Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation

10-21 Water is boiled at 1 atm pressure and thus at a saturation (or boiling) temperature of Tsat = 100C
by a horizontal nickel plated copper heating element. The maximum (critical) heat flux and the
temperature jump of the wire when the operating point jumps from nucleate boiling to film boiling regime
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the boiler are negligible.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 100C are (Tables 10-1 and A-9)

l
v
l

957 9
060
00589
175
.
.
.
.
kg / m
kg / m
N/ m
Pr
3
3
h
fg
l
pl

2257 10
0282 10
4217
3
3
J / kg
kg m/ s
C J / kg C
.
Also,
C
sf

0.0060 and n = 1.0 for the boiling of water on a nickel plated surface (Table 10-3 ). Note
that we expressed the properties in units specified under Eqs. 10-2 and 10-3 in connection with their
definitions in order to avoid unit manipulations. The vapor properties at the anticipated film
temperature of Tf = (Ts+Tsat )/2 of 1000C (will be checked) (Table A-16)
s kg/m 10 762 . 4
C W/m 1362 . 0
C J/kg 2471
kg/m 1725 . 0
5
3

v
v
pv
v
k
C

Analysis (a) For a horizontal heating element, the coefficient Ccr is determined from Table 10-4 to be
136 . 0 ) 60 . 0 ( 12 . 0 * 12 . 0
1.2 < 60 . 0
0589 . 0
60 . 0 9 . 957 ( 8 . 9
) 0015 . 0 (
) (
*
25 . 0 25 . 0
2 / 1 2 / 1


,
_

,
_

L C
g
L L
cr
v l

Then the maximum or critical heat flux is determined from

[ ( )]
. ( )[ . . ( . ) ( . . )]
max
/
/
q C h g
cr fg v l v

2 1 4
3 2 1 4
0136 2257 10 00589 98 06 957 9 060
1,153,000 W/m
2
The Rohsenow relation which gives the nucleate boiling heat flux for a specified surface
temperature can also be used to determine the surface temperature when the heat flux is given.
Substituting the maximum heat flux into the Rohsenow relation together with other properties gives

3
sat ,
2 / 1
nucleate
Pr
) (
) (

,
_

1
]
1

n
l fg sf
s l p
v l
fg l
h C
T T C
g
h q

3
3
1/2
3 3
75 . 1 ) 10 2257 ( 0130 . 0
) 100 ( 4217
0060 . 0
0.60) - 9.8(957.9
) 10 )(2257 10 282 . 0 ( 000 , 153 , 1

,
_

1
]
1

s
T
It gives
C 109.3
s
T
(b) Heat transfer in the film boiling region can be expressed as
10-14
P = 1 atm
q
max
T
s
Water, 100C
Heating element
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
) (
4
3
) (
) (
)] ( 4 . 0 )[ (
62 . 0
4
3
4
sat
4
sat
4 / 1
sat
3
rad film total
T T T T
T T D
T T C h gk
q q q
s s
s v
sat s pv fg v l v v
+
1
1
]
1

+
+

Substituting,
[ ]
4 4 4 2 8
4 / 1
5
3 3
) 273 100 ( ) 273 ( ) K W/m 10 67 . 5 )( 5 . 0 (
) 100 (
) 100 )( 003 . 0 )( 10 762 . 4 (
)] 100 ( 2471 4 . 0 10 2257 )[ 1725 . 0 9 . 957 )( 1723 . 0 ( ) 1362 . 0 ( 81 . 9
62 . 0 000 , 153 , 1
+ + +

1
1
]
1

s
s
s
s
T
T
T
T
Solving for the surface temperature gives Ts = 1871C. Therefore, the temperature jump of the wire when
the operating point jumps from nucleate boiling to film boiling is
Temperature jump:
C 1762 109 1871
crit , film s, s
T T T
Note that the film temperature is (1871+100)/2=985C, which is close enough to the assumed value of
1000C for the evaluation of vapor paroperties.
10-15
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-22 "!PROBLEM 10-22"
"GIVEN"
L=0.3 "[m]"
D=0.003 "[m]"
"epsilon=0.5 parameter to be varied"
P=101.3 "[kPa], parameter to be varied"
"PROPERTIES"
Fluid$='steam_NBS'
T_sat=temperature(Fluid$, P=P, x=1)
rho_l=density(Fluid$, T=T_sat, x=0)
rho_v=density(Fluid$, T=T_sat, x=1)
sigma=SurfaceTension(Fluid$, T=T_sat)
mu_l=Viscosity(Fluid$,T=T_sat, x=0)
Pr_l=Prandtl(Fluid$, T=T_sat, P=P)
C_l=CP(Fluid$, T=T_sat, x=0)*Convert(kJ/kg-C, J/kg-C)
h_f=enthalpy(Fluid$, T=T_sat, x=0)
h_g=enthalpy(Fluid$, T=T_sat, x=1)
h_fg=(h_g-h_f)*Convert(kJ/kg, J/kg)
C_sf=0.0060 "from Table 8-3 of the text"
n=1 "from Table 8-3 of the text"
T_vapor=1000-273 "[C], assumed vapor temperature in the film boiling region"
rho_v_f=density(Fluid$, T=T_vapor, P=P) "f stands for film"
C_v_f=CP(Fluid$, T=T_vapor, P=P)*Convert(kJ/kg-C, J/kg-C)
k_v_f=Conductivity(Fluid$, T=T_vapor, P=P)
mu_v_f=Viscosity(Fluid$,T=T_vapor, P=P)
g=9.8 "[m/s^2], gravitational acceleraton"
sigma_rad=5.67E-8 "[W/m^2-K^4], Stefan-Boltzmann constant"
"ANALYSIS"
"(a)"
"C_cr is to be determined from Table 8-4 of the text"
C_cr=0.12*L_star^(-0.25)
L_star=D/2*((g*(rho_l-rho_v))/sigma)^0.5
q_dot_max=C_cr*h_fg*(sigma*g*rho_v^2*(rho_l-rho_v))^0.25
q_dot_nucleate=q_dot_max
q_dot_nucleate=mu_l*h_fg*(((g*(rho_l-rho_v))/sigma)^0.5)*((C_l*(T_s_crit-
T_sat))/(C_sf*h_fg*Pr_l^n))^3
"(b)"
q_dot_total=q_dot_film+3/4*q_dot_rad "Heat transfer in the film boiling region"
q_dot_total=q_dot_nucleate
q_dot_film=0.62*((g*k_v_f^3*rho_v_f*(rho_l-rho_v_f)*(h_fg+0.4*C_v_f*(T_s_film-
T_sat)))/(mu_v_f*D*(T_s_film-T_sat)))^0.25*(T_s_film-T_sat)
q_dot_rad=epsilon*sigma_rad*((T_s_film+273)^4-(T_sat+273)^4)
DELTAT=T_s_film-T_s_crit
10-16
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
P [kPa] qmax [kW/m
2
] T [C]
70 994227 1865
71.65 1003642 1870
73.29 1012919 1876
74.94 1022063 1881
76.59 1031078 1886
78.24 1039970 1891
79.88 1048741 1896
81.53 1057396 1900
83.18 1065939 1905
84.83 1074373 1909
86.47 1082702 1914
88.12 1090928 1918
89.77 1099055 1923
91.42 1107085 1927
93.06 1115022 1931
94.71 1122867 1935
96.36 1130624 1939
98.01 1138294 1943
99.65 1145883 1947
101.3 1153386 1951
qmax [kW/m
2
] T [C]
0.1 1153386 2800
0.15 1153386 2574
0.2 1153386 2418
0.25 1153386 2299
0.3 1153386 2205
0.35 1153386 2126
0.4 1153386 2059
0.45 1153386 2002
0.5 1153386 1951
0.55 1153386 1905
0.6 1153386 1864
0.65 1153386 1827
0.7 1153386 1793
0.75 1153386 1761
0.8 1153386 1732
0.85 1153386 1705
0.9 1153386 1680
0.95 1153386 1657
1 1153386 1634
10-17
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
9.75
x
10
5
1.01
x
10
6
1.06
x
10
6
1.10
x
10
6
1.14
x
10
6
1.18
x
10
6
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
P [kPa]
q
m
a
x


[
W
/
m
2
]

T


[
C
]
Red-Heat
Blue-Temp. Dif.

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1.0
x
10
6
1.1
x
10
6
1.1
x
10
6
1.1
x
10
6
1.2
x
10
6
1.3
x
10
6
1.3
x
10
6
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800

q
m
a
x


[
W
/
m
2
]

T


[
C
]
Heat
Temp. Dif.

10-18
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-23 Water is boiled at sea level (1 atm pressure) and thus at a saturation (or boiling) temperature of Tsat
= 100C in a teflon-pitted stainless steel pan placed on an electric burner. The water level drops by 10 cm
in 30 min during boiling. The inner surface temperature of the pan is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the pan are negligible. 3 The boiling
regime is nucleate boiling (this assumption will be checked later).
Properties The properties of water at the saturation
temperature of 100C are (Tables 10-1 and A-9)

l
v
l

957 9
060
00589
175
.
.
.
.
kg / m
kg / m
N/ m
Pr
3
3
h
fg
l
pl

2257 10
0 282 10
4217
3
3
J / kg
kg m/ s
C J / kg C
.
Also,
C
sf

0.0058 and n = 1.0 for the boiling of water on a teflon-pitted stainless steel surface (Table 10-
3). Note that we expressed the properties in units specified under Eq. 10-2 connection with their
definitions in order to avoid unit manipulations.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer to the water and the heat flux are
2 2
2 2 2
evap
3
evap
evap
W/m 2,402,000 = ) m 2 W)/(0.0314 470 , 75 ( /
m 03142 . 0 4 / m) 20 . 0 ( 4 /
kW 47 . 75 kJ/kg) 7 kg/s)(225 03344 . 0 (
kg/s 03344 . 0
s 60 30
m) 0.10 m 0.2 )( kg/m 9 . 957 (

s
s
fg
A Q q
D A
h m Q
t
V
t
m
m

The Rohsenow relation which gives the nucleate boiling heat flux for a specified surface
temperature can also be used to determine the surface temperature when the heat flux is given. Assuming
nucleate boiling, the temperature of the inner surface of the pan is determined from Rohsenow relation to
be
3
sat ,
2 / 1
nucleate
Pr
) (
) (

,
_

1
]
1

n
l fg sf
s l p
v l
fg l
h C
T T C
g
h q

3
3
1/2
3 3
75 . 1 ) 10 2257 ( 0058 . 0
) 100 ( 4217
0589 . 0
0.60) 9.8(957.9
) 10 )(2257 10 282 . 0 ( 000 , 402 , 2

,
_

1
]
1

s
T
It gives
Ts = 111.5C
which is in the nucleate boiling range (5 to 30C above surface temperature). Therefore, the nucleate
boiling assumption is valid.
10-19
Heating
P = 1 atm
T
s
100C
Water
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-24 Water is boiled at sea level (1 atm pressure) and thus at a saturation (or boiling) temperature of Tsat
= 100C in a polished copper pan placed on an electric burner. The water level drops by 10 cm in 30 min
during boiling. The inner surface temperature of the pan is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the pan are negligible. 3 The boiling
regime is nucleate boiling (this assumption will be checked later).
Properties The properties of water at the saturation
temperature of 100C are (Tables 10-1 and A-9)

l
v
l

957 9
060
00589
175
.
.
.
.
kg / m
kg / m
N/ m
Pr
3
3
h
fg
l
pl

2257 10
0 282 10
4217
3
3
J / kg
kg m/ s
C J / kg C
.
Also,
C
sf

0.0130 and n = 1.0 for the boiling of water on a copper surface (Table 10-3). Note that we
expressed the properties in units specified under Eq. 10-2 connection with their definitions in order to
avoid unit manipulations.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer to the water and the heat flux are
2 2
2 2 2
evap
3
evap
evap
W/m 2,402,000 = ) m 2 W)/(0.0314 470 , 75 ( /
m 03142 . 0 4 / m) 20 . 0 ( 4 /
kW 47 . 75 kJ/kg) 7 kg/s)(225 03344 . 0 (
kg/s 03344 . 0
s 60 30
m) 0.10 m 0.2 )( kg/m 9 . 957 (

s
s
fg
A Q q
D A
h m Q
t
V
t
m
m

The Rohsenow relation which gives the nucleate boiling heat flux for a specified surface
temperature can also be used to determine the surface temperature when the heat flux is given. Assuming
nucleate boiling, the temperature of the inner surface of the pan is determined from Rohsenow relation to
be
3
sat ,
2 / 1
nucleate
Pr
) (
) (

,
_

1
]
1

n
l fg sf
s l p
v l
fg l
h C
T T C
g
h q

3
3
1/2
3 3
75 . 1 ) 10 2257 ( 0130 . 0
) 100 ( 4217
0589 . 0
0.60) 9.8(957.9
) 10 )(2257 10 282 . 0 ( 000 , 402 , 2

,
_

1
]
1

s
T
It gives
Ts = 125.7C
which is in the nucleate boiling range (5 to 30C above surface temperature). Therefore, the nucleate
boiling assumption is valid.
10-20
Heating
P = 1 atm
T
s
100C
Water
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-25 Water is boiled at a temperature of Tsat = 150C by hot gases flowing through a mechanically
polished stainless steel pipe submerged in water whose outer surface temperature is maintained at Ts =
165C. The rate of heat transfer to the water, the rate of evaporation, the ratio of critical heat flux to
current heat flux, and the pipe surface temperature at critical heat flux conditions are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the boiler are negligible. 3 The
boiling regime is nucleate boiling since T T T
s

sat
C 165 150 15 which is in the nucleate boiling
range of 5 to 30C for water.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of
150C are (Tables 10-1 and A-9)

l
v
l

916 6
2 55
0 0488
116
.
.
.
.
kg / m
kg / m
N / m
Pr
3
3
h
fg
l
pl

2114 10
0183 10
4311
3
3
J / kg
kg m/ s
C J / kg C
.
Also,
C
sf

0.0130 and n = 1.0 for the boiling of water on a
mechanically polished stainless steel surface (Table 10-3). Note that
we expressed the properties in units specified under Eq. 10-2 in
connection with their definitions in order to avoid unit
manipulations.
Analysis (a) Assuming nucleate boiling, the heat flux can be determined from Rohsenow relation to be
2
3
3
1/2
3 3
3
sat ,
2 / 1
nucleate
W/m 000 , 383 , 1
16 . 1 ) 10 2114 ( 0130 . 0
) 150 165 ( 4311
0488 . 0
) 55 . 2 9.8(916.6
) 10 )(2114 10 183 . 0 (
Pr
) (
) (

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

n
l fg sf
s l p
v l
fg l
h C
T T C
g
h q

The heat transfer surface area is
2
m 854 . 7 m) m)(50 05 . 0 ( DL A
s
Then the rate of heat transfer during nucleate boiling becomes
W 10,865,000 ) W/m 000 , 383 , 1 )( m 854 . 7 (
2 2
nucleate boiling
q A Q
s

(b) The rate of evaporation of water is determined from

,
m
Q
h
fg
evaporation
boiling
kJ / s
2114 kJ / kg

10 865
5.139 kg/s
(c) For a horizontal cylindrical heating element, the coefficient Ccr is determined from Table 10-4 to be
cylinder) large thus and 1.2 > * (since 12 . 0
0.12 > 7 . 10
0488 . 0
) 55 . 2 6 . 916 ( 8 . 9
) 025 . 0 (
) (
*
2 / 1 2 / 1
L C
g
L L
cr
v l

,
_

,
_

Then the maximum or critical heat flux is determined from
[ ( )]
. ( )[ . . ( . ) ( . . )]
max
/
/
q C h g
cr fg v l v

2 1 4
3 2 1 4
012 2114 10 00488 98 255 9166 255
1,852,000 W/ m
2
10-21
Water, 150C
Boiler
Hot
gases
Vent
T
s,pipe
= 165C
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
Therefore,

, ,
, ,
max
q
q
current

1852 000
1383 000
1.34

(d) The surface temperature of the pipe at the burnout point is determined from Rohsenow relation at the
critical heat flux value to be
C 166.5

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

cr s
cr s
n
l fg sf
cr s l p
v l
fg l
T
T
h C
T T C
g
h q
,
3
3
,
1/2
3 3
3
sat , ,
2 / 1
cr nucleate,
16 . 1 ) 10 2114 ( 0130 . 0
) 150 ( 4311
0488 . 0
) 55 . 2 9.8(916.6
) 10 )(2114 10 183 . 0 ( 000 , 852 , 1
Pr
) (
) (

10-22
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-26 Water is boiled at a temperature of Tsat = 160C by hot gases flowing through a mechanically
polished stainless steel pipe submerged in water whose outer surface temperature is maintained at Ts =
165C. The rate of heat transfer to the water, the rate of evaporation, the ratio of critical heat flux to
current heat flux, and the pipe surface temperature at critical heat flux conditions are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the boiler are negligible. 3 The
boiling regime is nucleate boiling since T T T
s

sat
C 165 160 5 which is in the nucleate boiling
range of 5 to 30C for water.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of
160C are (Tables 10-1 and A-9)

l
v
l

907 4
326
00466
109
.
.
.
.
kg / m
kg / m
N/ m
Pr
3
3
h
fg
l
pl

2083 10
0170 10
4340
3
3
J / kg
kg m/ s
C J / kg C
.
Also,
C
sf

0.0130 and n = 1.0 for the boiling of water on a
mechanically polished stainless steel surface (Table 10-3 ). Note that
we expressed the properties in units specified under Eq. 10-2 in
connection with their definitions in order to avoid unit
manipulations.
Analysis (a) Assuming nucleate boiling, the heat flux can be determined from Rohsenow relation to be
2
3
3
1/2
3 3
3
sat ,
2 / 1
nucleate
W/m 359 , 61
09 . 1 ) 10 2083 ( 0130 . 0
) 160 165 ( 4340
0466 . 0
) 26 . 3 9.8(907.4
) 10 )(2083 10 170 . 0 (
Pr
) (
) (

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

n
l fg sf
s l p
v l
fg l
h C
T T C
g
h q

The heat transfer surface area is
2
m 854 . 7 m) m)(50 05 . 0 ( DL A
s
Then the rate of heat transfer during nucleate boiling becomes
W 481,900 ) W/m 359 , 61 )( m 854 . 7 (
2 2
nucleate boiling
q A Q
s

(b) The rate of evaporation of water is determined from

.
m
Q
h
fg
evaporation
boiling
kJ / s
2083 kJ / kg

4819
0.231 kg/s
(c) For a horizontal cylindrical heating element, the coefficient Ccr is determined from Table 10-4 to be
cylinder) large and thus 1.2 > * (since 12 . 0
0.12 > 9 . 10
0466 . 0
) 26 . 3 4 . 907 ( 8 . 9
) 025 . 0 (
) (
*
2 / 1 2 / 1
L C
g
L L
cr
v l

,
_

,
_

Then the maximum or critical heat flux is determined from
[ ( )]
. ( )[ . . ( . ) ( . . )]
max
/
/
q C h g
cr fg v l v

2 1 4
3 2 1 4
012 2083 10 00466 98 326 907 4 326
2,034,000 W/ m
2
10-23
Water, 150C
Boiler
Hot
gases
Vent
T
s,pipe
= 160C
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
Therefore,

, ,
,
max
q
q
current

2 034 000
61359
33.2

(d) The surface temperature of the pipe at the burnout point is determined from Rohsenow relation at the
critical heat flux value to be
C 176.1

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

cr s
cr s
n
l fg sf
cr s l p
v l
fg l
T
T
h C
T T C
g
h q
,
3
3
,
1/2
3 3
3
sat , ,
2 / 1
cr nucleate,
09 . 1 ) 10 2083 ( 0130 . 0
) 160 ( 4340
0466 . 0
) 26 . 3 9.8(907.4
) 10 )(2083 10 170 . 0 ( 000 , 034 , 2
Pr
) (
) (

10-24
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-27E Water is boiled at a temperature of Tsat = 250F by a nickel-plated heating element whose surface
temperature is maintained at Ts = 280F. The boiling heat transfer coefficient, the electric power
consumed, and the rate of evaporation of water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the boiler are negligible. 3 The
boiling regime is nucleate boiling since T T T
s

sat
F 280 250 30 which is in the nucleate boiling
range of 9 to 55F for water.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 250F are (Tables 10-1 and A-9E)

l
v
l

5882
00723
0003755 01208
143
.
.
. .
.
lbm/ ft
lbm/ ft
lbf / ft lbm/ s
Pr
3
3
2
h
fg
l
pl

946
0556
1015
Btu / lbm
lbm/ h ft
C Btu / lbm F
.
.
Also, g = 32.2 ft/s
2
and
C
sf

0.0060 and n = 1.0 for the boiling of water on a nickel plated surface
(Table 10-3). Note that we expressed the properties in units that will cancel each other in boiling heat
transfer relations.
Analysis (a) Assuming nucleate boiling, the heat flux can be determined from Rohsenow relation to be
2
3
1/2
3
sat ,
2 / 1
nucleate
ft Btu/h 221 , 475 , 3
43 . 1 ) 946 ( 0060 . 0
) 250 280 ( 015 . 1
1208 . 0
) 0723 . 0 32.2(58.82
) )(946 556 . 0 (
Pr
) (
) (

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

n
l fg sf
s l p
v l
fg l
h C
T T C
g
h q

Then the convection heat transfer coefficient becomes
( )

( )
q h T T h
q
T T
s
s

sat
sat
2

3,471,670 Btu / h ft
F 280 250
115,840 Btu / h ft F
2
(b) The electric power consumed is equal to the rate of heat transfer to the water, and is determined from

Btu/h) 3412 = kW 1 (since =
Btu/h 811 , 909 ) ft Btu/h 221 ft)(3,475, 2 ft 12 / 5 . 0 ( ) (
2
kW 266.6
q DL A q Q W
s e


(c) Finally, the rate of evaporation of water is determined from
lbm/h 961.7
Btu/lbm 946
Btu/h 811 , 909 boiling
n evaporatio
fg
h
Q
m

10-25
T
s
=280F
Water
250F
Heating element
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-28E Water is boiled at a temperature of Tsat = 250F by a platinum-plated heating element whose
surface temperature is maintained at Ts = 280F. The boiling heat transfer coefficient, the electric power
consumed, and the rate of evaporation of water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the boiler are negligible. 3 The
boiling regime is nucleate boiling since T T T
s

sat
F 280 250 30 which is in the nucleate boiling
range of 9 to 55F for water.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 250F are (Tables 10-1 and A-9E)

l
v
l

5882
00723
0003755 01208
143
.
.
. .
.
lbm/ ft
lbm/ ft
lbf / ft lbm/ s
Pr
3
3
2
h
fg
l
pl

946
0556
1015
Btu / lbm
lbm/ h ft
C Btu / lbm F
.
.
Also, g = 32.2 ft/s
2
and
C
sf

0.0130 and n = 1.0 for the boiling of water on a platinum plated surface
(Table 10-3). Note that we expressed the properties in units that will cancel each other in boiling heat
transfer relations.
Analysis (a) Assuming nucleate boiling, the heat flux can be determined from Rohsenow relation to be
2
3
3
1/2
3
sat ,
2 / 1
nucleate
ft Btu/h 670 , 341
43 . 1 ) 10 1208 . 0 ( 0130 . 0
) 250 280 ( 015 . 1
1208 . 0
) 0723 . 0 32.2(58.82
) )(946 556 . 0 (
Pr
) (
) (

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

n
l fg sf
s l p
v l
fg l
h C
T T C
g
h q

Then the convection heat transfer coefficient becomes
( )

( )
q h T T h
q
T T
s
s

sat
sat
2

341,670 Btu / h ft
F 280 250
11,390 Btu / h ft F
2
(b) The electric power consumed is equal to the rate of heat transfer to the water, and is determined from
Btu/h) 3412 = kW 1 (since =
Btu/h 450 , 89 ) ft Btu/h 0 ft)(341,67 2 ft 12 / 5 . 0 ( ) (
2
kW 26.2
q DL A q Q W
s e


(c) Finally, the rate of evaporation of water is determined from
lbm/h 94.6
Btu/lbm 946
Btu/h 450 , 89 boiling
n evaporatio
fg
h
Q
m

10-26
T
s
=280F
Water
250F
Heating element
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-29E "!PROBLEM 10-29E"
"GIVEN"
T_sat=250 "[F]"
L=2 "[ft]"
D=0.5/12 "[ft]"
"T_s=280 [F], parameter to be varied"
"PROPERTIES"
Fluid$='steam_NBS'
P_sat=pressure(Fluid$, T=T_sat, x=1)
rho_l=density(Fluid$, T=T_sat, x=0)
rho_v=density(Fluid$, T=T_sat, x=1)
sigma=SurfaceTension(Fluid$, T=T_sat)*Convert(lbf/ft, lbm/s^2)
mu_l=Viscosity(Fluid$,T=T_sat, x=0)
Pr_l=Prandtl(Fluid$, T=T_sat, P=P_sat+1) "P=P_sat+1 is used to get liquid state"
C_l=CP(Fluid$, T=T_sat, x=0)
h_f=enthalpy(Fluid$, T=T_sat, x=0)
h_g=enthalpy(Fluid$, T=T_sat, x=1)
h_fg=h_g-h_f
C_sf=0.0060 "from Table 8-3 of the text"
n=1 "from Table 8-3 of the text"
g=32.2 "[ft/s^2], gravitational acceleraton"
"ANALYSIS"
"(a)"
q_dot_nucleate=mu_l*h_fg*(((g*(rho_l-rho_v))/sigma)^0.5)*((C_l*(T_s-T_sat))/
(C_sf*h_fg*Pr_l^n))^3
q_dot_nucleate=h*(T_s-T_sat)
"(b)"
W_dot_e=q_dot_nucleate*A*Convert(Btu/h, kW)
A=pi*D*L
"(c)"
m_dot_evap=Q_dot_boiling/h_fg
Q_dot_boiling=W_dot_e*Convert(kW, Btu/h)
10-27
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
Ts [F] h [Btu/h.ft
2
.F] We [kW] mevap [lbm/h]
260 12908 9.903 35.74
262 18587 17.11 61.76
264 25299 27.18 98.07
266 33043 40.56 146.4
268 41821 57.76 208.4
270 51630 79.23 285.9
272 62473 105.5 380.5
274 74348 136.9 494.1
276 87255 174.1 628.1
278 101195 217.4 784.5
280 116168 267.4 964.9
282 132174 324.5 1171
284 149212 389.2 1405
286 167282 462.1 1667
288 186386 543.4 1961
290 206521 633.8 2287
292 227690 733.7 2648
294 249891 843.6 3044
296 273125 964 3479
298 297391 1095 3952
300 322690 1238 4467
260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
T
s
[F]
h


[
B
t
u
/
h
-
f
t
^
2
-
F
]
W
e


[
k
W
] h
W
e

10-28
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
T
s
[F]
m
e
v
a
p


[
l
b
m
/
h
]

10-29
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-30 Cold water enters a steam generator at 15C and is boiled, and leaves as saturated vapor at Tsat =
100C. The fraction of heat used to preheat the liquid water from 15C to saturation temperature of 100C
is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the steam generator are negligible.
Properties The heat of vaporization of water at 100C is hfg = 2257 kJ/kg and the specific heat of liquid
water at the average temperature of (15+100)/2 = 57.5C is
C kJ/kg 184 . 4 C
pl (Table A-9).
Analysis The heat of vaporization of water represents the amount of heat
needed to vaporize a unit mass of liquid at a specified temperature. Using
the average specific heat, the amount of heat needed to preheat a unit mass
of water from 15C to 100C is determined to be
kJ/kg 355.6 = C ) 15 C)(100 kJ/kg 184 . 4 (
preheating
T C q
pl
and
kJ/kg 6 . 2612 6 . 355 2257
preheating boiling total
+ + q q q
Therefore, the fraction of heat used to preheat the water is
) (or
2612.6
6 . 355
preheat to Fraction
total
preheating
13.6% 0.136
q
q
10-30
Water, 100C
Steam
generator
Water, 15C
Steam
100C
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-31 Cold water enters a steam generator at 20C and is boiled, and leaves as saturated vapor at boiler
pressure. The boiler pressure at which the amount of heat needed to preheat the water to saturation
temperature is equal to the heat of vaporization is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat losses from the steam generator are negligible.
Properties The properties needed to solve this problem are the heat of
vaporization hfg and the specific heat of water Cp at specified temperatures,
and they can be obtained from Table A-9.
Analysis The heat of vaporization of water represents the amount of heat
needed to vaporize a unit mass of liquid at a specified temperature, and
C T
p

represents the amount of heat needed to preheat a unit mass of water

from 20C to the saturation temperature. Therefore,
q q
C T h
p ave fg T
preheating boiling
sat
sat

, @
( ) 20
The solution of this problem requires choosing a boiling temperature,
reading the heat of vaporization at that temperature, evaluating the specific
heat at the average temperature, and substituting the values into the relation
above to see if it is satisfied. By trial and error, the temperature that satisfies
this condition is determined to be 315C at which (Table A-9)
h
fg C @315
1281

kJ / kg
and Tave = (20+315)/2 = 167.5C
C
p ave ,
. 4 37 kJ / kg C
Substituting,
C T
p ave ,
( ) ( . )( )
sat
kJ / kg C C kJ / kg 20 4 37 315 20 1289
which is practically identical to the heat of vaporization. Therefore,
P P
T boiler sat
sat

@
10.6 MPa
10-31
Water, 100C
Steam
generator
Water, 20C
Steam
100C
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-32 "!PROBLEM 10-32"
"GIVEN"
"T_cold=20 [C], parameter to be varied"
"ANALYSIS"
Fluid$='steam_NBS'
q_preheating=q_boiling
q_preheating=C_p*(T_sat-T_cold)
T_sat=temperature(Fluid$, P=P, x=1)
C_p=CP(Fluid$, T=T_ave, x=0)
T_ave=1/2*(T_cold+T_sat)
q_boiling=h_fg
h_f=enthalpy(Fluid$, T=T_sat, x=0)
h_g=enthalpy(Fluid$, T=T_sat, x=1)
h_fg=h_g-h_f
Tcold [C] P [kPa]
8 10031
9 10071
10 10112
11 10152
12 10193
13 10234
14 10274
15 10315
16 10356
17 10396
18 10437
19 10478
20 10519
21 10560
22 10601
23 10641
24 10682
25 10723
26 10764
27 10805
28 10846
29 10887
30 10928
10-32
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
9600
9800
10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
T
cold
[C]
P


[
k
P
a
]

10-33
Chapter 10 Boiling and Condensation
10-33 Boiling experiments are conducted by heating water at 1 atm pressure with an electric resistance
wire, and measuring the power consumed by the wire as well as temperatures. The boiling heat transfer
coefficient is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat
losses from the water are negligible.
Analysis The heat transfer area of the heater wire is
2
m 003142 . 0 m) m)(0.50 002 . 0 ( DL A
s
Noting that 3800 W of electric power is consumed when the
heater surface temperature is 130C, the boiling heat transfer
coefficient is determined from Newtons law of cooling to be
C W/m 40,320
2

C ) 100 )(130 m (0.003142
W 3800
) (
) (
2
sat
sat
T T A
Q
h T T hA Q
s s
s s

10-34
T
s
=130C
Heating wire, 3.8 kW
1 atm