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Membranes used in maple farms Factors influencing membrane clogging When to clean membranes Cleaning procedures High Brix concentration Membrane storage at season end
Pressure
Material Polyamide Thin-Film Composite Polyamide Thin-Film Composite Polyamide Thin-Film Composite Polyamide Thin-Film Composite Polyamide Thin-Film Composite Polyvinyl Alcohol Derivative Polyamide Thin-Film Composite
Rejection rate
225 psi
99.0%
Filmtec
Mark I
45 C
2-10.5
35 C
1-12
Na
Na
600 psi
ND*
450
1-1/4"
Filmtec
Nf 270
40 C
2-10
35 C
1-11
75 psi
12 500
600 psi
50.0%
400
1-1/2"
Filmtec
Nf 90
45 C
2-10.5
35 C
1-12
75 psi
7 500
600 psi
85-95.0%
400
1-1/2"
Filmtec
Xle 440
45 C
2-10.5
35 C
1-12
225 psi
12 700
600 psi
99.0%
440
1-1/2"
Hydranautics
PVD1
40 C
2-9
35 C
2-9.5
Na
11 000
400 psi
80.0%
365
1-1/2"
H2O Innovation
H2O 70
45C
2-12
35 C
2-12
100 psi
13 000
600 psi
99.5%
400
1-1/4"
The table above compares the different membranes used in the maple syrup industry. Please note that the maximum cleaning pH depend on water temperature. For organic clogging, it has been shown that a pH 12 cleaning is 9 times more efficient than a pH 11 cleaning.
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Non-observance of the membrane s recovery rate Non-observance of the permeate volume produced
per membrane Maintenance of pre-filtration cartridges Feed water quality Operating pressure
membranes allows increasing the total recovery rate of a system without damaging the membranes.
60 gpm
Recovery rate = Permeate flow/ Total Flow (Concentrate and Permeate) x 100 Ex: Permeate 10 Concentrate 5, 10 /(5+10) = 0.66 x 100 = 66%
70 gpm 7 gpm 30 gpm
42 %
40 gpm
75% 78% 80% 82% 84% 86% 87% 88% 8.0 9.1 10.0 11.1 12.5 14.3 16.7 18.2 21 21
10.0 11.4 12.5 13.9 15.6 17.9 20.8 12.0 13.6 15.0 16.7 18.8 21.0 21.0
minute / day. The average lies around 450 gph. If this maximum volume is exceeded, clogging is accelerated exponentially. Loss of production versus Permeate flow produced
80% 70% 60% 50%
Gallons of permeate per minute per membrane This is why it is important to balance the production flow of all membranes.
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particles can settle on the membrane; clogging is then irreversible. It is important to use good quality cartridges; H2O Innovation recommends 3M Polyclean or Puretrex cartridges.
recommends to add a bag in series with the other cartridges. The cartridge lifetime will be increased up to 4 times.
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metabolites). These organisms fix on the membrane surface and create a glue which is called bio-film. The bio-film is very hard to remove with traditional cleaning products. It requires a radical treatment. To limit bio-film, it is important not to allow water to get warmer in basins. The higher the temperature in the basins, the fastest the cellular division. This is why it is important to rinse thoroughly your system after each use.
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Operating pressure
Contrary to popular belief, operating pressure isn t a factor of membrane
clogging. But a misuse of the maximum recovery or volume principles can entail an increase in membrane pressure, which is often considered as being the problem, whereas it is only the result.
The table below shows osmotic pressure versus feed water concentration.
Brix Concentration
3.5 % 8% 12 % 14.5 % 17 % 20 % 25 % 30 %
40 psi 100 psi 145 psi 185 psi 225 psi 275 psi 380 psi 500 psi
The Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure necessary to produce a drop of water at given concentration and temperature.
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note that it is important to know the initial PWP. (The initial PWP is measured at the beginning of the season, and updated after each cleaning).
PWP = Pure Water Permeability, i.e. the quantity of Permeate produced in a
PWP is over 20%, it will be hard to properly clean the membrane (see table below).
PWP
25 20 15
PWP PEP
10 5 0
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PWP
When to measure the PWP? It is recommended to measure the PWP after 6 hours of continuous
operation, or when operating pressure has increased by 20%, as well as at the beginning or at the end of each production period.
Procedures: Rinse the membranes with permeate for 15 minutes or until the
conductivity is less than 10 microsiemens. H2O Innovation recommends rinsing with recirculation pumps, so that it takes less time. Adjust membrane pressure to 150 psi (H2O Innovation recommends a 150 psi PWP); at 150 psi, the permeate flow is very close to the actual production flow. Read and note down the total permeate flow for each membrane if possible;. Read and note down the water temperature. Use the correction table to adjust your PWP to 13C.
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PWP Calculation
Example of data: PWPinitial = 25 gpm at 150 psi at 13C Current data: 150 psi, 14 gpm of permeate, 3C PWP = permeate flow/ temperature correction factor PWP = 14 gpm / 0.742 = 18.8 gpm (flow at 13 C)
Yield loss calculation: 100%-((PWP/PWPinital)) x 100) = yield rate in % ( 18.8 / 25) x 100 = 75.4 % of yield 100 % 75.4 % = 24.6 yield loss in %
In this case, a cleaning is essential because loss has exceeded 15%.
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Temperature C
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Correction Factor
0.672 0.695 0.718 0.742 0.766 0.790 0.816 0.842 0.866 0.893 0.919 0.946 0.973
Temperature C
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Correction Factor
1.000 1.028 1.055 1.084 1.112 1.142 1.170 1.200 1.229 1.259 1.289 1.319 1.350
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Cleaning procedures
Standard cleaning
Necessary tools:
pH meter
Conductivity meter
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Standard cleaning
Standard cleaning cycle Fill the cleaning tank Add 350 ml of Lavasol VII or 700 ml of Bio-Membrane for every 100 litres of permeate in the cleaning tank, or adjust the solution at pH 12 or (see table to know cleaning temperatures for each membrane). Then, launch the cleaning mode. To get an optimal cleaning, the flow must be fast so as to create a membrane washout effect. H2O Innovation recommends to use the pressure pump in cleaning mode so as to increase the flow (washout effect), but if your separator doesn t allow a cleaning under 100 psi, the cleaning must be done without the pressure pump. Re-circulate the cleaning solution until temperature reaches a maximum of 45 C (please validate with the informative table on membranes). Rinse the system for 15 minutes or until conductivity is less than 10 microsiemens. Measure the PWP. If gains are not sufficient, you can clean again with Lavasol VII or Bio-Membrane.
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Filmtec
45 C 45 C 40 C 45 C 45 C 40 C 45 C
PVD1 H2O 70
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Complete cleaning
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Complete cleaning
Fill the cleaning tank. Clean with Lavasol VII or Bio-Membrane at pH 12. After 5 minutes of cleaning, we recommend to measure pH and to add
products if needed. When the membrane is filled with organic waste, the pH tends to decrease because the Bio-Membrane or Lavasol VII active agent binds to this organic matter. Re-circulate the cleaning solution until temperature reaches 45 C. Rinse the system. Measure the PWP. Clean with citric acid, 1 cup for each 40 litres of dead volume. Rinse the system. Measure the PWP. Clean with Oxysan, 700 ml for each 100 litres of total volume. Be careful not to exceed 23C. Soak the system with this solution, between 1 hour and 48 hours. (The longer the soaking time, the more efficient.) Rinse the system. Measure the PWP. Clean with Lavasol VII until temperature reaches 45 C. Repeat cleanings with Lavasol VII and Oxysan until the PWP does not increase any more. Always end with a Lavasol VII cleaning.
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Oil at $0.75/l
Evap. EE = 75%
$3.2 / UK gal.
$1.6 / UK gal.
$1.0 / UK gal.
Brix
Source: Center ACER
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of serial membranes on your system (see table). It is also possible to go 2 or 3 times through the membranes with smaller devices. Please note that evaporation is not the same at 20 Brix and 8 Brix.
Number of serial membranes Maximum recommended recovery rate at 8C Concentration if inlet of 2 Brix Concentration if inlet of 2.5 Brix Concentration if inlet of 3 Brix
75% 78% 80% 82% 84% 86% 87% 88% 8.0 9.1 10.0 11.1 12.5 14.3 16.7 18.2
10.0 11.4 12.5 13.9 15.6 17.9 20.8 21 12.0 13.6 15.0 16.7 18.8 21.0 21.0 21
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Membrane storage
bacterial proliferation.
This is why you have to add an additive such as sodium metabisulfite
(Na2S2O5), or sodium benzoate (Na+ + C6H5COO-). These additives are oxygen scavengers which stop bacterial proliferation.
The package must then be sealed (in a bag or a coffer). Finally, the membrane must be stored in a place where temperature
exceeds 0 C.
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Question?
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