PLC Programmable Logic Controllers

father of the PLC PLCs were programmed In PLC resembles a schematic diagram of relay logic program PLCs based on state transition diagrams. very oldest PLCs used Bedford Associates proposed PLR PLR I/O Image Table Scan time human-machine interface (HMI) man-machine interfaces (MMIs) and graphical user interface (GUIs) Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition Sequential Function Charts IEC 61131-3 RTU PLC programming languages Dick Morley ladder logic ladder logic State Logic non-volatile magnetic core memory Modular Digital Controller (MODICON) programmable logic relays used in light industry status of physical input points is copied to an area of memory accessible to the processor Time of program running in PLC to interact with people for the purpose of configuration human-machine interface (HMI) SCADA graphical programming notation International standard for PLC Remote Terminal Units Ladder diagram (LD) - graphical Function block diagram (FBD) graphical Structured text (ST) - textual Instruction list (IL) - textual Sequential function chart (SFC) groups of on/off values 1 bit 8 bit 16 bit 32 bit 64 bit whole numbers (1 byte) (2 byte) (4 byte) (8 byte)

Bit Strings BOOL BYTE WORD DWORD LWORD INTEGER SINT - signed short INT - signed integer DINT - double integer LINT - long integer

U - Unsigned REAL LREAL DATE STRING WSTRING Arrays Sub Ranges TYPE

unsigned integer (4 byte) (8 byte) calendar date character strings surrounded by single quotes holds multi-byte strings. multiple values stored in the same variable puts limits on value single type

PLC Variables

Configuration

Steps in scanning a program in PLC Otal response time of PLC A contact symbol A coil symbol Load LoadBar Out Outbar Input error Output error hardware input error hardware output error

Global Direct (local) I/O Mapping - Input, Output, I/O External Temporary Resource - Like a CPU Tasks - Can be multiple per CPU. Programs - Can be executed once, on a timer, on an event -CHECK INPUT STATUS -EXECUTE PROGRAM UPDATE OUTPUT STATUS INPUT response time + EXECUTION respose time + OUTPUT response time

same as contact normally closed contact coil symbol normally closed coil An error occurs depending upon when the timer input turns on during the scan cycle An another error occurs depending upon when in the ladder the timer actually expires time it takes for the plc to actually realize that the input is on when it scans its inputs time it takes from when the plc tells its output to physically turn on until the moment it actually does

Disadvantages of PLC control

Advantages of PLC control

Distributed Control Systems (DCS) Embedded Control

PLC Power Supply PLC Input Relays

- Too much work required in connecting wires. - Difficulty with changes or replacements. - Difficulty in finding errors; requiring skillful work force. - When a problem occurs, hold-up time is indefinite, usually long * Rugged and designed to withstand vibrations, temperature, humidity, and noise. * Have interfacing for inputs and outputs already inside the controller. * Easily programmed and have an easily understood programming language. consists of decentralized elements and all the processes are controlled by these elements small components are attached to the industrial computer system with the help of a network and control is exercised 24 VDC or 220 VAC These are connected to the outside world. They physically exist and receive signals from switches, sensors, etc. Typically they are not relays but rather they are transistors These do not receive signals from the outside world nor do they physically exist. They are simulated relays and are what enables a PLC to eliminate external relays. These do not physically exist. They are simulated counters and they can be programmed to count pulses. Typically these counters can count up, down or both up and down. These also do not physically exist. They come in many varieties and increments. The most common type is an ondelay type.

Internal Utility Relays

Counters

Timers

Output Relays

Data Storage

These are connected to the outside world. They physically exist and send on/off signals to solenoids, lights, etc. They can be transistors, relays, or triacs depending upon the model chosen. Typically there are registers assigned to simply store data