CCNA

1. Topology (network design) I. Bus topology II. Star topology (it only use in switch) III. Ring topology IV. Hybrid topology V. Mesh topology 2. Cabling I. Straight cable II. Cross cable III. Rollover cable/console cable IV. Serial cable

3. Straight cable Different devices start cable Switch PC Router PC If intelligent device hub/switch then cable is used to straight connect. Coding of straight cable ORANGE / WHITE ORANGE GREEN / WHITE BLUE BLUE / WHITE GREEN WHITE ORANGE / WHITE ORANGE GREEN / WHITE BLUE BLUE / WHITE GREEN WHITE

4. Cross cable It is used to same device. Pc PC Hub hub Switch switch Router router ORANGE / WHITE ORANGE GREEN / WHITE BLUE BLUE / WHITE GREEN WHITE GREEN / WHITE GREEN ORANGE / WHITE BLUE BLUE / WHITE ORANGE WHITE

5. CONSOL cable It connects to router so pc configure to router IOS (interface operating system) ORANGE / WHITE BROWN ORANGE BROWN / WHITE GREEN / WHITE GREEN BLUE BLUE / WHITE BLUE / WHITE BLUE GREEN GREEN / WHITE BROWN / WHITE ORANGE BROWN ORANGE / WHITE

Types of cable I. II. III. IV. Co-axial cable Fiber optic cable UTP - un twisted pair cable STP - shield twisted pair cable

Bounded
Connection Oriented
Wired Cable

Unbounded
Wireless Connection

Wireless

Co-axial cable

Data transfer rate (DTR) : 4-6mbps , it is used to BNC connector or (T connector) BNC (barrel net connector) used in bus topology.

Fiber optical cable

Clove

Data transfer rate = 1000mbps used in isdn line. (Integrated service digital network).

UTP (un-shield twisted pair) it is 4 pair wire, it connects to RJ-45 connector.

ORANGE
ORANGE WHITE

GREEN WHITE

GREEN

BLUE
BLUE WHITE

BROWN
Category of cable I. II. III. IV. Cat-5 cable Cat-5e cable Cat-6 cable Cat-6e cable

Network device I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Switch Hub Repeater Router Brouter Bridge

OSI model (open system interface) I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. Application layer Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer APPLICATION LAYER: it is an interface where the users actually communicate with a computer. This layer is responsible for following task sending mail, file transfer access and management, virtual terminal (remote access) TELNET, authentication, directory service. It is a directory service which is used to store the information about the objects like users; group and computers it also provides centralize management. PRESENTATION LAYER : this layer is responsible to present the data. Note: attachment of headers layer by layer is known as encapsulation. De-attachment of headers is known as de-capsulation. This layer is responsible to present the data.

ASCII

ASCIII

EBCDIC
This layer is also responsible for encryption/decryption, coding and decoding. i.e. - (WinZip).

SESSION LAYER : this layer is responsible to establish and terminate the session and create the session. This layer is also responsible for dialogue control between the devices (modes). Simplex unidirectional Half duplex both direction but not at a time Full duplex both direction simultaneously This layer is also responsible for detection and connection and insert checkpoint. Bit synchronization: synchronizing the data. Protocol: work on this layer

Net Bios
i. ii.

Name Service 137(VDP) Session Service 139(ICP) Data Gran 138(VDP)

NETWORK LAYER :- It receive the segment from the transport layer and convert then in to packets this is responsible to define the path to data packet from source IP to destination IP ADD. Routed Protocol- these protocols are used to define the path to the data packet in a TCP/IP Local area network. Routing Protocol- These protocol are RIP, IGRP and OSPF. Default Gateway- It is an exit point from a network and entry point in to Device- Router, Layer 3 Switch, Bridge Router (B Router), Static Routing, Default routing, Dynamic Routing.

DATA LINK LAYER :- This layer receive packet from the network layer and encapsulate the in to the

This layer

DATA LINK LAYER

MAC (media access controller)

this layer is responsible to define the path from source MAC add to Destination MAC add.

LLC (logical link controller)

this layer is responsible for the

this layer also add meaning full bits headr & trailan (CRC/FCS) it define the encapsulated data. SAP-services access point. SNAP- sub network access point. 802.3-ethernet 802.5-token ring

802.4-token bus
802.8-FDDI

SAP- It 1 byte frame and it use 6 bit to identify the encapsulated data. It can identify p to 64 protocols. SNAP- It is a 2 bytes frame and identify up 65,535 protocols. Cisco-L2F= Layer 2 forwarding. Microsoft-PPTP= point to point tunneling protocol L2TP=

Switch manageable, non-manageable i. ii. iii. ADD Leaving Forward Filtering Loop Avoidance.

It operates at the data link layer. It breaks up the collision domain. It first time broadcast and 2nd time unicast. It has 1 broadcast domain and multiple collision domain. It has memory element- ASIC (Application specific integrated circuit). COMPRESION BETWEEN SWITCH AND BRIDGE SWITCH It also operates at layer 2. It is Hardware based It has higher no. of ports STP is available in switch per port wise BRIDGE It also operates at layer & whereas bridge is software based It less no. of ports In a bridge STP is available per bridge wise

PHYSICAL LAYER :- It define the physical media. It converts the frames in bits stresam. DCE- Data communication equipment. DTE- Data terminal equipment. EG- Hub, Cables, Connector, Repeaters, Modem, A.P, CSU/DSU- channel services unit/ data services unit.

Protocol
SMPT HTTP SMB DNS POP+2 NFS IMAP 25 TELNET 23 80 HTTP/S 443 445 TSTP 69 53 DHCP 67,68 109 POP+3 110 115 NNTP 119 143 FTP 20 (DATA) 21(CONTRO) BOOTP SERVER 67,68 SMPT (simple mail transfer protocol) it is use to send the mails. TELNET (terminal network /remote access) it is used to access the remote machine using the command line. HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) it is use to access webpages from a web server, HTTP/S - it is use to access secure web server. SMB (server message block protocol) this protocol is responsible for file or folder and printer sharing. TFTP (trivial file transfer protocol) this application is use to take backup a routers105 a bit configuration. DNS (domain name service) it translate human readable name to ip address and vice-verse (fully qualified domain name) DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) this service is used to assign ip address to the client automatically -67-server, 68-client. POP (post office protocol) it is used to receive the mail. NFS (network file system) it is responsible for file and printer sharing in UNIX and UNUX. NNTP (network news transfer protocol) it is used to transfer the name in a network. IMAP (internal message access protocol) it is use to access the mails. FTP (file transfer protocol) it is used to download and upload the files area the internet.

T.C.P/IP address (transmission controller protocol/internet protocol) Presser-Depressor: Application Layer, Host to Host Layer (Transport Layer), Internet Layer, Network Layer, Interface Layer (Data Link Layer).
16 character/ show 15 character. Net BIOS

Name Service 137 UPD

Session Service 139 TCP

Datagram Services 138 UPD

Using LM Host File

Broadcast file information API (application programming interface). C:\>arp d C:\>nbstat c C:\>nbstat r

(display NetBIOS cache) (Display and reload NetBIOS cache)

IP (Internet protocol):- It is a 32bits decimal No. It consists of 4 octets. It is separated by DOT (.). It is categorized in to 5 class. 192.168.1.10 Subnet- It is 32bits value which is used to determine how many NID and HID in on IP ADD. Private IP Add. CLASS A IP 1-126 CLASS B IP 128-191 CLASS C IP 192-223 Reserved IP Add. CLASS D IP 224-239 NASA CLASS E IP 240-254 MULTICAST/RESEARCH APIPA (Automatic Private IP Add). 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.254 Loop Back IP Add. IP 127 LOOP BACK TESTING (USE FOR BROADCASTING)

Sub-NETING:- To break a large network in to small subnet is called SUBNETING. CIDR (Classless Inter Domain Routing):- It is method which is used by I.S.P. to assign IP address to the client, like office, Home and large organization. FLSM (Fixed length Subnet Mask) SUBNETING: 1st (Example) Class C IP- 202.15.61.0/25 bit

Default Subnet Mask- 255.255.255.0 No of subnet = 2n , 21 = 2 subnet No of host/subnet = 2h-2, 27-2=126 host/subnet Binary to decimal conversion 27+26+25+24+23+22+21+20 128+64+32+16+8+4+2+0 255.255.255.128 subnet mask value 0+255=256-128=128 Block size

N o o f s u b n e t

B l o c k s i z e

Valid subnet, First host, Last host, Broad cast. Valid subnet 0 First host 1 Last host 126 Broad cast 127 2nd (Example) Class C IP 198.168.1.0/27 Default subnet mask 255.255.255.0 No of subnet = 2n, 23=8 subnet No of host/subnet = 2h-2, 25-2, 32-2=30 host/subnet 255.255.255.224 subnet mask value 0+255=256-224=32 Block size Valid subnet, First host, Last host, Broad cast. Valid subnet 0 32 64 96 128 First host 1 33 65 97 129 Last host 30 62 94 126 158 Broad cast 31 63 95 127 159
CLASS C IP 192.0.0.1 223.255.255.255

128 129 254 255

160 161 190 191

192 193 222 223

224 225 254 255

Total BIT 25 26 27 28 29 30

Off BIT 7 6 5 4 3 2

ON BIT 1 2 3 4 5 6

Subnet Mask 255.255.255.128 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.252

Host Subnet 126(128) 62(64) 30(32) 14(16) 6(8) 2(4)

Block No of Size Subnet 128 2 64 4 32 8 16 16 8 32 4 64

CLASS B IP 128.0.0.1 -191.255.255.255. Total Off ON Subnet Mask Host BIT BIT BIT Subnet 17 15 1 255.255.128.0 32766(32768) 18 14 2 255.255.192.0 16382(16384) 19 13 3 255.255.224.0 8190(8192) 20 12 4 255.255.240.0 4094(4096) 21 11 5 255.255.248.0 2046(2048) 22 10 6 255.255.252.0 1022(1024) 23 9 7 255.255.254.0 510(512) 24 8 8 255.255.255.0 254(256) 25 7 9 255.255.255.128 126(128) 26 6 10 255.255.255.192 62(64) 27 5 11 255.255.255.224 30(32) 28 4 12 255.255.255.240 14(16) 29 3 13 255.255.255.248 6(8) 30 2 14 255.255.255.252 2(4)

Block Size 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 64 32 32 8 4

No of Subnet 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384

Variable Lens Subnet Mask (VLSM) CLASS C VLSM :Lab A 60 Computers (Host) Lab B 100 Computers (Host) Lab C 20 Computers (Host) Lab D 14 Computers (Host) Select the large requirement. Network 194.101.12.0 Lab A 100 194.101.12.1 194.101.12.126 (194.101.12.127)

Subnet mask 255.255.255.128 Broadcast Address (B.A.)

Lab B 60

Lab C 20

Lab D 14

194.101.12.128 194.101.12.129 194.101.12.189 194.101.12.190 (194.101.12.191) 194.101.12.192 194.101.12.193 194.101.12.221 194.101.12.222 (194.101.12.223) 194.101.12.224 194.101.12.225 194.101.12.238 (194.101.121.239)

Subnet mask 255.255.255.192 Broadcast Address (B.A.)

Subnet mask 255.255.255.224 Broadcast Address (B.A.)

Subnet mask 255.255.255.240 Broadcast Address (B.A.)

CLASS B VLSM Lab A 2000 Computers (Host) Lab B 1000 Computers (Host) Lab C 350 Computers (Host) Lab D 255 Computers (Host) Lab E 100 Computers (Host) Lab F 10 Computers (Host) Network 168.112.0.0 Lab A 2000 168.112.0.1 168.112.7.253 168.112.7.254 168.112.7.255

subnet mask 255.255.248.0 Broadcast Address (B.A.)

Lab B 1000 168.112.8.0 168.112.8.1 168.112.11.254 168.112.11.255 Lab C 350 168.112.12.0 168.112.12.1 168.112.13.254 168.112.13.255 Lab D 255 168.112.14.0 168.112.14.1 168.112.15.254 168.112.15.255 Lab E 100 168.112.16.0 168.112.16.1 168.112.16.126 168.112.16.127 Lab F 10 168.112.16.128 168.112.16.129 168.112.16.140 168.112.16.142 168.112.16.143

subnet mask 255.255.252.0 Broadcast Address (B.A.)

subnet mask 255.255.254.0 Broadcast Address (B.A.)

subnet mask 255.255.254.0 Broadcast Address (B.A.)

subnet mask 255.255.255.128 Broadcast Address (B.A.)

subnet mask 255.255.255.240 Broadcast Address (B.A.)

ROUTER 2500 Series Serial port:- This is 60th pins female connector which is use to connect a router to another router using serial cable. Attachment unit interface (AUI):- It is 15th pins female connector which is use connects a router to the LAN or SWITCH using connector. Console cable (CAN) :- It is a RJ-45 port which is used to connector a PC to the ROUTER which to configure the router. AUX port:- It is also a RJ-45 which is access a router using DIAL UP connection. Basic rate interface (BRI):- It is also RJ-45 port which uses to connect a router in to the WAN using ISDN and LEASELINE.
Router Router

WAN
CSU- Channel Service Unit CSU/DSU DSU- Data Service Unit CSU/DSU

-System Configuration DialogueIt shows that message when router doesnt fined the valid configuration file in the NVRAM. Hyper Terminal:- win XP, Win server 2003-it is inbuild software. Putty software:- win vista, win 7, win 2008. START-RUN= HYPERTRN Router> (USER MODE) Router>enable Router# (PRIVILEGE MODE) Router#configure terminal Router(config)# (GLOBAL CONFIGURATION MODE) -PREVILAGE MODE COMMANDRouter#show run Router#show version Router#show flash Router#show interface f0/0 Router#show protocol (DATA LINK LAYER) Router#show IP protocol (NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOL) Router#show IP interface brief Router#show show controllers s1/0 Router#show startup-config Router#show IP route Router# clock set 2:3:45 June 15 2011 (HH:MM:SS MONTH DATE YEAR) Router#copy run start (RAM to NVRAM) Router#copy start run (NVRAM to RAM) Router#write (SAVE)

-GLOBAL CONFIGURATION MODERouter(config)#hostname ccna Router(config)#banner motd # types any matter# (type text message with #) Router(config)enable password 12345 (set for privilege mode) Router(config)#line consol 0 Router(config-line)#password 12345 Router(config-line)#login Router(config)#line aux 0 Router(config-line)#password 12345 Router(config-line)#login Router(config)#line vty 0-1180 Router(config-line)#password 12345 Router(config-line)#login
(terminal access) (set for global configuration mode)

How Assign The IP Router>enable Router# configure terminal Router(config)#interface serial 1/0 (select the interface no.) Router(config)#IP address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 (write the IP address) Router(config)#clock rate 64000 (clock rate always set on the DCE port) Router(config)#do show controllers serial 1/0 (check port is DCE or DTE) Router(config)#no shutdown (for up the port)

STATIC ROUTING It is a feature of IP. It is use in small networks. The routing tables are build and sustain manually. There is no overhead on the routers CPU and it consumes less Bandwidth and RAM. It is more difficult job to configure in large networks The administrator has to know about the IP address of serial and fast Ethernet interface of directly connected router.

Router/0

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Switch

ROUTER/0 Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 30.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)# no shutdown ROUTER/1 Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #int erface serial 1/1 Router(config-if)#IP add 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 40.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown ROUTER/2 Router>enable Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 50.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)# no shutdown ROUTER/0 Router(config)#IP route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#IP route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#IP route 50.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2

ROUTER/1 Router(config)#IP route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#IP route 50.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 ROUTER/2 Router(config)#IP route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#IP route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#IP route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 10.0.0.1 20.0.0.2

Router/2 Router/1 70.0.0.1 Router/3

Switch
Router/0 Router/4

F0/0

(ROUTER/0) Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 50.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)# no shutdown (ROUTER/1) Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #int erface serial 1/1 Router(config-if)#IP add 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 60.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown (ROUTER/2) Router>enable Router#configure terminal

Router(config) #interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #interface serial 1/1 Router(config-if)#IP add 30.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 70.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown (ROUTER/3) Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 30.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #interface serial 1/1 Router(config-if)#IP add 40.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 80.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown (ROUTER/4) Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #interface serial1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 40.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 90.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown

(ROUTER/0) Router(config)#ip route 60.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.2

Router(config)#ip route 20.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 70.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 30.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 80.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 90.0.0.0

255.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 255.0.0.0

10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2

(ROUTER/1) Router(config)#ip route 50.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 70.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 80.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 90.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 (ROUTER/2) Router(config)#ip route 60.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 50.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 80.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 90.0.0.0 255.0.0.0

10.0.0.1 20.0.0.2 20.0.0.2 20.0.0.2 20.0.0.2 20.0.0.2

20.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 30.0.0.2 30.0.0.2 30.0.0.2

(ROUTER/3) Router(config)#ip route 90.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 40.0.0.2

Router(config)#ip route 70.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 60.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 20.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 50.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0

255.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 255.0.0.0

30.0.0.1 20.0.0.1 30.0.0.1 10.0.0.1 20.0.0.1

(ROUTER/4) Router(config)#ip route 80.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 70.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 60.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 Router(config)#ip route 50.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 DEFAULT ROUTING

40.0.0.1 40.0.0.1 40.0.0.1 40.0.0.1 40.0.0.1 40.0.0.1 40.0.0.1

This type of routing is used to send the data packet to that destination which is not present in the routing table.

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ROUTER/0 Router(config)#IP route 0.0.0.0 ROUTER/1 Router(config)#IP route 0.0.0.0

0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0

10.0.0.2 10.0.0.1

DYNAMIC ROUTING This type of routing is use in stub network. The network which has only is exit and entry point is called stub network Administrator Distance (AD Value) :- it is an integer value which lies between (0 to 255) use to determine the reliability of a protocol. The protocol which has lowest AD value which will be more preferable. Autonomous System No. (AS No.) : - it is a collection of network under a common administration DOMAIN is which all routers share same routing information. Range -1 to 65,535. NOTE- the protocol which has lowest AD value will be more preferable. Directly connected 0 Static routing 1 1 2 RIP V , RIP V 120 IGRP 100 EIGRP 90 OSPF 110 IS-IS 115 Ex. EIGRP 170 Type: - show IP protocol RIP IGRP EIGRP OSPF IS-IS Ex.EIGRP Routing Information Protocol. Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. Open Shortest Path First. Intermediate System to Intermediate System. External Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.

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R/0 Routing Table 10.0.0.0/8 S 1/0 0 20.0.0.0/8 S 1/0 1 30.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 0 40.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 1 50.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 2

R/1 Routing Table 10.0.0.0/8 S 1/0 0 20.0.0.0/8 S 1/1 0 30.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 1 40.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 0 50.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 1

R/2 Routing Table 10.0.0.0/8 S 1/0 1 20.0.0.0/8 S 1/1 0 30.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 2 40.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 1 50.0.0.0/8 F 0/0 0

DISADVANTAGE: - There is more over head on the routers CPU and it consume more bandwidth and RAM.

Dynamic Routing Protocol

IGP (Interiol Gateway Protocol) Distance-vector

IS-IS 115 RIP v1 RIP v2

Dijekstra (SPF) EGP EIGRP

Link State

IGRP 100
EIGRP 90 OSPF 110

OSPF

(1)

(1)

Routing Table (2)

Routing Table

Neighbour Table

(3)
Topology Table

RIP V2 It is a class less routing protocol. It also supports CIDR/VLSM. It send its update using multicast (224.0.09). It support authentication MD5 (message digital version 5). It also discontinuous network.

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ROUTER/0 Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 30.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)# no shutdown ROUTER/1 Router>enable Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #int erface serial 1/1 Router(config-if)#IP add 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 40.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown ROUTER/2 Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 50.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

Router(config-if)# no shutdown ROUTER/0 Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#version 2 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0 ROUTER/1 Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#version 2 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 40.0.0.0 ROUTER/2 Router(config)#router rip Router(config-router)#version 2 Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 50.0.0.0

EIGRP
It is a hybrid routing protocol. It is also cisco proprietary protocol. It is a classless routing protocol. It supports VLSM & CIDR. Its AD Value is 90.It also support AS No. It has auto route summaries. Its by default metric is (BW + Delay) *BW + Delay + reliability + MTU+ Load] [Max Transmission unit]. It has fast conversion. It also supports discontiguous Network. Communicate VIG RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol). Best path selection via diffusing update algorithm (DUAL) It support Routed protocol using PDM (Protocol Dependent Module) It sends its update using multicast 224.0.0.10

IPv6/EIGRP IPv4/EIGRP APPLE TALK/EIGRP IPX/EIGRP Neighbor Discovery:i. HELLO Packet Received ii. AS NO. Must Match iii. Identical Metric (K Value) 1) Feasible Distance :- is the best metric along all the path to a remote network. 2) Reported Distance:-it is the best metric of a remote network as reported by neighbor. 3) Neighbor Table:- if cache the information about the neighbor. SAVE IN RAM.

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ROUTER/0 Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 30.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)# no shutdown ROUTER/1 Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #int erface serial 1/1 Router(config-if)#IP add 20.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config) #interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 40.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#no shutdown ROUTER/2 Router>enable

Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface serial 1/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 20.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 64000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown Router>enable Router#configure terminal Router(config)#interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#IP add 50.0.0.1 255.0.0.0

ROUTER/0 Router(config)#router eigrp 10 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0 ROUTER/1 Router(config)#router eigrp 10 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 40.0.0.0 ROUTER/2 Router(config)#router eigrp 10 Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 Router(config-router)#network 50.0.0.0

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) It is a link state routing protocol. It is an open standard routing protocol. Its AD value is 110. It is a classless routing protocol. It support VLSM/CIDR. It also support area and WILD CARD MASK. It support unlimited HOP count. NOTE:- Inverse of subnet mask is known as WILD CARD MASK. Class A = 255.0.0.0 Class B = 255.255.0.0 Class C = 255.255.255.0 0 = bits need to match 1 = bits not need to match 0.255.255.255 0.0.255.255 0.0.0.255

It has manual summarization support. It also support discontiguous network. It send its update multicast (224.0.0.5) It sub hierarchical network. Cost = 108/bandwidth SPF- Algorithm Q. why do we create hierarchical network in OSPF terminology. ANS. 1- To decrease routing overhead. 2- Speed up the conversion. Area: it keep the routing traffic separate. 3- To confine the instability in the network in to the single area. Exchange hello packet in every 10 sec. Dead interval 4 times of exchange of hello packet 40 sec.

ASBR Autonomous system border area ABR- Area border router Back bone area-= 0 off- back bone Area = 1-65,535
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ROUTER/0 Router(config)#router ospf 1 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 Router(config-router)#network 50.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 ROUTER/1 Router(config)#router ospf 1 Router(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1

ROUTER/2 Router(config)#router ospf 1 Router(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 1 Router(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 2

ROUTER/3 Router(config)#router ospf 1 Router(config-router)#network 30.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 2 Router(config-router)#network 40.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 3

ROUTER/4 Router(config)#router ospf 1 Router(config-router)#network 40.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 3 Router(config-router)#network 50.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 ACCESS CONTROL LIST The router performs packet filtering using ACCESS CONTROL LIST (ACL) Type of ACL :Standard ACL = 1-99 Extended ACL = 100-199 Name ACL = any word ACL also use the WILD CARD MASKING.

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Standard ACL:- This ACL understand only source address standard ACL should be place close to the destination ACL NO. For standard ACL lies between 1-99.

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ROUTER/1 Router(config)#access-list 10 deny 30.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 Router(config)#access-list 10 permit any Router(config)#interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#ip access-group 10 out

Extended ACL:- This ACL understand both source & destination IP add. But it should be place close to the source because it will save the bandwidth of the network. It lies between 100-199. ROUTER/1 Router(config)#access-list 101 deny 30.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 40.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any any Router(config)#interface f0/0 Router(config-if)#ip access-group 101 out

-NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION (NAT)It is an in build feature of a router it translation private IP add to public IP add and vice-verse. It operates at the network layer. It also provides security to the private network. It also conserves public IP add.

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Outside Global IP Address 11.0.0.2 Subnet Mask 255.0.0.0 Default Gateway 11.0.0.1

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IP Address 192.168.1.2 Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway 192.168.1.1

Type of NATStatic NAT:- It provide one to one mapping. Dynamic NAT:- It also provide one to one mapping but it use pool of public IP add ( first come and first serve bases. NAT OVERLOAD:- one to many (it use single public IP add)

PAT (port add translation)