Nov/Dec 2007 CS1354 answer key B.E / B.

Tech Degree Examination Nov/Dec 2007 R 3261 CS1354 Computer Graphics and Multimedia
Class : III CSE Staff Name : Ms.V.Pushparani

Part A
1. How to Map a window to view port? Viewport: Area on screen to be used for drawing. Unit: pixels (screen coordinates) Note: y-axis often points down Window: Virtual area to be used by application Unit: km, mm, (world coordinates) 2. What is an Basic point behind midpoint circle algorithm? Calculation of a circle point (x,y) in one octant yields the circle points for the other seven octants. 3. Differentiate Interpolation and approximation splines When polynomial sections are fitted so that the curve passes through each control point, the resulting curve is said to interpolate the set of control points. When polynomial sections are fitted to the general control point without passing through any control point, the resulting curve is said to approximate the set of control points. 4. What is Color gamut? The color models used to describe combinations of light in terms of dominant frequency use three colors to obtain a reasonably wide range of colors, called the color gamut for that model. 5. What is SCSI? ANSI x3T9.2 standard which supports SCSI and SCSI-2 standards Standard defines both hardware and software. 6. List few Sensors which are interfaced with computer Sensors for processor Sensors for monitor Sensors for timer Sensors for power supply 7. What is meant by Normalization? Rather than derive a different projection matrix for each type of projection, we can convert all projections to orthogonal projections with the default view volume This

Nov/Dec 2007 CS1354 answer key

strategy allows us to use standard transformations in the pipeline and makes for efficient clipping 8. Define Dithering Dithering is a technique to increase the number of colours to be perceived in an image. It is based on human eyes capability for spatial integration, that is, if you look at a number of closely placed small objects from a distance, they will look like merged together. 9. What is Mobile messaging? Mobile messaging represents a major new dimension in the users interaction with the messaging system. With the emergence of remote access from users using personal digital assistants and notebook computers, made possible by wireless communication developments supporting wide-ranging access using wireless modems and cellular telephone links, mobile messaging has significantly influenced messaging paradigms. 10. Differentiate Hypertext and hypermedia Hypertext
The linking of associated data for easy access is called Hypertext. It is an application of indexing text to provide a rapid search of specific text strings in one or more documents. It is an integral component of Hypermedia. Hypermedia document is the basic object and text is a sub object.

Hypermedia
The linking of media for easy access is called Hypermedia. The media may be of any type such as text, audio, video etc. A hypermedia document contains a text and any other sub objects such as images, sound, full-motion video etc

Part B
11. a. i. Construct a triangle ABC whose coordinates are A(1,1), B(5,2) and C(4,3) I. Reflect the given triangle about X axis II. Reflect the given triangle about Y axis III. Reflect the given triangle about Y=X axis IV. Reflect the given triangle about X =Yaxis In each case find the Coordinates of reflected triangle (12) 11.a.ii Performa a 45 degree rotation of object A(2,1),B(5,1), C(5,6) in clockwise direction and give the coordinate of the transformed objects. (4)

Nov/Dec 2007 CS1354 answer key

Nov/Dec 2007 CS1354 answer key

Nov/Dec 2007 CS1354 answer key

Nov/Dec 2007 CS1354 answer key

11.b. Explain Sutherland Hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm. Explain the disadvantages of it and how to rectify this disadvantages. (16) Clip against 4 infinite clip edges in succession

Accept a series of vertices (polygon) and outputs another series of vertices Four possible outputs

The algorithm correctly clips convex polygons, but may display extraneous lines for concave polygons 12.a.i. Explain the Properties of B spline. How it is differ from Bezier? (8) Properties of Bezier Curve Approximative splines Defined for n+1 control points Pass though the first and last control point, the boundary conditions at the two ends of the curve are P(0)=p0, P(1)=pn A change in one control point affects the full curve Bezier curve can be fitted to any number of control points It was within the convex hull of the control points. The sum of Bezier blending function is always one. Any position is simply the weighted sum of the control point position. Properties for B-splines: B-splines are degree d-1 polynomials and Cd-2 (higher order discontinuities at uk) For n+1 control points we have n+1 blending functions Each blending function Bk,d(u) is defined over d subintervals in the knot vector, starting at uk The knot vector has n+d+1 values, with n+d subintervals With the labelling {u0, u1, ... , un+d} for the knot vector, the resulting B-spline is defined only for u [ud-1,un+1]. Each section of the B-spline curve between [uj,uj+1] is influenced by d control points. Any control point affects the shape of (atmost) d curve sections for u [ud-1,un+1] we have: Sk=0,n Bk,d(u) = 1

Nov/Dec 2007 CS1354 answer key

12.a.ii. How to Represent an object on 3D scene? Projection Transformation The selected view of a 3D scene is projected onto a view plane (8)

View point (eye point or viewing position) P0 ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) View-plane normal vector N

Look-at point Pref

N P0 Pref
View-up vector V N and V are specified in the world coordinates V should be perpendicular to N, but it can be difficult to a direction for V that is precisely perpendicular to N

Nov/Dec 2007 CS1354 answer key

12.b.i. Draw the CIE chromaticity diagram and explain (6) The Commission International de l' Eclairage (CIE) was founded in 1913 It succeeded the Commission International de Photometrie The recognized international standards body for questions of human perception and colour The CIE colourimetric system is the standard from which all others are dervied Published the Basic Colourimetric Terms (BCT) CIE XYZ To solve these problems, a tristimulus system derived from RGB and based on imaginary primaries referred to as XYZ was defined in 1931 All three are outside the human visual gamut Hence only positive XYZ values can occur!

CIE Chromaticity Diagram comparing color gamuts identifying complementary colors determining dominant wavelength, purity spectral color positions are along the boundary curve

color gamuts defined for a twocolor and a threecolor system of primaries 12.b.ii. Explain differenct Types of color model in detail RGB (10)

Nov/Dec 2007 CS1354 answer key

RGB color space is perceptually non-linear RGB space is a subset of the colors human can perceive CMY(K) Cyan, Magenta, Yellow (Black) CMY(K) A subtractive color model Converting between RGB and CMY

HSV This color model is based on polar coordinates, not Cartesian coordinates. HSV is a non-linearly transformed (skewed) version of RGB cube Hue: quantity that distinguishes color family, say red from yellow, green from blue Saturation (Chroma): color intensity (strong to weak). Intensity of distinctive hue, or degree of color sensation from that of white or grey Value (luminance): light color or dark color 13.a.i. Suggest with reasons a potential Applications of multimedia other than the applications in the field od entertainment and education. (10) Refer May 2007 13.a.i 13.a.ii. Explain various Multimedia interface standards File Formats for multimedia system o DIB o RDIB o MIDI RIFF musical instrument digital interface o WAVE o WME (6)

Nov/Dec 2007 CS1354 answer key

o MMM Apples movie format o DVCS Digital video media control interface o VIM Apples audio interchange file format o SDTS GIS (8)

13.b.i Describe various building blocks of Multimedia systems o Text o Image Visible Non visible Abstract o Audio and video o Full motion and live video 13.b.ii Write short notes on MDBMS Refer May 2007 13.b.i

(8)

14.a.i. Define MIDI. List its attributes and contrast the use of MIDI and digitized audio in a multimedia production (10) MIDI ( Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a communications standard developed in the 1980s for electronic instruments and computers. It allows instruments from different manufacturers to communicate. MIDI data is NOT digitized sound- it is music stored in numeric format Digital audio is a recording, which depend on your sound system MIDI is a score and depends on both the quality of the instruments and the sound system Quality depends on end users device rather than on the MIDI device and is device dependent. Creating a MIDI score requires: Knowledge of music and some talent Ability to play a musical instrument Sequencer software Sound synthesizer Built into PC board Add-on for MAC MIDI is a shorthand representation of music stored in numeric form. Since they are small, MIDI files embedded in web pages load and play promptly. Length of a MIDI file can be changed without affecting the pitch of the music or degrading audio quality. Working with MIDI requires knowledge of music theory. 14.a.ii. List and explain important steps and considerations in recording and editing Digital audio (6) When voice/music is captured by microphone, it generates an electric signal The amplitude of the signal represents the intensity of the sound. The signal consists of a fundamental sine wave of certain amplitude and frequencies

10

Nov/Dec 2007 CS1354 answer key

Sampling Sampling rate

Vec tor vers us Bit m ap

14.b.i.Describe the Capabilities and limitations of bitmap images and vector images Bitmap (8) _ A bitmap contains an exact pixel-by-pixel value of an image _ A bitmap file is fixed in resolution _ The file size of a bitmap is completely determined by the image resolution and its depth _ A bitmap image is easier to render Vector graphic _ a vector graphic contains mathematical description of objects _ a vector graphic is resolution independent _ the file size of a vector graphic depends on the number of graphic elements it contains _ displaying a vector graphic usually involves a large amount of processing Vector graphics are defined using formulas RECT 0,0,200,200,RED,BLUE

Used for lines, rectangles, geometric objects- stored mathematically CAD ( computed aided design) programs created complex and geometric renderings needed by architects and engineers Graphic artists use vector graphics to eliminate the jaggies Programs for 3-D animation use vector graphics for rotation,spinning and shading

14.b.ii. Define Animation and describe how it can be used in multimedia (8) Animation is an illusion of movement created by sequentially playing still image frames at the rate of 15-20 frames per second. o Toggling between image frames o Rotating through several image frames 15.a.i. Explain Time based and object oriented authoring tool (8) Object oriented authoring tool Offers pre-defined object that can be programmed to perform desired functions For example: a button might represent one kind of object within a system. Including an authoring tools that use metaphors >> timeline, cards and flow line For example: Macromedia Director, Asymetrics ToolBooks, Macromedia Authorware Advantage: save time Disadvantage: limited command set for scripting specific functions Time based Elements and events are organized along a timeline with resolution >= 1/30 second Best to use when you have a message with a beginning and an end Sequentially organized graphic frames are played back at a speed that you can set 11

Nov/Dec 2007 CS1354 answer key

Other element (audio/video) are triggered at a given time or location in the sequence of events Let programmers to jump to any location in a sequence, adding navigation and interactive control. Example: Director, Flash (8)

15.a.ii. What is Editing features? Explain it briefly Multiple windows Conversion of major image formats Direct input from scanner, video sources Good selection tools for editing Good masking tools Multiple levels of undos Color mapping controls Tools to retouch, blur, sharpen, lighten Geometric transformations

15.b.i Briefly explain Integrated document management in multimedia (8) Integrated document management for messaging o Specialized messaging systems such as lotus notes provides integrated document management for messaging o The user can attach, embed or link a variety of multimedia objects Multimedia object server and mail server o The mail server is used to store all email messages. It consists of a file server with mail files for each user recipient 15.b.ii How to Create hypermedia messages? Give an example and also explain components of hypermedia (8) Creation of hypermedia Hypermedia message is a complex collection of a variety of objects. Steps o Planning o Creating each component o Integrating component It includes o A text report o Spreadsheet o Images of document o Sound clips o Video clips Components of hypermedia Refer May 2008 15.b.i

12