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primarily by their 'caste' (quota-system based on 'gender' or 'religion') is a phenomenon that commenced with the coming into force of the Indian Constitution (the Constitution initially provided reservation to Christians, with the proviso that it would automatically reduce gradually with the efflux of time) however, lately preferential treatment on regional basis has either been nonstatutorily introduced in the educational institutes (e.g. eligibility conditions for candidates from outside the State are 5% higher than that for the 'locals', as per local rules prescribed by certain Universities) or is being advocated in both jobs and lowly professions like autorickshaw-drivers. These are laws (both Constitutional and statutory) or merely local rules/regulations/practices (not derived from any Act passed by the Parliament or State-Legislature) wherein a certain percentage of total available vacancies in educational institutes and government jobs are set aside for people from backward communities and others. Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Other Backward Classes (OBC) are the primary beneficiaries of the reservation policies under the Constitution with the object of ensuring a level playing field (without defining the benchmark that determines which particular individual player has reached the said 'level'; the Supreme Court's recent concept of 'creamy layer' requires a caseby-case determination as to who has ceased to deserve protection of these Laws). The reservation system has been a matter of contention ever since it was first introduced in the British occupied India and remains a point of conflictnay, a form of protectionism [placing a 'handicap' upon certain communities] such as one introduced by the Mughals who levied 'jazia' tax against the Hindu traders. Many citizens belonging to the perceived upper classes find the reservation policy of the government biased and oppose it, because they feel that it infringes their right to equality. Moreso, not everyone who comes from the underprivileged communities, supports the system the main argument being that it makes one feel disadvantaged. This makes the reservation system a controversial subject matter.
Contents
1 Background of caste based reservation 2 Present Caste based reservation system of Union Government 3 Beneficiary Groups of the Reservation System o 3.1 Caste o 3.2 Gender o 3.3 Religion 3.3.1 Controversy o 3.4 Status as a Domicile o 3.5 Other 4 Government funding allowing reservations in colleges/universities 5 Reservation in promotion o 5.1 Background o 5.2 2007 Reservation in promotion in Uttar Pradesh 6 Excluded from the reservation system o 6.1 Institutions kept out of the purview of reservation
7 History of the Reservations System 8 Advances under the Reservations System 9 Critiques of the Reservations System 10 See also 11 References 12 External links
Supreme Court. For example, the caste-based reservation stands at 69% and the same is applicable to about 87% of the population in the State of Tamil Nadu. In 1990, Prime Minister V.P. Singh announced that 27% of government positions would be set aside for OBC's in addition to the 22.5% already set aside for the SCs and STs.[9]
Present Caste based reservation system of Union Government Beneficiary Groups of the Reservation System
Enrolment in educational institutions and job placements are reserved based on a variety of criteria. The quota system sets aside a proportion of all possible positions for members of a specific group. Those not belonging to the designated communities can compete only for the remaining positions, while members of the designated communities can compete for all positions (reserved and open). For example, when 1 out of 10 clerical positions in railways are reserved for ex-servicemen, those who have served in the Army can compete both in the General Category as well as in the specific quota. This is not an anomaly, but a proof that some individual members of a community (a community that has been collectively classified as 'underprivileged') do voluntarily, confidently and honestly demonstrate that he/ she has indeed reached a 'level playing field'. Seats are reserved for people under the following criteria:-
Caste
In central government funded higher education institutions, 22.5%[10] of available seats are reserved for Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) students (15% for SCs, 7.5% for STs).[10] This reservation percentage has been raised to 49.5%,[10] by including an additional 27% reservation for OBCs. This ratio is followed even in Parliament and all elections where a few constituencies are earmarked for those from certain communities (which keeps rotating as per the Delimitation Commission). The exact percentages differ from state to state:
o o o
In Tamil Nadu, the percentage of reservation is 18%[10] for SCs and 1% for STs, being based on local demographics. In Andhra Pradesh, 25% of educational institutes and government jobs for OBCs, 15% for SCs, 6% for STs and 4% for Muslims.[11] In West Bengal, 35% of educational institutes and 45% of government jobs for SC,ST, and OBC.(25% SC, 12% ST, and 10% Muslim).
Religion
The Tamil Nadu government has allotted 3.5% of seats each to Muslims and Christians, thereby altering the OBC reservation to 23% from 30% (since it excludes persons belonging to Other Backward Castes who are either Muslims or Christians).[15]
Andhra Pradesh's administration has introduced a law enabling 4% reservations for Muslims. (contested in court) Kerala Public Service Commission has a quota of 12% for Muslims. Religious minority status educational institutes also have 50% reservation for their particular religions. The Central government has listed a number of Muslim communities as backward Muslims, making them eligible for reservation. Controversy The Government of India on 22 December 2011 made an announcement of the establishment of a sub-quota of 4.5% for minorities within the existing 27% reservation meant for the Other Backward Classes. The reasoning given is that those Muslim communities that have been granted OBC status are unable to compete with Hindu OBC community.[16] It was alleged that the decision was announced as the Election Commission announced Assembly elections in five states on 24 December 2011. The government would not have been able announce it due to the model code of conduct. On 12 January 2012, Election Commission stayed implementation of this decision for violation of model code of conduct.[17] Later, Justice Sachar who headed Sachar Committee (which was commissioned to prepare a report on the latest social, economic and educational condition of the Muslim community of India.) criticized the government decision saying, "Such promises will not help the backward section of minorities. It is like befooling them. These people are making tall claims just to win elections". He suggested that instead of making promises to give reservation, the government should focus on basic issues of improving administration and governance.[18] On 28 May 2012, Andhra Pradesh High Court quashed the sub-quota. The court said that the sub-quota has been carved out only on religious lines and not on any other intelligible basis. The court criticised the decision saying, "In fact, we must express our anguish at the rather casual manner in which the entire issue has been taken up by the central government."[19]
Status as a Domicile
With few exceptions, all jobs under certain State governments are reserved for those who are domiciled within the jurisdiction of that government. For example, in Punjab Engineering College (Chandigarh) 85% of seats were earlier reserved for Chandigarh-domicilesnow it is 50%. There are also some seats reserved for the Jammu and Kashmir 'migrants' in every Government-aided educational institute.
Other
Some reservations are also made for:
Terrorist victims from Kashmir, e.g. in Punjab Single Girl-Child (in Punjab) Sons/daughters/grandsons/granddaughters of Freedom Fighters Physically handicapped Sports personalities Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) have a small percentage of reserved seats in educational institutions. (Note : NRI reservations were removed from IIT in 2003) Candidates sponsored by various organizations Those who have served in the armed forces ('ex-serviceman' quotabecause the age of superannuation in the Military Service is much shorter than that in the Civil posts;
moreso, certain intakes are tenure-based, e.g. the contract for Short-Service Commission is merely 8 years) Dependents of armed forces personnel killed-in-action Repatriates Reservation in special schools of Government Undertakings/ PSUs, for the children of their own employees (e.g. Army schools, PSU schools, etc.) Paid pathway reservations in places of worship (e.g., Tirupathi Balaji]Temple, Tiruthani Murugan (Balaji) temple) Seat reservation for Senior citizens/ PH in public (bus) transport.
The UGC provides financial assistance only up to the end of the Xth Plan period ending on 31 March 2007. The work undertaken by the SC/ST Cells is reviewed at the end of Xth plan. The Xth plan is proposed to ensure that there is an effective implementation of the reservation policy in admissions, recruitment, allotment of staff quarters, hostels, etc. Essentially, its goal is to ensure that the SC/ST Cells are established in the universities.[5]
Reservation in promotion
Background
The Supreme Court, in its 16 November 1992 judgment in the Indra Sawhney case, ruled that reservations in promotions are unconstitutional, but allowed its continuation for five years as a special case.[20] In 1995, 77th amendment to the Constitution was made to insert clause (4A) to Article 16 before the five-year period expired to continue with reservations for SC/STs in promotions.[21] Clause (4A) was further modified through the 85th amendment in order to give the benefit of consequential seniority to SC/ST candidates promoted by reservation.[22] The 81st amendment was made to the Constitution that inserted clause (4B) in Article 16 to permit the government to treat the backlog of reserved vacancies as a separate and distinct group, to which the limit of 50 percent ceiling on reservation may not apply.[23] The 82nd
amendment inserted a proviso in Article 335 to enable states to give concessions to SC/ST candidates in promotion.[24] The validity of all the above four amendments i.e. 77th, 81st, 82nd and 85th was challenged in the Supreme Court through various petitions clubbed together in M Nagaraj & Others vs. Union of India & Others, mainly on the ground that these altered the Basic Structure of the Constitution.[25] On 19 October 2006, the Supreme Court upheld these four amendments but stipulated that the concerned state will have to show in each case the existence of compelling reasons which include backwardness, inadequacy of representation and overall administrative efficiency, before making provisions for reservation. The court further held that these provisions are merely enabling provisions. If a state government wishes to make provisions for reservation to SC/STs in promotion, the state has to collect quantifiable data showing backwardness of the class and inadequacy of representation of that class.[25]
Constitutional Posts
Service Commission, members of the State Public Service Commission, Chief Election Commissioner, Comptroller AuditorGeneral of India or any person holding positions of a constitutional nature.[30] Service Category: Those who are considered Group A/Class I officers of the All India Central and State Services (Direct Recruits) or those who are considered Group 'B'/ Class II officers of The Central and State Services (Direct Recruitment) or those who are employees in the Public Sector. Those who have parent(s) that are Class I or Class II officers, or both parents are Class I or Class II officers but one of them dies or suffers permanent incapacitation. For more visit Pgs 7-8 of [1]. The criteria used for sons and daughters of Group A and B are the same for the employees of the Public sector.[30] The sons and daughters of parents either or both of whom is or are in the rank of colonel and above in the army or in equivalent posts in the Navy, the Air Force, and the Paramilitary Force. But that will hold true provided that1. "the wife of an armed forces officer is herself in the armed forces (i.e., the category under consideration) the rule of exclusion will apply only when she herself has reached the rank of Colonel." 2. "the service ranks below Colonel of husband and wife shall not be clubbed together" 3. "if the wife of an officer in the armed forces is in civil employment, this will not be taken into account for applying the rule of exclusion unless she falls in the service category under item No.II in which case the criteria and conditions"[30]
Armed forces including Paramilitary Forces (Persons holding civil posts are not included).
If a person has a high paying job such as physician, lawyer, chartered accountant, income tax consultant, financial or management consultant, dental surgeon, engineer, architect, computer specialist, film artist or other film professional, author, playwright, sports person, sports professional, media professional or any other vocations of like status. If the husband
holds one of the above jobs and the wife doesn't then the husband's income will be taken into consideration and if the wife holds one of the above jobs then the wife's income will be taken into consideration.The income of the family as a whole will be taken into account because the whole point of the reservation system is to raise the social status of the people that belong to the SC's, ST's and OBC's and if a family's income is high already it is considered that it raises their social status as well.[30] Sons and daughters of those who have irrigated land area which is equal to or more than 85% of the statutory ceiling area will be excluded from reservation. They would only be under reservation if the land is exclusively unirrigated. Those with vacant buildings can use them for residential, industrial or commercial purposes, hence they are not covered under reservations.[30] Son(s)/daughter(s) of those who earn 4.5 lakh Rs. or more annually for three consecutive years are excluded from reservation.[30]
Property owners- Agricultural, Plantations (Coffee,tea,rubber,etc.), Vacant land and/or buildings in urban areas
Creamy layer
The creamy layer is only applicable in the case of Other Backward Castes and not applicable on other group like SC or ST. Though the efforts are also being made to do so. In some state the reservation within reservation has been made but creamy layer as such is applicable in OBCs only. Institutions kept out of the purview of reservation The following institutions have been kept out of the purview of Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006:,[31][32] 1. Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai and its ten constituent units, namely: 1. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay 2. Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 3. Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 4. Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar 5. Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata 6. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata; 7. Institute of Physics, Bhubaneshwar 8. Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai 9. Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Allahabad 10. Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai
2. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 3. North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong 4. National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon 5. Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 6. Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 7. Space Physics Laboratory, Thiruvananthapuram 8. Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun
increase of 60% from community list prepared by Mandal commission. But it wasn't until the 1990s that the recommendations of the Mandala Commission were implemented in Government Jobs by Vishwanath Pratap Singh.[36] The concept of untouchability was not practiced uniformly throughout the country; therefore the identification of oppressed classes was difficult to carry out. Allegedly, the practice of segregation and untouchability prevailed more in the southern parts of India as opposed to in Northern India. Furthermore, certain castes or communities, considered "untouchable" in one province were not in other provinces.[37] Continuous efforts of some of the social reformers of the country like Rettamalai Srinivasa Paraiyar, Ayothidas Pandithar, Jyotiba Phule, Babasaheb Ambedkar, Chhatrapati Shahu ji Maharaj and others, helped in eradicating "casteism".
The above table shows that over time as the new laws for the reservation systems were passed employment of SC's in Class I,II,III, and IV public sectors increased substantially.
Recently (year 2012) it was noticed from the official website of a reputed University that there were only about 10 candidates who had qualified the Written Tests and, hence, all of them were allotted Research Centres and Guideswithout appearing for any Interview at all. Hence, there are no competitors, from the reserved categories, for the balance 70 vacancies {(160/2)-10=70}. On the other hand, 150 candidates (from the open category) qualified the Written Exams, and 70 of them will have to be rejected admissionbecause the total number of vacancies in the open category is only 80. Secondly, every Guide is paid the same Pay and Perks even if he/she has no student allotted to him against the 50% reservation quota under him. Thirdly, the students who, under the aforesaid misconceived or irrational implementation of an otherwise reasonable concept, fail to get admission locally, obtain loans from the public sector banks in order to pay hefty fees abroad for a PhD programmewhereas within India highly paid National resources (College Teachers who are approved PhD Guides) remain underutilized! This anomaly can be rectified, to some extent, by pooling the reserved vacancies at the level of each Research Centrerather than under each Guide individually, and reviewing the number of reserved seats downwards on the basis of past 5 years intake of candidates from the reserved category (the tenure of a PhD student normally ends after 5 years). According to the 2001 census, the SCs represented 16.20 per cent of the population and the STs were 8.10 per cent.[39] Some of the arguments/ counter-arguments put forth by AntiReservationists and Pro-Reservationists, are: Anti-Reservationists Lower castes no longer accept that their lower economic status, lower position in the social hierarchy and lack of respect from members of higher castes are a given in their social existence.[40] Opponents are unhappy because they believe that an arbitrary socio-economic injustice is being committed against them and in favour of those who have already reached (or even gone beyond) a 'level' playing field, and equality of opportunity is being eroded from the point such 'level' ground was reached by individual members of a community that is only collectively labelled as 'underprivileged'. They are against the reservations because not only appointments are made on the basis of membership in a caste, but further promotions are also made on the basis of mere membership of a community not considering the fact that the individual is, Pro-Reservationists 'Men should remain in the same occupation and station of their life as their forefathers' was a part of religious precepts and social customs long ago, in India.[40]
The OBCs, on the other hand, argue that they should get a greater share in administrative positions because political power resides in Indias administrative positions. They view political power as a way to get economic benefits, of which they have been deprived.[40] [We need a thorough, funded research on the quantum of change in the economic condition of 'dalits' during the 5-year tenure of a dalit leader in Uttar Pradesh, in order to find out whether the above argument is supported by facts.]
upon being appointed to the aforesaid 'public' post, no longer "socially or economically handicapped". They also believe that reservations are used for political benefits (caste-based politics) rather than social benefits.[40] They believe that reservations do not take into account merits and achievements; and those who do not deserve, hold certain positions or get those positions because of reservationsthis could lead to deterioration in the efficiency of public services.[40] The 'pro-reservationists' believe that they should get reservations because they had been victims of the Brahmin-dominated caste system, and look up to reservations as a part of the struggle against this oppressiontowards changing Indias social structure.[40] Supporters of quotas have argued that reservations have been successful in Southern states, where they have been used extensively. [The percentage of reservation under each category is being constantly reviewed in these States (supra).][41]
"India will remain trapped in the caste paradigm." The Reservation Policy is helping less, while harming more.[41]
See also
Court Cases Relating to India's Reservation System Women's Reservation Bill India Dhangar Scheduled tribe issue Nationalization Socialism Caste politics in India Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu Self-immolations in India
References
1. ^ Basu, Durga Das (2008). Introduction to the Constitution of India. Nagpur: LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa. pp. 98. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9. 2. ^ "Untouchability in the Far East". Retrieved 4 November 2011. 3. ^ "India's "Untouchables" Face Violence, Discrimination". National Geographic. Retrieved 4 November 2011. 4. ^ November 2011 "Reservations Policy Revisited". 5. ^ a b "Financial Support". University Grants Commission, India. Retrieved 20 October 2011. 6. ^ a b c d e Laskar, Mehbubul Hassan. "Rethinking Reservation in Higher Education in India". ILI Law Review. 7. ^ "Education Safeguards". Department of Education. Government of India. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
8. ^ Indra Sawhney And Ors. vs Union Of India (UOI) And Ors. on 8 August 1991. New Delhi: Supreme Court of India. 1991. 9. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named
The_Struggle_for_Equality:Caste_in_Indian_Politics_Also_would_like_to _thank_Anjana_Burke.2C_a_student_of_Sishya_school_in_Chennai_for_publ ishing_this_article; see the help page.
10. ^ a b c d [people.virginia.edu/~ss5mj/Peereffects_April12_2011.pdf "Affirmative Action and Peer Effects: Evidence from Caste Based Reservation in General Education Colleges in India"]. Virginia University,Virginia. Retrieved 5 November 2011. 11. ^ Arora, N.D (2010). Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 19. 12. ^ Chattopadhyay, Raghabendra, and Esther Duflo. 2004. "Women as Policy Makers: Evidence from a Randomized Policy Experiment in India." Econometrica 72(5): 1409-43. http://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/impact-women-policy-makerspublic-goods-india 13. ^ Beaman, Lori, Raghabendra Chattopadhyay, Esther Duflo, Rohini Pande, and Petia Topalova. 2009. "Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias?" The Quarterly Journal of Economics 124(4): 1497-1540. http://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/perceptions-female-leaders-india 14. ^ "Raising Female Leaders" J-PAL Policy Briefcase April 2012. http://www.povertyactionlab.org/publication/raising-female-leaders 15. ^ Viswanathan, S. (16 November 2007). "A step forward". Frontline 24 (22).. 16. ^ "4.5% quota fails to impress Muslims in Uttar Pradesh". The Times Of India. 23 December 2011. 17. ^ "Election Commission stalls 4.5% sub-quota in poll states". The Times Of India. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. 18. ^ "Govt trying to befool minorities with quota: Sachar". 19 February 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012. 19. ^ "HC Quashes Centre's 4.5% Sub-Quota for Minorities". 28 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. 20. ^ "Indra Sawhney Etc. vs Union Of India And Others, Etc. on 16 November, 1992". IndianKanoon.org. Retrieved 22 August 2012. ""(4) Reservation being extreme form of protective measure or affirmative action it should be confined to minority of seats. Even though the Constitution does not lay down any specific bar but the constitutional philosophy being against proportional equality the principle of balancing equality ordains reservation, of any manner, not to exceed 50%." ,"Reservation in promotion is constitutionally impermissible as, once the advantaged and disadvantaged are made equal and are brought in one class or group then any further benefit extended for promotion on the inequality existing prior to be brought in the group would be treating equals unequally. It would not be eradicating the effects of past discrimination but perpetuating it."" 21. ^ "Seventy Seventh Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 22. ^ "Eighty Fifth Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. 2002-01-04. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 23. ^ "Eighty First Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. 1997-08-29. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 24. ^ "Eighty Second Amendment". Indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 25. ^ a b Justice S.H.Kapadia. "M.Nagaraj & Others vs Union Of India & Others on 19 October, 2006". Retrieved 22 August 2012. ""We reiterate that the ceiling-limit of 50%, the concept of creamy layer and the compelling reasons, namely, backwardness, inadequacy of representation and overall administrative efficiency are all
constitutional requirements without which the structure of equality of opportunity in Article 16 would collapse.", "As stated above, the impugned provision is an enabling provision. The State is not bound to make reservation for SC/ST in matter of promotions."" 26. ^ "Promotion quota not legally sustainable: HC". The Times of India. Jan 5, 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 27. ^ "Supreme Court upholds High court's decision to quash quota in promotion". The Times of India. Apr 28, 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 28. ^ "SC quashes quota benefits in promotions". The Hindu. April 28, 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 29. ^ "U.P.Power Corp.Ltd. vs Rajesh Kumar & Ors. on 27 April, 2012". IndianKanoon.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 30. ^ a b c d e f "Judgement Writ Petition (Civil) No.930 of 1990 Indira Sawhney Versus Union of India And others (16.11.1992)". National Commission for Backward Classes. Retrieved 5 November 2011. 31. ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=23895 32. ^ http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/allacts/3335.pdf 33. ^ Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj."Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj". History. Bahujan Samaj Party. Retrieved 20 October 2011. 34. ^ a b Bhattacharya, Amit. "Who are the OBCs?". Archived from the original on 27 June 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2006. Times of India, 8 April 2006. 35. ^ a b Ramaiah, A (6 June 1992). "Identifying Other Backward Classes" (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. pp. 12031207. Archived from the original on 30 December 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2006. 36. ^ "Implementation of Recommendations of Mandal Commission". Parliament of India. Retrieved 4 November 2011. 37. ^ "The Untouchables of India". Praxis. Retrieved 20 October 2011. 38. ^ a b "Chapter 3- An Assessment of Reservations (Pg 32)". News. Dalit Bahujan Media. Retrieved 17 November 2011. 39. ^ "Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Population 2001 Census - India". Planning Department. Retrieved 5 November 2011. 40. ^ a b c d e f Kohli, Atul (2001). The Success of India's Democracy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 193225(Myron Weiner). 41. ^ a b "We have a few reservations". The Economist. 25 May 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
External links
"Raising Female Leaders" J-PAL Policy Briefcase, April 2012 PhD Admissions - Artificial and Arbitrary Shortages of Vacancies Created by, inter alia, Irrational Implementation of Reservation Principle Central List of Other Backward Classes Why reservation for OBCs is a must. By V. B. Rawat The Myth of Inefficiency. By Sheetal Sharma Radical Notes - Common School System and the Future of India. Anil Sadgopal. (28 February 2008)(On Right to Education) Radical Notes - Beyond the Judiciary - Reservation as Reparation. Saswat Pattanayak (19 April 2007)
Critics slam India's education quotas - BBC Article on Reverse Discrimination in the Indian Reservation System Anti Reservation official website, AntiReservation.Com Supreme Court Upholds 27% OBC Quota Reservations: Towards a larger perspective Anti Reservation Protest Computing Backward Index Reservation as viewed by Indian industry Southern record - Frontline Government Jobs and Reservations in India Reservation policy forum article Examining reservation Reservation must for a healthy society Multiple Index Related Affirmative Action (An Alternative Proposal) Reservation as viewed by a backward class proponent Questioning Reservation Reservations as viewed by one OBC faculty member An Alternative Suggestion Reservations have worked in Southern States UP introduces voluntary reservation in private sector Rangnath Commission recommends 10% quota for Muslims Reservation will not help Muslims, will only open Pandora's box Govt Jobs Bull's Eye Latest Govt Jobs Reservations in Indian Government Jobs at JobsIndiaOnline.info [show]
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