1 by weight)
S contains large numbers of integral proteins called porins
4 nner Membrane
S contains proteins with four types of function
S Those that perform the redox reactions of oxidative
phosphorylation
S ATP synthase, which generates ATP in the matrix
S Specific transport proteins that regulate metabolite passage
into and out of the matrix
Mitochondria

S Protein import machinery.
S contains 1/5 the amount of proteins in the mitochondrion














Nuclear Pores
N Large protein complexes that cross the nuclear envelope
N About on average 2000 nuclear pore complexes in the nuclear envelope
of a vertebrate cel l, but it varies depending on cell type and throughout the
life cycle
N Proteins that make up the nuclear pore complex are known as
nucleoporins
N Nuclear pores allow the transport of water -soluble molecules across the
nuclear envelopeus
N The entire nuclear por e complex (NPC) has a diameter of about 120 nm
N The diameter of the opening (functional diameter) is about 9 nm wide and
its "depth" is about 200 nm

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Nucleus Membrane
N Also known as Nucleus Envelope or Perinuclear Envelope
N Double lipid bilayer that encloses the genetic material in eukaryotic cells
N Serves as the physical barrier, separating the contents of the nucleus
(DNA in particular) from the cystol (cytoplasm)
N Numerous nuclear pores are inserted in the nuclear envelope and
facilitate and regulate the exchange of materials (proteins such as
transcription factors, and RNA) between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
N Each of the two membranes is made up of a lipid bilayer. The outer
membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum while the
inner nuclear membrane is the primary residence of several inner nuclear
membrane proteins
N The outer and inner nuclear membrane are fused at the site of nuclear
pore complex insertion
N The inner nuclear membrane is connected to the nuclear lamina, a
network of intermediate filaments composed of various lamin
N Lamina acts as a site of attachment for chromosomes and provides
structural stability to the nucleus
N The nuclear envelope has two membranes, each with the typical unit
membrane structure
Nucleus Membrane

N Outermost membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) and has ribosomes attached
N The space between the outer and inner membranes is also continu ous
with rough endoplasmic reticulum space

CeII Membran0

N also called plasma membrane or phospholipid bilayer

N contains a wide variety of biological molecules, primarily proteins and
lipids, that are involved in a lot of cellular processes such as cell adhesion,
ion channel conductance and cell signaling
N also serves as the attachment point for both the intracellular cytoskeleton
and, if present, the extr acellular cell wall
Function
N Surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and, in animal cells, physically
separates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment,
thereby serving a function similar to that of skin
N n fungi, some bacteria, and plants, an additional cell wall forms the
outermost boundary; however, the cell wall plays mostly a mechanical
support role rather than a role as a selective boundary
Cell Membrane

N Plays a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell, and
in attaching to the extracellular matrix to help group cells together in the
formation of tissues
N Movement of substances across the membrane can either be 5,88;0,
occurring without the input of cellular energy, or ,.9;0, requiring the cell to
expend energy in moving it
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N s made up mainly of a thin layer of ampthipathic phospholipids which
spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic "tail" regions are shielded
from the surrounding polar fluid, causing the more hydrophilic "head"
regions to associate with the cytosolic and extracellular faces of the
resulting bilayer. This forms a continuous, spherical lipid bilayer
N Arrangement of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer
prevent polar solutes (e.g. amino acids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates,
proteins, and ions) from diffusing across the membrane, but generally
allows for the passive diffusion of hydrophobic molecules

EndopIasmic ReticuIum
Endoplasmic Reticulum

N "a eukaryoitc organelle that forms an interconnected network of tubules,
vesicles (small ball of liquid in a cell), and cisternae within cells"

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N protein translation (process in which cells build proteins)
N folding and transport of proteins to be used in the cell membrane (e.g.
transmembrane receptors and other integral membrane proteins)
N production and storage of glycogen steroids, and other macromolecules
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N an extensive membrane network of cisternae (sac -like structures) held
together by the cytoskeleton

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
N studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough"
appearance
N known as RER
N membrane of the RER is continuous with the outer layer of the nuclear
envelope
Smoth Endoplasmic Reticulum
N has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids
and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium
concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell
membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism
N connected to the nuclear envelope
N found in both plant and animal cells

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N organelles that contain digestive enzymes (that break down pol ymeric
marcromolecules into their smaller building blocks
N some biologists say that they are only found in animal cells
N sometimes call "suicide-bags" or "suicide-sacs" by cell biologists because
of what they do with autolysis which is destruction of a cell through the
action of its own enzymes
Functions
N "used for the digestion of marcromolecules from phagoctosis (ingestion of
other dying cells or larger extracellular material, like foreign invading
microbes), endocytosis (where receptor proteins are recycl ed from the cell
surface), and autophagy (wherein old or unneeded organelles or proteins,
or microbes that have invaded the cytoplasm are delivered to the
lysosome)"
N digesting foreign bacteria
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ChIoropIast
N are organells found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that
conduct photosynthesis
N capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP

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N contained by an envelope that consists of an inner and an outer
phospholipid membrane
N between these two layers is the intermembrane space
N material within the chloroplast is called the stroma
N also contains ribosomes, although most of its proteins are encoded by
genes contained in the host cell nucleus, with the protein products
transported to the chloroplast






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N membrane-bound organelle which is present in all eukaryotic cells
N enclosed compartments which are filled with fluid such as water or
different enzymes, though sometimes they may contain solids
N majority of vacuoles are formed through the fusion of multiple membrane
vesicles
Functions
N "solating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell
N Containing waste products
N Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell
N Maintaining an acidic internal pH
N Containing small molecules
N Exporting unwanted substances from the cell"

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