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The concept of protecting textiles / garments from burning dates back to ancient times or at least to the middle ages.
Fire takes a steady toll of both human life and property. The results are often tragic and in many cases (at least potentially) avoidable.
Just three minutes after ignition a fire can become a full-blown blaze. At a conservative estimate, death from asphyxiation is likely to occur within four minutes. Every fire is a potential killer and delaying the time from ignition to full blown blaze even by just minutes can mean vital extra escape time and the difference between SURVIVAL and DEATH. In the beginning awareness of flame-retardants would have avoided the major disaster to a large extent. Due to fire occurring in public places, horrific loss of life has occurred
Despite improved methods of fire detection and prevention, accidental house fires do still, and will continue to happen and it is the smoke a mixture of gases, liquid droplets and solid particles
follows:
A wide range of commonly used materials is flammable. A range of situations, in theatres, restaurants, clubs and aircraft can cause heavy loss of life in the event of fire.
THE RISKS:
Progress in reducing the fire hazard has been made, but is constrained by a series of factors.
The risk is not widely appreciated by the general public, except when a major disaster occurs.
Any solution, which restricts personal freedom, is likely to be avoided by a significant number of people. Any product with reduced aesthetic and comfort qualities will be less successful even if it has fire retardant properties. Any solution, which adds significantly to product cost, may be resisted by the processor.
FIBRE PROPERTIES:
The flammability of fabrics is
influenced
by
the
inherent
The of
FIBRE PROPERTIES:
Fibre Auto Ignition temp. (C) 400 420 475 540 530 532 Maximum flame temp (C) 860 850 960 885 875 * Flammability
Burns readily with char formation and afterglow Burns readily with char formation and afterglow. Burns and melts ahead of flame. Burns readily and melts ahead of flame Melts, supports combustion with difficulty. Melts, does not readily support combustion. Burns readily with melting and soot. Burns readily with melting and sputtering. Melts, burns very slowly. Burns slowly. Does not support combustion.
Polyester Acrylic
Modacrylic Poly propylene Polyvinyl chloride and polyvinylidene chloride Wool
450 560
* 570 *
697 855
* 839 *
600
941
FIBRE PROPERTIES:
Materials can be classified clearly into those which will burn in air once ignited and those which are self extinguishing, if not in direct contact with an ignition source. Amongst those materials, which will burn freely, two other properties may add significantly to the hazard. The heat of combustion : Any material with a high heat of combustion provides increased ignition for surrounding materials. Heats of combustion can vary from 11.6 kcal/g for polypropylene down to 3.4 kcal/g for viscose rayon. Thermal properties: A series of thermal transition temperatures covers important events when a material is exposed to an ignition source.
Poly acrylonityle
Polyethylene Polystyrene
18.0
18.0 18.5
Nylon 66
Wool Modacrylic
23.0
25.2 26.8
Cellulose
Poly ethylene terephthalate
19.0
21.0 22.0
Nomex*
Tufban* Polyvinyl
28.5
30.32 60.0
Polyvinyl alcohol
Polytetra95.0 fluoroethylene
*Aramid fibre
Bedding
Bedding
Blanket Sheets
24
24 24
Flame Propagation
Polymer
Combustible gases Non combustible gases Liquids (partially decomposed polymers) Solids (carbonaceous residues or char) Smoke (entrained solid or liquid particles)
PVC, PTFE, polymers HCI, HF, HBr containing halogenated flame retardants, etc.
Polyolefins and many other Alkanes, alkenes Benzene organic polymers Polystyrene, PVC, polyesters, etc. Phenolic resins Wood, paper Phenol, aldehydes Acrolein Formaldehyde Formic and acetic adds
Home furnishing and decorations - curtains, drapes, upholstery, bedding, mattresses, wall coverings & trimmings etc.
Carpets and rugs.
Industrial fabrics - Brattice cloth for coal mines, carpet backing fabrics, barrier fabric as overlay on foam and rubber cushions, underlay in motor vehicles, wall coverings, decorative fabrics etc.
Hotels, restaurants, clubs, rest houses, dormitories, auditoriums, theatres, cinema halls, religious worship & congregation halls, marriage halls, hospitals, schools & colleges etc.
Armed Forces (Defence) - clothing for airmen & fire fighting crew, overalls, parachutes, awnings, tarpaulins, canvas including SKOP (Support Kit Overhead Protection), claddings & shelters, etc.; also for Paramilitary, Police etc. Exports - garments, curtains, wall coverings, bed covers, mattresses, quilts, airline furnishings, automobile fabrics etc
FLAMMABILITY TESTING: The tests established provide controlled reproduceable ignition systems and measurement of following combustion. This may be either as flame or as glowing char. Each test has been carefully compared with the burning behaviour of garments, furnishings and carpets. In addition, appropriate test methods lay down standardized washing and solubility tests. These are used to assess durability of FR finishes.
Several special hazards have been identified and allowed for testing. Both soaps and fabric softeners are flammable materials. In hard water conditions, laundering with soaps leads to build up of lime soaps on the fabric. These are flammable and can cause premature failure of flammability test. All the phosphorous containing flame retardants suffer pre-mature loss of durability if laundered with sodium hypochlorite type of bleaching agents.
It is important, when discussing fire retardancy and when selling fire retardant products, to use precise terminology. If you make an ascertain that product has low flammability or is flame resistant or does not burn you may have to defend the statement in a court of law. Terminology, testing and labelling must be clear and unambiguous. 1. Use approved and defined terminology. 2. Refer to BS, ISO, IS tests by which the terminology is established. 3. Ensure that the products and materials pass the appropriate test.
FLAMMABILITY TESTING:
The terms flame proof and fire proof should be avoided. Fire retardant is a useful general term. Does not sustain flame is the approved term. Self extinguishing is widely used to describe materials which only burn in contact with an ignition source. Reduced fire hazard or resists ignition are also acceptable terms but should only be used in connection with a specified test. A variety of carefully designed tests is available by which the property can be measured. Test methods and their execution and interpretation are a highly specialized area. Individual testing houses set up appropriate apparatus, trained staff and receive validation and certification. It is common practice to use such certified testing procedures to ensure product integrity.
Childrens sleepwear
Performance of fabrics and assemblies for sleep wear and dressing gowns. Airways uniform Textile & furnishing
US
BS
British Airways FR - test 1993 DIN 4102-1 B2 BS 5852 Part-1 & 2 DIN EN1021-1 DIN EN 1021-2 CALIFORNIA TECH BULLETIN NO 117 SEC A / NFPA 701 JAR/FAR 25.853
Avaition
Automotive
Protective clothing
Germany USA
Europe
CLASSIFICATION OF FLAME RETARDANTS: These FR chemicals are often divided into non-durable, semi-durable and FR systems. Since the costs for the non-durable FR chemicals are usually much less than the durable systems, the non-durable FR chemicals are used wherever possible Non Durable or Non permanent: The flame retardant deposits on the fibre. We can offer a suitable product for all fibre types. The products of this range are not resistant to soaking or washing, but some are resistant to dry cleaning. Semi-permanent flame retardants :Due to the low solubility of the components applied, the products are resistant to soaking. This is mainly required by the furniture industry and carried out according to the so-called soaking test BS 5651. The specimen is placed for 30 min in a 40C warm water bath, without any mechanical stress, however. Permanent flame retardants With cellulosic fibres, the flame retardant forms a chemical bond with the fibres reactive groups. The PES and PA fibres are thermally opened after the application of the flame retardant so that it can deposit. This is the so-called thermosol process. The flame-retardant effects obtained are highly wash-resistant on cellulosic, PES and PA fibres.
Product
Composition
Glogard-NC Glogard- Glogard- Glogard- Glogard- Glogard-LFR GlogardCSND HFR PP PAD STU/conc
Inorganic & organic salt blends
Inorganic phosphorus & nitrogen compound cyclic phosphonate
GlogardCP New
Organic phosphorus compound, fibrereactive
Note: Very Good Ionic character CEL WO PAN Substrate PA PES padding process foam Application application examples exhaust method spray/WEK O process coating Application quantity Padding process(g/l) resistance to soaking Durability resistance to washing resistance to dry cleaning
: Good Satisfactory ---- Not applicable Nonionic ------ ---400 ------ Nonionic ------ ---400 ------ Nonionic ------ ---400 ------ Nonionic ------ ---400 ------
Nonionic Nonionic Nonionic Nonionic Anionic
--------- ------------350-400
L. N. CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
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