MPLS Technology Overview

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Agenda
What is MPLS?
Brief overview of Protocols & Routing

Why MPLS?
MPLS & ATM MPLS & IP

MPLS Architecture
MPLS Operational & Terminology

Emerging MPLS Applications

Role in IP Core Traffic Engineering in IP Networks Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Voice over MPLS Legacy Support via PWE3

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Data Forwarding & Routing

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Datagram Delivery: Connectionless Routing

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Datagram Delivery: Connection-Oriented Routing

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Connectionless Vs Connection-Oriented

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Label Switching with MPLS

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MPLS - Beginnings

In the meantime other values of a labeling scheme realized and attempt to bring these into the IP paradigm; like Quality, Service Guarantees and Traffic Management amongst others.
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Agenda
What is MPLS?
Brief overview of Protocols & Routing

Why MPLS?
MPLS & ATM MPLS & IP

MPLS Architecture
MPLS Operational & Terminology

Emerging MPLS Applications

Role in IP Core Traffic Engineering in IP Networks Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Voice over MPLS Legacy Support via PWE3

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MPLS & ATM

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ATM, Frame Relay

There exists a family of data networks which is very different from IP --> Carrier data network
Frame Relay, ATM, X.25

They use the Connection-Oriented Network Layer They were designed to be an alternative to IP
Failed in this goal Used today in IP backbones or interconnection points

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Connection-Oriented Network Layer: ATM, Frame Relay, X.25

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Benefits of ATM and FR

IGP limits
very large routing tables in the core network
for very packet look up more that 100,000 entries forwarding from the ISP point of view - just find the egress router

IP routing may ignore the real physical topology

ISP can put a router an the edge and use ATM/Frame Relay Virtual Path, switches in the middle edge router selects the path based on the destination address router look up done only once in the ISP network but still scalability problems

SPF algorithms send traffic on shared path and may ignore unloaded links
even if load balancing can be done in some cases (IGRP)

Quality of Service
ATM can natively provide guaranteed service Provide Diff-Serv or Int -Serv (Integrated Service) over different VCs
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Problems with Classical ATM and Frame Relay

With Classical ATM

ATM could invisible to Layer 3 Routing Full mesh of VCs within ATM cloud : n(n -1)/2 Need to manage both an ATM network and an IP network
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MPLS

Multi-Protocol Label Swapping Goal: Integrate IP and ATM layer in the same concept
peer model of integration

Goal: apply to other low layer switching technologies than ATM

Optical switching
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Principles of MPLS
Integrate all network technologies at same layer
An MPLS node can be at the same time: IP router, ATM switch, Optical Switch

An MPLS node associates labels to paths

Packets that go to the same group of destinations are viewed as a forwarding equivalence class (FEC) Label is added before the IP packet header

In this context, ATM and Frame Relay are often called layer 2 technologies

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MPLS example

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MPLS & IP

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Connection-oriented and Connectionless networks

Connection-Oriented connection
Idle - No Connection Connection Established Data Transfer Connection Release Idle - No Connection Idle - No Connection Data Transfer

Connectionless connection
Idle - No Connection

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Network Layer Overview

Connectionless connection

TCP/IP protocol stack

Internet Protocol (IP)

Application Transport Network Data Link Physical

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Reverse Address Resolution protocol (RARP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

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IP And Connections

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Traditional IP Routing

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Case 1: A Direct Route

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Case 1: A Direct Route

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Case 2: An Indirect Route

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Case 2: An Indirect Route

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Case 2: An Indirect Route

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Drawback of Conventional Routing

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The Hyper-aggregation Problem

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A Connectionless Network

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The Benefit of Connections

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MPLS And Connections

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Some Terminology

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Agenda
What is MPLS?
Brief overview of Protocols & Routing

Why MPLS?
MPLS & ATM MPLS & IP

MPLS Architecture
MPLS Operational & Terminology

Emerging MPLS Applications

Role in IP Core Traffic Engineering in IP Networks Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Voice over MPLS Legacy Support via PWE3

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MPLS Operational & Terminology

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MPLS Terminology

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MPLS Header : Shim Label

Label (20-bits) Exp S TTL

L2 Header L2 Header

MPLS Header
3232-bits

IP Packet IP Packet

Fields
Label Experimental (CoS) Stacking bit Time to live

IP packet is encapsulated by ingress LSR IP packet is de-encapsulated by egress LSR

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MPLS Terminology
Connection Table IP 25
Port 1 Port 2
In Out Label (port, label) (port, label) Operation

(1, 22) (1, 24)

Port 3 Port 4

(2, 17) (3, 17) (4, 19) (3, 12)

Swap Swap Swap Swap

IP 19

(1, 25) (2, 23)

Label Swapping
Connection table maintains mappings Exact match lookup Input (port, label) determines:
Label operation Output (port, label)

Same forwarding algorithm used in Frame Relay and ATM

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MPLS Terminology

New York San Francisco

LSP

Label-Switched Path (LSP)

Concatenation of one or more label switched hops Simplex L2 tunnel across a network Analogous to an ATM or Frame Relay PVC
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MPLS Terminology

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MPLS Forwarding Model

Source Ingress LSR Egress LSR

Paris

Rome

Ingress LSR determines FEC and assigns a label

Forwards Paris traffic on the Green LSP Forwards Rome traffic on the Blue LSP

Traffic is label swapped at each transit LSR Egress LSR

Removes MPLS header Forwards packet based on destination address
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MPLS Forwarding vs. IP Routing

Source

IP Routing Domain

Destination

Examine IP header Forward

Examine IP header Forward

Examine IP header Forward

Examine IP header Forward

Source

Ingress LSR

MPLS Domain

Egress LSR

Destination

Examine IP header Assign to FEC Forward

Label swap Forward

Label swap Forward

Examine IP header Assign to FEC Forward

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MPLS Forwarding Example

MPLS Table
In (2, 84) Out (6, 0)

134.5.6.1

134.5.1.5

2
200.3.2.7

6
Egress Routing Table
Destination 134.5/16 Next Hop 134.5.6.1 200.3.2.1

2 3
200.3.2.7 99 200.3.2.7 0

200.3.2/24

Ingress Routing Table

Destination 134.5/16 200.3.2/24 Next Hop (2, 84) (3, 99)

5
200.3.2.7

200.3.2.7 56

MPLS Table
In (1, 99) Out (2, 56)

MPLS Table
In (3, 56) Out (5, 0)

200.3.2.1 200.3.2.7

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Agenda
What is MPLS?
Brief overview of Protocols & Routing

Why MPLS?
MPLS & ATM MPLS & IP

MPLS Architecture
MPLS Operational & Terminology

Emerging MPLS Applications

Role in IP Core Traffic Engineering in IP Networks Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Voice over MPLS Legacy Support via PWE3

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MPLS Applications

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App 1: Role of MPLS in the IP Core

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MPLS for IP Core Industry Status

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App 2: IP/MPLS over bundled links Inverse Multiplexing

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Link Bundling - Advantages

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What is a VPN?

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Current VPN Technologies

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Keeping things private - Encapsulation

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Network Based MPLS VPNs

CPE

Service Provider Network

PE
FT

Site 1
CPE

PE

CPE
FT FT

Site 3
CPE

Site 2
CPE

P P P

Site 2
CPE
FT

Site 3

FT FT

Site 1

PE

PE

Application: Outsourced VPNs PE maintains VPN-Specific forwarding tables (FT)for each of its directly connected VPN sites Conventional IP routing between CE and PE RFC 2547bis is one example (Juniper Networks is a co author)
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What does MPLS help with?

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Some MPLS VPN Benefits

One MPLS VPN router serves several customers (with VRs) - Scales much better than CPE based VPNs: Minimizes the N-Squared connectivity issue.
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App 4: A Packet Voice Architecture SoftSwitch

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Implementation Considerations

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Why Voice over MPLS?

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Two approaches for Voice over MPLS

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Packet Voice = Bandwidth Efficiency

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LSP Level Traffic Management

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What is PWE3?

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MPLS Integrated Access Frame Relay over MPLS

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MPLS Integrated Access Frame Relay over MPLS

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MPLS Integrated Access ATM over MPLS

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MPLS Integrated Access ATM over MPLS

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MPLS Integrated Access Ethernet over MPLS

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MPLS Integrated Access Ethernet over MPLS

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MPLS Integrated Access Lease Line & SONET/SDH over MPLS

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