Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
0T1
MT. R,
fl
199112
097
Ultrasonic Determination of the Elastic Constants of the Stiffness Matrix for Unidirectional Fiberglass Epoxy Composites
Elizabeth R. C. Marques and James H. Williams, Jr. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts
Accesion For NTIS CRA&I
DTIC
TAB
0
El
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1986
NASA
A-)
, i
SUMMARY The composite elastic are constants of a fiberglass epoxy determined by measuring the phase unidirectional velocities of
longitudinal
ultrasonic technique
transducers.
Geometric
times required to travel those lengths were used The model of the transversely to relate the velocities and
elastic constants.
iii
INTRODUCTION Filamentary modern aircraft, composites spacecraft, have proved their usefulness in
and many
other structural applications. One their of the special characteristics of these elastic change essential performance. behavior, that is, materials their is
anisotropic which is of
Elastic
properties
usually by
by a set of
determined
stress-strain
different
loading
configurations (as,
for instance,
by ultrasonic methods. Ultrasonic technique waves in in a testing is a nondestructive evaluation of (NDE) stress
which the
transmission as the
characteristics elastic
factors
properties methods
flaws. the
Ultrasonic
extensively
elastic constants of
degree of and of fiber damping
the main
ultrasonic is . their
essentially of "in
nondestructive, service"
components
experimental a specific
velocities of ultrasonic
1
laminate and of
of fiberglass
epoxy
in
are
are
can
design the
as
evaluation
of components.
TRANSVERSELY In
filamentary
anisotropy. set of
parallel
matrix the
constituent
isotropic,
resulting composite
or hexagonally symmetric. A prepreg form a transversely isotropic material can be formed from
layered to of this
composite Fig.1.
[7].
schematic
configuration model is in
adopted,
the xy plane. To characterize materials, [8] the five mechanical behavior independent elastic of transversely constants are
isotropic required
BASIC PRINCIPLES The isotropic velocities through the elastic properties are of a filamentary by measuring waves transversely the phase
composite of
evaluated
propagating to the
at various angles
respect
fiber direction. Depending on the direction the propagating wave, cosines chosen for the normal of elastic equations [9]. For
terms of velocities
the elastic
matrix
phase of waves
direction or polarization direction direction (for example cosines with respect to defines for the x which SH ; x-z
represented
and z directions
(1,0,0)
plane. The constants C11, direct measurement in the of C33, the C44 and C66 can be determined of appropriate x,y and for z. a by
velocities directions be
principal C
,
constant,
can
determined
along an intermediate
direction
and
(Table
for
some
directions, The as
defined by their angles with respect to the C12 can be calculated from C and
constant C
=C 2C 12 11- 2C6 6 The model adopted describes the composite as homogeneous, density is assumed to be constant. The model is valid
so for the
the
stress waves having wavelengths that are large compared with thickness shown of the prepreg sheets. waves have can be Previous studies [10,111 by reflection if
that
scattered
layered
medium model instead of the homogeneous model. For elastic the homogeneous model, the correspondence between the of
hexagonal, but in
the these
cases a different set and number of independent elastic constants must be determined axes (if . It would be possible by to determine the
symmetry
making
sufficient
information is
EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURES
Procedures and Equipment The technique measurement measurements were made by the through transmission the
shown
in
Fig.2 .
a pulsed
LFT-500 ),two
approximately two
sensitivity (Panametrics
,
transducers
model V154)
nominal 455) ,
an oscilloscope
,
(Tektronix fixture
and a
pneumatic
between transducers
and specimen
transducers
respectively. transmitting signal transducer is excited with a to onto tone peak); burst this
of amplitude
After travelling through the specimen, the receiving The through transducer and displayed measurements of
the signal is
velocity
transmission
configuration
parameters, the
pressure, the
mechanical
couplant,
alignment
between
the
specimen
and
the
transducer,
the
nonparallelism of the faces of the specimen and the inherent time delay of the electrical system. To avoid these effects, the
following steps were taken: a) The specimen was very carefully centered on the face. b) all The the interface pressure was maintained at 4.2 Bar tests. This value is slightly above the during transducer
saturation
pressure c)
levels for parallelism between faces . d) To evaluate the velocity ,the time shift between the same A
individual cycle of the input and ouput signals was typical example of the input and ouput signals is A few leading cycles were not used because of In order system, If
measured.
shown in their
Fig.3.
transient the
nature.
to cancel the inherent time delay due to otherwise identical specimens the of
electrical
different
Iv = (L2 -
tests
input
0.50
,1.0,
on on
1.5 the
depended and
frequency range of
transducers measured.
the
values
Specimens The
fiber
continuous
matrix. (100
glass
The psi)
(type
F)
curing at
epoxy
composite according
was
cured
press The a
3M specifications
resulting mm
25.4
(14in
xl2in) 10 mm The
the edges
(approximately diamond
with a
saw.
the longitudinal
axis
of the plate
The
experience faces. sides. The
cross-sectional
[5,13], smaller
dimensions
than
were,
based
of the
on
previous
All
cross-sections
were
12.7 mm
length to
to
be
by These
ranged were
from
5mm (0.191n) by
longitudinal
degree
dimensions
could
posteriori
degree than
parallelism
on all
longitudinal 10
axis of specimens
specimens
per
direction) to
. the
However, material,
allow
three
of the directions.
RESULTS
measured material
for
to travel to be
through independent
certain of the
were
investigated
directions. in
nondispersive calculated
The wave
from
each direction,
the results is
95 percent.
for P
for waves
the with
imposed polarization
plane,
SV,
shear waves
purpose
values
of
from Table
shown
percentage theory
between
experimental
layered
media
From the experimental constants expressions 1850 results shown Poisson's measurements as the directions in kg/m3 for of in the Table stiffness 1.
values
of the were
the elastic using density The matrix moduli that the was final are and the (such
used
Table ratios
corresponding Table 5.
Observe
along
directions 60
are
supposed
calculation
apparently excessive
can be large.
This is
due to the
the directions of plane waves originally imposed onto are modified errors in by a deviation effect The final [15], value
material
possibly of the
introducing
measured times.
constant of C 13
450, In
was
obtained for
by
calculated
600)
each of
(300,
general,
stiffness
matrix
measurements
along
averaging individual
direction.
Ii
CONCLUSIONS The
epoxy
fiberglass
between
material tested
for frequencies
0.28 and 2.0 MHz. The comparison of the experimental results with the results values the and
of layered media theory show reasonable agreement for the of velocities of longitudinal between waves. some of For the shear
waves,
percentage
differences
experimental
of the stiffness
Poisson's ratios for the fiberglass epoxy. elastically properties compatible. the For the
compatibility Vz
Poisson's ratios
V xy and
-1
V zx where
xy ( x /E Z)1/2
moduli of the composite
(2)
in
the x and
12
REFERENCES
[1]
M.F. Markham, "Measurements of the Elastic Constants of Fibre Composites by Ultrasonics" , Composites, Vol. 1, No.3, March 1970, pp. 145-149. G.D. Dean, and J.F.Lockett, "Determination of the Mechanical of Fiber Composites by Ultrasonic Techniques", Properties Analysis of the Test Methods for High Modulus Fibers and Composites, ASTM STP 521, American Society for Testing and
Materials, 1973, pp. 326-345.
[2]
[3]
using Composites Fibre of "Characterization Design, Testing and ", Composites- Standards, Proceedings, Laboratory Conference Physics
Middlesex, [4]
England,
April 1954,
pp.126-130
Stichcomb, and W.W. Kriz, R.D. Fibers and Isotropic Transversely No. 2, Experimental Mechanics, Vol.19, J.H. Williams Jr., H.N. Hashemi, and
"Elastic Moduli of Composites", Their Feb. 1979, pp 41-49. S.S. Lee, "Ultrasonic
[5]
[6]
J.G.
Elliot,"An
Investigation
of Ultrasonic
Geometry Methods
applied Reports,
Composite
Materials",
Harwell
[7]
Composite pp.16-25.
Materials",
[8]
in Elastic Wave Propagation Payton, R.G. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Isotropic Media,
1983.
[9]
Crystal
Acoustics,
Holden
Day,
San
13
[10] T.R. Touchert, and A.N. Guzelsu, "An Experimental Study of Dispersion of Stress Wave in a Fiber-Reiforced Composite', Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol.39, Oct.1972, pp.98-102. [11] H.J. Sutherland, "Dispersion of Acoustical Waves by Reinforced Viscoelastic Material", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol.157, No.4, April 1975, pp.870-875. "Scotchply - Reinforced Plastic Technical Data - Type 1002", 3M Company, Minnesota, May 1, 1969.
[12]
[13] B. Doll, "Input-Output Characterization of Ultrasonic Transducers-Uniaxial Graphite Fiber Composite System M.Sc.Thesis , Department of Mechanical Engineering M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, Jan.1981. [14] J.E. White and F.A. Angona, "Elastic Wave Velocities Laminated Media", Journal of the Acoustical Society America, Vol. 27, No.2, March 1955, pp. 310,317. in of
[15] E.R.C.Marques , J.H. Williams,Jr. and S.S.Lee, "Stress Waves in Transversely Isotropic Media: The Homogeneous Problem", Department of Mechanical Engineering", M.I.T., Cambridge,MA, (In press). [16] R.M. Christensen, Mechanics of Composite Willey and Sons, New York, 1979. Materials, John
14
00 p-I~~~~~f
A
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A _ _ _ _ W 2_ _ _
*~~~~~U
~ ~~~
MA AK4
Av A1 W A W A W
I . C4
A4 A 17 ra
W4
A4
A1
At
A.
A A l A A N .A . A N E
A A A
A A A A A A1
A A A A A A
A A A AI A
A C l N N
t A A A
O~~~ ~
A A 3
A A A AU
A f
~
ca A
IACA;
0.
Ao 53
A1
A1 14
A.ca
A- 3
A6 =
Aac
A1 A A At It A Qj a A A AI A A1 Ato A
A~~~~1 A A A A A1 A1 AZ
~~
A A A A;
N A1 A A2
1A A A
A W A;t l AA1N N
A A A
~
: W
A A A : A 1A
AI A1 Ac A1 A1 A At A A A At A A A A1 1 A1 A A W A W A At A At -
A -
A A A
A1 A
AN A
~
N A M M
~
A AN A A A U
A A
A AaA M . A
W
A A A A
A 0 Aa A:
A0 A0 A
A A0 A A A
A A A
U M A-
AU A A -
A A
A A 0 M A A
aU A A
U A-
A a
A A
A A
AN
A*
A4
A5
TABLE
Relations
between
Elastic
Constants,
Elastic
Ratios
for
Transversely
C E --(C - C ) (C C 3+ C E
11 12 11 33
12
C3
_Cl 2 ) 2
3
lC33"c
_Cl 2 )
3
E
I
Y
z
=E
1133
Cc
+ C1
233
2 2) 13
(C
11
+ C)
12
2)
Sxy = (C 1 2 C3 3 Vyx= xy
( C
11
_
Cl -C1 3 3
2)
C1 3 )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vxz=
C13 /
11Cl C12) +
Vzy = =z =-
I-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vzy
=VZX
---G
xz G yz
C --------------------------------------------------------- I
C44 G xz
Gxy = (C3
I I
12)/
2
I
in
the x direction
when
tension
16
TABLE 3
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
I Direction
of I Propagationl
I--------------------------------
Imposed
Wave Type
P
----------
Velocity (m/s)
Percentage
z
--------------------
4692.8
-------------------------
4344.7
-------------
7.4
--------------
300 (*) 45
P P
4181.0
.....
0 I-------------------------------I--------------------------------
-------------------
--------------------------------
----------------------------
3558.7
......
----------------------------
60 o
---------------------------------
P
P
2940.9
-------------------
.....
----------------------------
x
I-------------------I-------------
2391.9
2300.8
-------------
3.8
------------------------------------------------I I
SH
----------
1550.4
------------
1380.6
...
-------------
10.96
-------------------I0
-------------------------
-------------
30
SH
1521.1
--------------------------------
I----------------------------------
450
I----------------------------------
SH SH SH SV
SV SV SV
----------
1480.6
----------
.
-------------
600 x
I--------------------------------
1399.5 1343.0
---------------------------------------------------------------
.....
-----: ---------------------
I---------------------------------------------------
1380.6
----------------------------
-2.7 -78.72
---
z
I--------------------------------
1586.3
1704.7 1836.1
2835.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------
30
I--------------------------------
450 60
I-----------------------------------------
1904.2 1506.3
----------
......
------------
x
I----------------------------------
SV
1380.6
------------------------
8.34
-----------I
(*)
17
TABLE 4
-----
----------------
-------------------------------I------
Elastic Constant
I-----------------------------------
Experimental
Value
(GN/m )
C
C
---------------------------------------
11
10.584I O
-------------------------------------
-------------------------------------
12
4.098
---------------------------------------
I-----------------------------------
C13
-------------------------------------
4.679
------------------------------------I
C33 C 44 C66
40.741 4.422
------------------------------------I
-------------------------------------
3.243
--------------------------------------------------------
18
TABLE 5
E
E
GN/rn 2
GN/m2
Poisson
0.354
Poisson
--
Vx
-
0.319
0.074
V zx
G Gxz
3.243 4.422
GN/m/ GN/m/
19
z ((0,0,1) direction)
Laminae
Fiber Direction
y Y ((0,1,0) direction)
x ((1,0,0) direction)
Fig.1
epoxy
composite
showing
20
F-4-
00
P4.
0 Luu
00
-W4
02
>12
..
""4-4
0
.41
00
4II
044
@1~ 4J 4fl f-44 0 111.0 G4 4 414
212
0.
- 41
0
P'*04
UOa
4))
21
ti
2 ~It
13__
43
"
'SI
"
1 2 3
Time
Fig.3
'
in Typical input (upper) and output (lower) signals through transmission measurements showing reading of using the third positive peak of each time t. signal.
22
506
L'90--
-----
10 z
AA' C.S.
Fig.4
longitudinal
23
1. Report No.
NASA CR-4034
4. Title and Subtitle
5. Report Date
December 1986
6. Performing Organization Code
Jr.
None
10. Work Unit No.
(E-3271)
506-43-11
11.
Contract or Grant No.
NAG3-328
13. Type of Report and Period Covered
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio 44135
15. Supplementary Notes
Contractor Report
14. Final Sponsoring Agency
Code
Harold E. Kautz,
16. Abstract
The elastic constants of a fiberglass epoxy unidirectional composite are determined by measuring the phase velocities of longitudinal and shear stress waves via the through transmission ultrasonic technique. The waves introduced into the composite specimens were generated by piezoceramic transducers. Geometric lengths and the times required to travel those lengths were used to calculate the phase velocities. The model of the transversely isotropic medium was adopted to relate the velocities and elastic constants.
Nondestructive testing; Nondestructive evaluation; Ultrasonics; Phase velocity; Elastic moduli; Fiber composites; Fiber fraction
19. Security Classif. (of this report)
22. Price
Unclassified
*For
Unclassified
26
A03
NASA-Langley, 1986