SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Syntax of sentence Sub + predicate Sub + (verb + object)

Rx Sub may be single/multiple word Predicate may be single / multiple word Predicate must have a verb

Sub- verb agreement

st

Singular sub ---------> singular verb [verb in- s/es form]3rd person Plural sub------------>plural verb[ original form /simple present form] singular I [am/do/have/was] you [are/do/have/were] he/she [is/does/has/was] plural we you they

1 person 2nd person 3rd person

[shall] [will] [will]

[are/do/have/were] [are/do/have/were] [are/do/have/were]

Rx Modal auxiliaries are same in the both forms[singular/plural]

Sub-complement agreement Singular subsingular comp : the child was an angel Plural subplural comp : the children were angels

TIME & TENSE Rx Eg Could you help me I wanted to talk to you Did you want to see me? It is going to rain Milk is white [past tense , present time] [past tense , present time] [past tense , present time] [present tense , future time] [present tense , all of three times] Time and tense both are not the same Verb in present /past tense means not it indicates present /past time

Verb-forms

V1 original/simple present/plural form V2 past tense/ -ed form V3 past participle/ -en form V4 - ing form

V5 -s/es form or singular

Kind of tense affirmative present Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect continuous past Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect continuous S + V1 / V5 S +is/am/are + V4 S +has/have +V3 S+ has/have +been+ V4 S + V2 S + was/were + V4 S +had +V3 S+ had been+ V4 negative S +do/does+ not + V1 is/am/are +not + V4 has/have+ not +V3 has/have +not+ been + V4 S +did+ not + V1 was/were +not + V4 had+ not +V3 had +not+ been + V4 question do/does+ S + V1 is/am/are +S + V4 has/have+ S +V3 has/have + S + been + V4 did+ S + V1 was/were +S + V4 had+ S +V3 had +S+ been + V4

future Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect continuous

S + shall/will + V1 S +shall/will be + V4 S +shall/will have +V3 S+ shall/will have been+ V4

shall/will +not+ V1 shall/will+ not+ be + V4

shall/will +S+ V1 shall/will+ S+ be + V4

Use of different forms of the tense

Present Simple Continuous Indicates work is being done in present and it will be completed The following verbs are not used in present continuous Verbs of perception: see. Hear, smell. Please, taste .. Feeling or state of mind: want , wish, desire, like, forgive ,care Process of thinking: think ,feel ,suppose, realize Verb of possession : own possess Others : contain ,consist ,keep, look To represent universal truths Daily/regular works Planned future actions Subordinate clause with if, as soon as, when, unless, as, after, before .. Speech of Author Radio or TV commentary History

Perfect Indicates work just completed (completed in present)

Perfect continuous Indicates work is started in the past , continuing in the present and will be continued in future

Facts
Sometimes simple past is used to express polite requests Simple past is used after if, as if, I wish , it is (high) time in the case of condition/imagination If two works are being executed parallels in the past write both in the past continuous If there are two sentences that have been completed in past then the work which is completed before is written in past perfect and other in simple past. Sometimes present continuous is used to express future action Usually present perfect is not used alone

KIND OF SENTENCES
affirmative statement negative

S + [AV] + Verb
AV= Auxiliary Verb

present S + V/V-s/es S +is/am/are + V-ing S +has/have +V-en S+ has/have been+ V-ing past S + V-ed S + was/were + V-ing

S + AV +not +Verb present S + do/does+ not +V S +is/am/are +not + V-ing S +has/have +not +V-en S+ has/have +not+been+V-ing past S + did+ not+ V S + was/were +not+ V-ing S +had +not +V-en

S +had +V-en S+ had been + V-ing future S + shall/will + V S +shall/will be + V-ing S +shall/will have +V-en S+ shall/will have been+ V-ing others S +[to be] + O S +[have] + O

S+ had +not+ been +V-ing future S + shall/will + not+ V S +shall/will +not+ be + V-ing
others

S +[to be] + not + O S +[have] + no + O S +[have]+not a/an/any + O

question

[WH] + AV + S +Verb AV + S +Verb present do/does+ S +V is/am/are +S + V-ing has/have +S +V-en has/have +S+been+V-ing past did+ S+ V was/were +S+ V-ing had +S +V-en had +S+ been +V-ing future shall/will + S+ V shall/will +S+ be + V-ing others
V1 + S open the door how nice a day!

[WH] + AV + S +not +Verb [WH] + AV + not +S + Verb present do/does+ S + not +V is/am/are + S + not + V-ing has/have + S + not +V-en has/have + S+ not+been+Ving past did+ S + not+ V was/were + S + not+ V-ing had + S + not +V-en had + S + not+ been +V-ing future shall/will + S + not+ V shall/will + S + not+ be + V-ing others
dont + V1 + S dont open the door is not it a nice day!

command exclamation

AV= Auxiliary Verb

AUXILIARY VERB If a sentence has a single verb , it must be principal /full/main verb If a sentence have more than one verb, then the verb helping the main verb is called auxiliary/supporting/helping verb

When a verb is used as auxiliary ,it is used in original form[V1] but when it is used as main ,it may be used in any form [V1, V2, V3, V4, V5] Auxiliary verb help main verb to make

Tense Negative Question Passive voice [AV= Auxiliary Verb] [negative] [question]

S + AV + V1 S+ AV + not + V1 AV + S +V1

primary auxiliary

to be [am/is/are] [was/were] main/auxiliary do [do/does] [did ] have [has/have] [had]

modal auxiliary Never used alone Same form with all persons Dont have infinitive/participle form

can/could shall/should will/would may/might must ought to

only auxiliary

marginal auxiliary

need/used to/dare

main/auxiliary

NON FINITE VERB Finite verb: verb is governed by the subject (number/person) A boy plays cricket Boys play cricket

Non-finite verb: verb is not governed by the subject (number/person) A boy likes to play Boys like to play

Kind of non finite Infinitive[ to + V] Infinitive with to To + V present she forgot to write not + to +V negative I want not to do this

To + be + V-ing present continuous He seems to be following us He can be sitting there

To + have + V-en present perfect He should have helped her [to is hidden] To + have been + V-ing present perfect continuous To + be + V-en passive I didnt expect to be invited

Infinitive without to Let him go We saw him break the lock

Gerund[V-ing]acts as noun

Singing is her hobby

Participle[V-ing]acts as adjective/verb Present participle[V-ing] He is goingverb It is an interesting filmadjective

Perfect participle[having + V-en] Having passed SSC , Suresh want to join college

Past participle[V-ed] He has arrived

Use of infinitive Infinitive with to Subject to the verb to advise is easy Object to the verb she forgot to write Verb + WH + infinitivetell me when to play Verb + object + infinitive he requested her to sing Verb + object + to bewe know him to be honest Adjective + infinitiveI was glad to see him Noun + infinitiveI have a plan to go abroad Infinitive of purpose we eat to live Infinitive after too & enoughbox is too heavy to lift he was strong enough to pull box

VOICE
active voice S +[AV] + V(req) +[ O] ,AV= Auxiliary Verb Rani writes a story Ram will teach English passive voice S + AV +V-en +[ by/with +O] a ) a story is written by Rani b) English will be taught by Ram

Someone stole my pen

c) my pen was stolen

Rx The subject of active becomes object of the passive and vice versa Some subjects of active are removed in passive form, like One ,someone, nobody, people, somebody, a man , a boy, [they are not specific]

active voice

passive voice

present S + V/V-s/es + O S +is/am/are + V-ing+ O S +has/have +V-en+ O S+ has/have been+ V-ing+ O past S + V-ed+ O S + was/were + V-ing+ O S +had +V-en+ O S+ had been + V-ing+ O future S + shall/will + V+ O S +shall/will be + V-ing+ O S +shall/will have +V-en+ O S+ shall/will have been+ V-ing+ O modal verb S + MV + V1 + O he can win the prize command[order] V1 + O open the box advise V1 + O help the poor request please give me pen kindly read this letter yes/no question

present
O + is/am/are + V-en + by + S O + is/am/are +being+ V-en + by + S O + has/have +been+ V-en + by + S

past
O + was/were + V-en + by + S O + was/were +being+ V-en + by + S O + had +been+ V-en + by + S

future
O + will/shall be+ V-en + by + S

modal verb
O + MV + be +V-en + S the prize can be won by him

command
let + O +be +V-en let the box be opened advise O + should + be +V-en + S the poor should be helped

request
you are requested to give me pen you are requested to read this letter

yes/no question AV + O + V-en+ by + S

AV + S + V + O did you see him

has tom invited you wh-question

was he seen by you have you been invited by tom wh-question

WH + AV + O + V-en+ by + S
how will the sum be solved by whom was the Ramayan written others there is no time to be lost

WH + AV + S + V + O
how will he solve the sum who wrote the Ramayan others there is no time to lose

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH Direct speech reporting clause , reported speech He said, I am hungry. Rekha said, Hurry up! reported speech, reporting clause I am your friend., said Rajiv I am your friend., he said *said he/I /you is incorrect + reported speech, reporting clause, reported speech Tuesday, he said, is not a good day.

Rx Changing from direct to indirect He said, I am hungry. He said that he was hungry. Verb of reporting clause is called reporting verb. Use comma after reporting verb Enclose reported speech within double/single inverted comma. single is Modern Reported speech may be statement/question/command/assertion Reported speech begins with capital letter.

She said, Hurry up! Rekha said, Is any one there? He said, Shut the door.

She told me to hurry up. Rekha asked if anyone was there He ordered to shut the door

Statements Punctuations Remove comma after reporting verb. Remove quotations Never begin reported speech with capital Use conjunction ( that ) after reporting clause

Subject/pronoun Direct speech indirect speech reported speech no change

reporting clause 1st person

reported speech whatever

2nd person

1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd

2nd based on object of RC no change 3rd based on object of RC no change

3rd person

Rx Tense Object of reporting clause is by default I

Direct reporting clause present reported speech whatever

indirect reported speech no chance

future

whatever present [no change of tense if reported speech is a universal truth]

no change past past past perfect past perfect continuous

past future simple past past continuous

Time/place expression

direct this these now today ago tomorrow yesterday tonight next week here

indirect that those then that day before the next day the previous day , the day before that night the following week there

Reporting verb Say /said [without object] no change

 Question

Say /said + to + object tell/told + object Tell/told is not used without object

Replace question mark with full stop Dont use conjunctions (that/if /whether) in case of WH-questions Use conjunctions (if/whether) in case of YES/NO-questions Changes in reported speech. WH + AV+S + V WH + S +[AV]+ V AV + S +[V] if/whether +S+[AV] + V

Reporting verbask/asked

Command Rx Reporting verb Order/ordered or ask/asked Reporting verb + to + reported speech. Reporting verb +not to + reported speech. [negative command] Order Request Negative command : He said ,Hurry up. :He said, Please help me. :He said, Dont shout.

Request/requested or ask/asked

Remove requesting words like please , kindly