Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Top PSUs
2009
Contents
Preface .............................................................................................. I
Foreword ......................................................................................... II
Methodology ................................................................................ IV
Insights.....................................................................................V-XIV
Contrary to initial expectations, reforms, and the resulting change and innovation have proved
beneficial for public sector enterprises, aiding them in meeting and sometimes, staying ahead
of the competition. Public sector enterprises have shown admirable resilience in absorbing
the impact of economic reforms and are now better prepared to face challenges arising from a
competitive environment.
As the Indian economy grows, PSUs will continue to play an important role in critical sectors
like power, transportation and manufacturing to name a few. For instance, the total public sector
outlay for infrastructure during the 11th Five Year Plan will be around Rs 36,447.2 bn, of which
the share of central sector PSUs is expected to be around 59%. Further, during the 11th Five
Year Plan, it is expected that total investment on infrastructure development by PSUs will reach
Rs 14,365.6 bn which will provide a crucial impetus to the slowing economy in the present
scenario of an economic slowdown.
‘India’s Top PSUs 2009’ is an endeavour to capture the essence of growth and performance of
the public sector in India, and providing the leading players the unique advantage of D&B’s
global footprint in disseminating vital and useful information about these companies to a wide
audience.
We expect ‘India’s Top PSUs 2009’ to be a valuable publication for understanding public sector
enterprises in India and we are sure that this publication will serve as an authoritative and useful
ready reference tool for business leaders globally. I hope you enjoy reading this edition and
I look forward to receiving your suggestions.
Dr Manoj Vaish
President & CEO - India
Dun & Bradstreet
I
Foreword
I am happy to launch the second edition of Dun & Bradstreet’s,
‘India’s Top PSUs 2009’. This publication will prove to be a valuable
resource on the Indian public sector enterprises. Dun & Bradstreet’s
global footprint and market reach will ensure that the publication is
established globally as the premier information resource on Indian
public sector enterprises.
Over the years, especially after the early 1990’s, the Government of
India has taken several initiatives to enable public sector enterprises
to compete with rapidly growing private enterprises. The government
has empowered public enterprises, especially the central government
owned sector enterprises. By introducing the concept of Navratna and
Miniratna the government has attempted to provide room to these
undertakings to operate effectively and independently.
The several initiatives that the government has undertaken over the years have given PSUs
the required impetus, to become market leaders and one of the biggest wealth creators in the
economy. These enterprises have now started thinking beyond India, and some of them have
established global business relationships and alliances through joint ventures or subsidiaries,
and have also begun to access global financial markets for resource mobilisation.
Taking advantage of economic reforms and growing business opportunities that have emerged
on the back of a robustly growing economy, these enterprises are making rapid advances on a
wide range of performance parameters.
It is evident the PSUs have adapted well to changing market dynamics and have taken advantage
of business opportunities that have arisen out of liberal economic policies. We are sure that
‘India’s Top PSUs 2009’ will aid Indian public sector enterprises in promoting business further
and developing useful relationships both overseas and in India.
At Dun & Bradstreet, we will continue to endeavor to meet your expectations from this
publication. I look forward to receiving your feedback and suggestions.
David J. Emery
President
International Partnerships & Asia – Pacific
II
Executive Summary
The public sector has always been a strategic partner in the process
of India’s economic growth and development. In an environment of
economic reforms and liberalisation, the Indian public sector has proved
competitive and has made rapid gains in profitability and productivity.
Public sector enterprises have strong prospects for growth, through
harnessing new business opportunities, while expanding the scope of
current business. This publication, India’s Top PSUs 2009, is an effort
to recognise the strategic importance of this sector.
In this year’s edition, we have also conducted a comparable study of listed PSUs, excluding
banks, vis-a-vis the listed private sector companies with total income in excess of Rs 10 bn.
The comparison threw up some interesting findings:
• The study revealed that total sales of 31 government owned companies is just a little below
the total sales of the 216 private sector companies. This suggests that in terms of revenues, the
31 PSUs are more or less equal to the 216 private sector companies put together.
• Even with gigantic business operations, PSUs have out-performed private companies in
terms of growth in sales in the last four out of five years.
• The 31 PSUs contributed a substantially larger sum to the exchequer through direct taxes and
dividends than the private sector companies. The effective tax rate for the PSUs has grown
from 28.9% in 2004 to over 31.4% in 2008; while the effective tax rate has declined by over 350
basis points for private sector companies to 22.9% during the same period.
• In 2008, the public sector companies paid over 33.5% of their Net Profits as dividends, whereas
their private sector counterparts paid 20.6% of their profits as dividends.
• The cash ratio for the listed public sector enterprises rose sharply from 24% in 2004 to around
42% in 2008, whereas for the private sector companies, the ratio improved from 19.18% in
2004 to 21% in the year 2008. However, 2008 marks a decline from the peak levels of around
30% seen in 2005, 2006 and 2007.
• The PSUs that are part of this comparison study are less leveraged than their private sector
peers. With much less debt than their peers, their financial position is stronger.
The public sector in India has immense potential and prospects for growth and profitability in
the future and will continue to play an important role in the economy. D&B will endeavor to
keep track of various developments in the CPSUs and will develop database and information to
make this publication emerge as an important and reliable source of reference.
Kaushal Sampat
Chief Operating Officer
Dun & Bradstreet India
III
Methodology
The foremost criterion for selection of Top PSUs is based on the condition that the PSU should
necessarily be a Central Public Sector Undertaking (CPSU). Only those CPSUs that are involved in
carrying out business for profit have been included in this study; enterprises that are involved in
charity or any other social cause have been excluded. Subsidiaries and/or associate companies, in
which CPSUs have a majority stake have been considered as separate entities and included in the
publication. The initial selection of the PSU data set was based on the list compiled from various
sources, including internal D&B database; Department of Public Enterprises (DPE); listed PSUs; and
Government of India (GoI) directory and various ministries. The shortlisted PSUs were then sent a
detailed questionnaire seeking basic information on the company and its financials. As a selection
criterion, PSUs with a total income equal to or above Rs 2 bn as on Mar 08 have been featured in this
publication. Companies with negative net worth and those declared financially sick by the Board of
Industrial & Financial Reconstruction (BIFR), as available on the BIFR website, have been eliminated.
The information contained in this book is sourced and compiled from questionnaires circulated and
administered by D&B India, telephonic interviews, mass media channels and authenticated information
available in the public domain, like company annual reports, websites and the Registrar of Companies.
In the eventuality that a company has not responded with critical data, and/or information which is
not available in the public domain, such companies have not been included in this publication. This
is to ensure that all information contained in this publication is verified and authenticated.
The Total Income, Net Profit and Net Worth figures for companies are as per standalone financials
sourced from annual reports/documents from the Registrar of Companies or financial statements for
the financial year 2007-08. Those companies whose schedules where not available has been marked
by (*) in the listing pages. Total income is a sum of revenue and other income, where the revenue is
net of excise duties, sales tax, inter-unit transfers and other government levies. Net profit refers to
profit before considering the impact of prior period and extra-ordinary items. Net worth is the sum
of share capital and reserves & surplus, deducting debit balances appearing in the profit and loss
account, revaluation reserves, miscellaneous expenditure, and intangibles such as patents, goodwill,
trademarks, copyrights, know-how, brands, licenses, rights, computer software and the likes. The
consolidated revenue of the companies has been taken as provided in the annual report of the
respective companies, wherever available. Employee numbers have been taken from the respective
annual reports of companies wherever available and/or from responses received by them.
A standardised reporting format has been used for listing company management details in
write-ups, incorporating key designations. Dun & Bradstreet has compiled the companies’ management
details from their respective annual reports and updated these records wherever data were available.
Each company featured in the publication has been allotted its unique identification number
(D-U-N-S ® - Data Universal Numbering System). This will help readers locate and obtain full-fledged
information reports on these companies from the Dun & Bradstreet database.
The editorial team is confident that ‘India’s Top PSUs 2009’ will prove useful and we would be
pleased to receive your invaluable feedback and suggestions. Your satisfaction remains our goal in
Dun & Bradstreet’s journey towards excellence.
IV
Insights
• Overview of profiled CPSUs
• comparitive study
V
Insights
Dun & Bradstreet (India) attempts to highlight key trends in the Indian public sector undertakings
(PSU) and provides insights into their performance in two sections through this study. In each
section, the study presents the insights derived from a detailed analysis of data gathered through
secondary sources. The first section is an analysis of the financial and operational performance
of the 121 central public sector undertakings forming part of the publication. The second section
presents a comparable matrix between the private companies and the government-owned
companies listed on the NSE.
In an attempt to highlight the industry trend, information was gathered from annual reports,
regulatory filings, and data with industry association, regulatory bodies, government websites
and various other secondary sources. The information thus gathered for analysis was used to
understand changing dynamics of PSUs as compared to private companies.
Section A
This section comments on the performance of PSUs that have long formed the backbone of
the Indian economy. The publication features 121 PSUs that fall under the purview of the Central
government and are also known as Central Public Sector Undertakings (CPSUs).
The PSUs that are featured in this publication have contributed largely to India’s growth story
in recent times. The key highlights of the performance of these CPSUs in FY08 are as follows:
• The total income of the profiled CPSUs was Rs 14,675.41 bn during FY08, which was equivalent
to 31.1% of India’s GDP at current market prices.
• The aggregate net profit margin (NPM) of the profiled PSUs was 8.3% in FY08. Within this,
the manufacturing PSUs and the service PSUs had an NPM of 9.1% and 7.8%, respectively.
• The manufacturing PSUs had the highest return on net worth (RONW) of 19.3% among all
profiled companies while those from the service sector had a RONW of 12.0%.
• PSUs from the Western region ranked the highest in terms of total income with a 57% share.
• In terms of net profit, the Northern region contributed almost 50% of the entire profits of 121
companies profiled in this publication. The Western region followed the Northern region
with a 27% share.
• The average total income per employee of the profiled companies was Rs 7.30 mn whereas
the net profit per employee was Rs 0.6 mn.
VI
Review of the performance of 121 CPSUs
Oil and gas generation sector records highest total income share, albeit, with low margins
The oil and gas generation sector had the highest share in both total income (42.82%) and net
profit (28.94%) of the 121 CPSUs. There was a significant gap between the sector’s share in total
income and net profit on account of its very low NPM of 6%. The iron and steel sector had a
bigger share in the net profit pie (13.59%) than in the total income pie (4.98%) and enjoyed a
healthy NPM of 23%.
The manufacturing PSUs recorded a higher RONW (19.3%) as compared with the services PSUs
(12.0%). The 121 profiled CPSUs collectively registered a RONW of 15.8%. The profiled PSUs
VII
Banking & financial services sector has highest representation but lower share in total income
The banking and financial services sector had the maximum representation of companies (31%).
In spite of this, the share of oil and gas generating companies in the total income of all the
121 companies was more than twice the share of banking and financial services companies.
The 18 Navratnas as identified by the Department of Public Enterprises had a total income of
Rs 6,871.62 bn in FY08, which is equivalent to 15% of India’s GDP at current market prices.
The share of these Navratnas in the combined total income of 121 CPSUs was an impressive 47%
during FY08. Their combined net worth was 41% of the total net worth of all profiled CPSUs.
VIII
Performance of Navratnas
Total Income Net Profit Net Worth
Total Income Net Profit Net Worth
Company y-o-y growth y-o-y growth y-o-y
(Rs Mn) (Rs Mn) (Rs Mn)
(%) (%) growth (%)
Bharat Electronics Limited 41,376.91 1 7,450.94 4 31,463.75 23
Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd 207,494.00 15 28,602.60 18 107,309.90 22
Bharat Petroleum 1,119,421.76 14 14,551.87 (24) 116,278.21 14
Coal India Ltd 34,774.45 (1) 24,538.58 (13) 124,234.21 4
GAIL (India) Ltd 185,645.50 12 26,232.10 10 129,395.10 14
Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd 103,379.61 16 16,318.80 42 29,984.40 59
Hindustan Petroleum 1,059,017.30 18 11,565.30 (26) 105,116.00 10
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd 2,309,539.60 13 70,015.00 25 407,484.00 18
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam 53,299.33 (5) 2,293.38 49 112,989.94 4
National Aluminium Company 55,435.70 (13) 16,569.10 (31) 88,741.40 15
NMDC Ltd 63,818 .40 41 32,507.60 40 82,643.30 43
NTPC Ltd 399,359.00 13 76,893.00 12 526,083.00 8
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation 648,459.50 7 167,017.57 5 698,333.66 14
Power Finance Corporation 50,400.40 28 12,015.50 22 93,298.00 9
Power Grid Corporation 50,815.30 24 16,305.30 34 133,875.80 25
Rural Electrification 35,376.61 24 8,607.13 31 53,676.92 34
Shipping Corporation 40,616.80 (3) 7,912.20 (20) 56,319.10 10
Steel Authority of India Ltd 413,394.80 17 75,354.90 21 227,794.80 34
Total 6,871,624.97 13 614,750.86 9 3,125,021.49 11
Source: D&B Research
IX
Section B
This section presents a comparable matrix between the private companies and the government-
owned companies listed on the NSE (excluding financial companies). In this endeavour,
D&B India firstly selected the top 31 government-owned listed companies (29 central government
it identified private companies who had a total turnover of over Rs 10 bn. (The benchmark was
taken as Rs 10 bn to ensure fair assessment because out of the 31 PSUs identified for the study,
The private companies thus selected were screened further and those companies whose
comparable 12 month data for any of the previous five years were not available were excluded.
The players in the IT and ITeS industry were also excluded because PSUs have a negligible
presence in this industry. Finally, D&B India arrived at 216 private sector companies.
A comparison of PSUs vis-à-vis their private sector peers suggests that PSUs had a significant
role to play in India’s growth story in the last five years. They managed to achieve similar
growth rates as their private peers. It’s noteworthy that because of the government’s role,
PSUs have proved to be a little more risk averse and hence financially-sound. It is expected that
the measured approach that the public enterprises have taken over the last few years will hold
The following study compares the financial parameters such as sales growth, tax payout ratio,
Sales
The total sales of the 31 government-owned companies were just marginally lower than the
total sales of the 216 private sector companies. Though the private sector has grown at a slightly
faster rate than the PSUs, the businesses of PSUs have not lagged far behind in the last five
years. Another noteworthy observation is that in spite of a huge base in terms of turnover, sales
growth of PSUs has remained robust throughout the last five years.
X
Sales growth
Even though PSUs are losing their monopoly and India is taking further strides in liberalising
its economy, PSUs are managing to grow at a healthy pace. Infact it is evident in the study that
the sales growth of PSUs has outperformed the private sector in four out of the past five years.
On further scrutiny of the toplines of the selected companies, a few private sector companies
were found to have earned incomes from discontinued operations. However, no such income
was recorded by the PSUs. One reason for this could be the social commitments of PSUs, which
do not allow them to conduct unviable business units. Instead, the PSUs offset losses arising
from such units with profits earned from different business units.
Income
from discontinued operations (DO)
2005 2006 2007 2008
DO DO DO DO
Private Sector 9.00 7.41 6.75 11.86
Public Sector 0 0 0 0
(Amount in Rs bn)
Source: D&B Research and CMIE
PSUs bring home huge monetary gains despite the social obligations
Apart from fulfilling their social commitments, public sector enterprises are contributing a huge
sum to the exchequer through direct taxes1 and dividends. The effective tax rate for the PSUs
grew from 28.9% in 2004 to over 31.4% in 2008 while the effective tax rate declined by over
350 basis points for private sector companies to 22.9% for the same period.
1
Provision for direct tax = Corporate tax + deferred tax – deferred tax assets / credit + other direct taxes like wealth tax, agricultural income tax,
FBT, other miscellaneous taxes
XI
Comparision of effective tax rate
PSUs not only take the lead while contributing to the government’s kitty through direct taxes
but also lead when it comes to rewarding their shareholders with dividends. In 2008, the public
sector companies paid over 33.5% of their net profit as dividends to equity shareholders, whereas
their private sector peers paid only 20.6% of their profits as dividends. Over the last five years,
the dividend payout ratio has consistently declined for the private sector companies, whereas it
has remained more or less the same for the government-owned companies. As the government
owns a majority stake in the publicly-listed PSUs, a huge share of the dividends goes to the
government’s kitty. Thus, the PSUs make a much higher contribution to the exchequer through
XII
Export to Sales
Predictably, the PSUs earn most of their revenues from the domestic market. Exports constitute
a miniscule portion of total sales even though the ratio of exports to sales of PSUs has been
Cash Ratio
The cash ratio (cash and bank balance/current liabilities) is an indicator of the extent to which
a company can pay its current liabilities with cash in hand without relying on the sale of
inventory and receipt of accounts receivables. The cash ratio for the listed public sector enterprises
rose sharply from 24% in 2004 to around 42% in 2008. Meanwhile, their private sector peers’
cash ratio initially improved from 19.18% in 2004 to 30.0% levels during 2005, 2006, and 2007,
and later on declined sharply to 21% in 2008. This measure of liquidity suggests that the public
sector enterprises are better off in tackling their current liabilities (42%) with the most liquid
asset — cash.
XIII
A look at the table below shows that while the cash and bank balances for the listed PSUs have
consistently grown stronger and stronger on the one hand, on the other hand, private sector
peers’ cash balance declined by 7.5% in 2008 as compared with 2007. If the expression Cash is the
king holds true then the PSUs are definitely better prepared for tough times like these.
The debt-equity ratio (debt/equity), which signifies a company’s financial leverage, has always
remained on the higher side for private sector companies. The public sector companies are lesser
leveraged than their private sector peers because their debt levels are lower; hence, the PSUs are
Even though raising money in the present market conditions is becoming a difficult task, the
PSUs are enjoying a low debt and huge cash reserve position. In the past few years, many
private sector companies wanted growth at all costs, whereas PSUs used their strong earnings
(For the analysis, the financial data of PSUs range from March 2004 to March 2008. Also, as different
private companies follow different financial year ending, their financial data ranges from December 2003
to September 2008).
XIV
India’s Top PSUs 2009 Alphabetical Listing L1
37 Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited Manufactures & Maintenance of Vessels
49 Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited Travel & Tourism Services
75 North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited Power Generation & Transmission
81 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited Oil Exploration & Production
86 Orissa Minerals Development Company Limited, The Iron & Manganese Ore Mining
100 Shipping Corporation of India Limited, The Bulk Carrier & Tanker Services
47 M S T C Limited* 51,976.50
99 M S T C Limited* 922.00
India’s Top PSUs 2009 Net Profit Listing L12
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Editorial Team Deepa Venkateshwaran, Debabrata Das, Hemant Sangani, Neha Chaturvedi, Janit Mahadevia, Ajay Lobo,
Nidhi Bajaj, Dheeren Khemani, Devendra Chaubal, Ajit Parab, Imran Baig, Mahendra Mahale
Marketing Ravi Saneja
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Operations Team Nadeem Kazi, Abhishek Dalvi, Vishwa Desai, Altamash Mahimi