Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
When to use Preterite versus Imperfect When to use Era versus Fue
Vocabulary
Lists
Vocab
List
1
Vocab
List
2
(Technology)
Vocab
List
3
Vocab
List
4
Thanksgiving
Vocab
Poema
XX
Danza
Kuduro
Chorus
Lyrics
Journal
Entries
You
Should
Have
Page 1
Future Tense
The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.
Regular
verbs
in
the
future
tense
are
conjugated
by
adding
the
following
endings
to
the
infinitive
form
of
the
verb:
-,
-s,
-,
-emos,
-is,
-n.
There
are
twelve
common
verbs
that
are
irregular
in
the
future
tense.
Their
endings
are
regular,
but
their
stems
change.
Since
the
endings
are
the
same
as
all
other
future
tense
verbs,
we
show
only
the
"yo"
form,
and
have
underlined
the
irregular
stem.
We
have
also
grouped
them
according
to
their
patterns
of
change.
caber
yo
cabr
poner
yo
pondr
decir
yo
dir
haber
yo
habr
salir
yo
saldr
hacer
yo
har
poder
yo
podr
tener
yo
tendr
querer
yo
querr
valer
yo
valdr
saber
yo
sabr
venir
yo
vendr
Page 2
Conditional Tense
Frequently, the conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably. Note: when "would" is used in the sense of a repeated action in the past, the imperfect is used.
To
conjugate
regular
-ar,
-er
and
-ir
verbs
in
the
conditional,
simply
add
one
of
the
following
to
the
infintive:
a
as
a
amos
ais
an
The same twelve common verbs that are irregular in the future tense are also irregular in the conditional tense. Their endings are regular, but their stems change in the same way they change in the future tense.
Page 3
Past
Participles
Verb
Ending
-ar
-er
or
-ir
Forming Past Participles Rule Example Verb Past Participle comido = eaten vivido = lived stem + -ado hablar = to speak hablado = spoken stem + -ido comer = to eat vivir = to live
Irregular
Past
Participles
for
Vowel
+
-er/-ir
Verbs
Verb
Atraer
Caer
Creer
Leer
Or
Poseer
Sonrer
Traer
Verb
Abrir
Cubrir
Decir
Describir
Descubrir
Devolver
Dissolver
Envolver
Escribir
Frer
Hacer
Morir
Oponer
Poner
Proveer
Resolver
Romper
Ver
Volver
Translation
to
attract
to
fall
to
believe
to
read
to
hear
to
possess
to
smile
to
bring
Translation
to
open
to
cover
to
say,
to
tell
to
describe
to
discover
to
dissolve
to
wrap
(up)
to
write
to
fry
to
make,
to
do
to
die
to
oppose
to
put
to
provide
to
resolve
to
break
to
see
to
return
Past
Participle
atrado
cado
credo
ledo
odo
posedo
sonredo
trado
Past
Participle
abierto
cubierto
dicho
descrito
descubierto
disuelto
envuelto
escrito
frito
hecho
muerto
opuesto
puesto
provisto
resuelto
roto
visto
vuelto
Page 4
Present
Perfect
You
use
the
present
perfect
verb
tense
in
Spanish
to
express
or
describe
actions
that
have
happened
recently
and/or
actions
that
still
hold
true
in
the
present.
The
present
perfect
tense
is
one
of
seven
compound
tenses,
which
means
you
use
the
helping
verb
haber
(to
have)
in
the
present
tense
with
a
past
participle.
The
Present
Tense
of
the
Helping
Verb
Haber
Conjugation
yo
he
t
has
usted
ha
nosotros
hemos
vosotros
habis
ellos/ellas
han
ustedes
han
Translation
I
have
You
(informal)
have
You
(formal)
have
We
have
You
all
(informal)
have
They
have
You
all
(formal)
have
In English, for example, you eat in the present, but you have eaten in the present perfect (eaten is the past participle). In other words, youre done eating in the present tense. Granted, the distinction between the past and the present perfect can be a little subtle in any language, but youll get the hang of it. The following sample sentences show the use of the present perfect: Yo he terminado la carta. I have finished the letter. Ellos han empezado la casa nueva. They have started the new house. Ella ha ledo aquella novela. She has read that novel.
As you go around telling people what youve just done or are still doing, keep the following rules and regulations in mind: Never separate the verb haber and the past participle with any other words. When using an object pronoun with the present perfect, the pronoun must precede the conjugated form of haber.
Page 5
In Spanish, the past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows: haba habas haba habamos habamos habais haban The past perfect tense is used when a past action was completed prior to another past action. Expressions such as "ya", "antes", "nunca", "todava" and "despus" will often appear in sentences where one action was completed before another. The auxiliary verb is conjugated for the subject of the sentence, not the object. The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. To make the sentence negative, add the word "no" before the conjugated form of haber.
Page 6
Note: This is review so I did not get into really specific details, just a basic summary. Generally speaking, the preterite is used for actions in the past that are seen as completed. Use of the preterite tense implies that the past action had a definite beginning and definite end.
Generally
speaking,
the
imperfect
is
used
for
actions
in
the
past
that
are
not
seen
as
completed.
Use
of
the
imperfect
tense
implies
that
the
past
action
did
not
have
a
definite
beginning
or
a
definite
end.
As a general rule, you're normally safer using the imperfect of ser (yo era, tu eras, l o ella era, etc.) unless you're clearly talking about a specific time period (as when following the verb with durante).
Page 7
The preposition para shows the following: Destination/place: Salimos para Madrid. (We are leaving for Madrid.) Destination/person: Esto es para Ud. (This is for you.) A future time limit: Es para maana. (Its for tomorrow.) Purpose/goal: Nado para divertirme. (I swim to have fun.) Use/function: Es un cepillo para el pelo. (Its a hair brush.) Comparisons: Para su edad, lee bien. (For her age, she reads well.) Opinion: Para m es demasiado crudo. (For me its too rare.)
Page 8
Constructions with Se
As the equivalent of the English passive voice: By using se, particularly when discussing inanimate objects, it is possible to indicate some sort of action without indicating who performed the action. Grammatically, such sentences are structured in the same way that sentences using reflexive verbs are. Thus in a literal sense, a sentence such as se venden coches means "cars sell themselves." In actuality, however, such a sentence would be the English equivalent of "cars are sold" or, more loosely translated, "cars for sale." Examples: Se abren las puertas. (The doors are opened.) Se vendi la computadora. (The computer was sold.) Se perdieron los llaves. (The keys were lost.) Se prohibe fumar. (Smoking is prohibited.) "No fault" construction: One of the many uses of the word se in Spanish is in a "no fault" construction. Just as the name indicates, this construction is used for unexpected occurrences and does not place the blame on anyone. These sentences include se, an indirect object pronoun which refers to the person(s) involved (usually as an innocent victim) and the verb which is in the third person and agrees with the recipient. For example: A Juan se le perdi la cartera. Juan lost his wallet (Juan's wallet "got" lost). Se me olvidaron tus libros. I forgot your books (Your books were forgotten). Se nos cayeron los vasos. We dropped the glasses. (The glasses fell).
Page 9
Note: This is just a basic summary of the holiday. I would recommend re-reading the chapter we read in class, as there may be questions specific to that. Da de los Muertos, annual festival in Mexico and other parts of Latin America, commonly on November 1st and 2d. Its ancient Mesoamerican roots now augmented by Christian custom, it celebrates the dead with joy and humor rather than mourning, and coincides with All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day. Family graves are cleaned and decorated, and home altars ( ofrendas ) are embellished with offerings, e.g., candles, photos, foods, flowers. Special holiday breads and sugar skulls are baked and consumed, and charmingly colorful folk-art skeletons engaged in a variety of everyday activities commemorate the day.
Page 10
Indirect objects tell to whom or for whom something is done. Just like direct object pronouns replace direct objects, indirect object pronouns are the replacements for indirect objects, which are always personal nouns.
Singular
Plural
nos
(to/for
us)
os
(to/for
you
informal)
1st
person
me
(to/for
me)
2nd
person
te
(to/for
you
informal)
3rd person le (to/for you formal, him, her, it) les (to/for them, you formal)
Notice that the 1st and 2nd person pronouns are the same as the direct object pronouns and that the 3rd person pronouns, "le" and "les" do not indicate any gender.
Page 11
Reflexive
pronouns
work
with
a
reflexive
verb
to
indicate
that
a
person
is
performing
the
action
toward
or
for
him-
or
herself.
These
types
of
verbs
are
not
very
common
in
English,
but
are
used
frequently
in
Spanish.
Many
actions
related
to
personal
care
or
daily
routines
are
reflexive,
but
other
verbs
can
be
reflexive
as
well.
Reflexive pronouns have almost the same forms as indirect object pronouns except se is used in place ofle and les for the third person. The reflexive pronoun will always be the same person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, plural) as the subject of the sentence. The subject is performing the action on him- or herself, making the object of the verb, the same as the subject. Compare two sentences in which one is reflexive and one is not. I wash myself. (Me lavo.) - myself is the object of wash I wash the dog. (Lavo el perro.) - the dog is the object of wash
When the object of the verb is the same person as the subject, you will need to use a reflexive pronoun that matches the subject of the verb in both number (singular, plural) and person (1st, 2nd, 3rd). Me lavo. (I wash myself.) Te lavas. (You wash yourself.) Se lava. (He washes himself./She washes herself./It washes itself./You wash yourself.) Nos lava. (We wash ourselves.) Os lava. (You wash yourselves.) Se lavan. (They wash themselves./You wash yourselves.)
Reflexive Pronoun Forms Singular Plural 1st person me (to, for, from, or off myself) nos (to, for, from, or off ourselves) 2nd person te (to, for, from, or off yourself) os (to, for, from, or off yourselves) se (to, for, from, or off himself, herself, itself, se (to, for, from, or off themselves, 3rd person yourself) yourselves) Reflexive pronouns are placed immediately before simple conjugated verbs and negative commands. acostarse - Ellas se acuestan. (They go to bed.) escribirse - No se escriba notas. (Dont write notes to yourself.)
Page 12
lastimarse = to injure; to hurt caerse = to fall down caer = to fall; to bring down estornudar = to sneeze toser = to cough daar = to damage; to break down recetar = to prescribe embarazada = pregnant (a false cognate!) mareado/a = dizzy; nauseated; seasick; carsick sano/a = healthy grave = serious; grave saludable = healthy la pastilla = pill; tablet fiebre = fever la gripe = flu el dolor (de cabeza) = ache (headache) el resfriado = cold (the illness) el sintoma = symptom la tos = cough la receta = prescription el consultorio = doctors office la radiografa = X-ray la espalda = back el codo = elbow el tobillo = ankle la garganta = throat
Page 13
Note: This list was on a textbook page, so I had to copy-type it. Therefore, this may have a few minor errors. I did my best to make sure it was correct. La calculadora = calculator La cmera digital (de video) = digital (video) camera El canal = (TV) channel La contestadora = answering machine El estreo = stereo El fax = fax (machine) La televisin por cable = cable television El tocadiscos compacto = compact disc player El video(casete) = video(cassette) El archivo = file Arroba = @ symbol La direccin electrnica = email address Internet = Internet El mensaje de texto = text message La pgina principal = home page El programa de computacin = software La red = network; Web El sitio web = website Apagar = to turn off Borrar = to erase Descargar = to download Funcionar = to work Grabar = to record Guardar = to save Imprimir = to print Llamar = to call Navegar (en Internet) = to surf (the Internet) Poner, prender = to turn on Quemar = to burn (a CD) Sonar (oue) = to ring Descompuesto/a = not working; out of order Lento/a = slow Lleno/a = full Computadora = computer
Page 14
la
sugerencia
la
estrategia
la
araa
el
tiro
con
arco
la
flecha
el
arco
el
objetivo
el
desafio
el
cachorro
la
cerca
la
cereza
la
lluvia
el
techo
cerca
acercar
sugerir
(e
ie)
desafiar
cazar
agarrar
rer
(e)
rerse
(de)
suggestion strategy spider archery arrow bow target; objective challenge puppy fence cherry rain roof near, close to approach (to get near) to suggest to challenge to hunt to catch, to grab to laugh to laugh (at)
Page 15
detalle
-
detail
juez
-
judge
tamao
o
talla
-
size
bolsa
-
bag
calabaza
-
pumpkin
la
mueca
-
doll
la
bruja
-
witch
la
probeta
-
test
tube
la
gente
-
people
la
salida
-
exit
juzgar
-
to
judge
adivinar
-
to
guess
extraer
-
to
extract
quedar
-
to
be
situated/located;
to
be
left;
to
remain
quedarse
-
to
stay;
to
be...big,
small,
tight,
long
(a
clothing
fit)
probar
(oue)
-
to
prove;
to
taste;
to
try
on;
to
test
evitar
-
to
avoid
justo/a
-
fair
embrujado
-
haunted
Page 16
Note:
This
is
not
going
to
be
on
the
written
final,
in
the
sense
that
you
dont
have
to
have
these
words
memorized,
but
they
could
be
very
helpful
for
studying
for
the
oral
exam
if
you
are
in
a
group
that
discusses
Thanksgiving.
agradecido
(por)
thankful
(for)
el
arndano
rojo
cranberry
el
budn,
el
pudn
pudding
la
cazuela
casserole
la
cena
dinner
comer
to
eat
la
cucurbitcea
o
la
calabaza
squash
(the
same
Spanish
terms
also
are
used
for
other
related
plants)
el
Da
de
Accin
de
Gracias
Thanksgiving
la
familia
family
el
ftbol
americano
football
(not
soccer)
la
festividad
de
la
cosecha
harvest
festival
glugl
glugl
gobble
gobble
(turkey
sound)
las
gracias
thanks
el
indio,
la
india,
el/la
indgena
americano/a
American
Indian,
native
American
el
maz
corn
la
mazorca
de
maz
corn
on
the
cob
el
noviembre
November
el
ame,
la
batata,
el
boniato
yam
el
otoo
autumn,
fall
el
pavo
turkey
el
panecillo
dinner
roll
los
parientes
relatives
el
pastel
(o
la
tarta)
de
calabaza
pumpkin
pie
el
peregrino
pilgrim
el
pur
de
patatas
mashed
potatoes
el
relleno
stuffing,
turkey
dressing
la
salsa
para
carne
gravy
las
sobras,
los
restos
leftovers
las
verduras
vegetables
Page 17
Poema XX
By
Pablo
Neruda
Note:
These
are
the
same
as
on
the
sheet
we
were
given.
It
would
probably
serve
you
well
to
know
the
lines
you
spoke
in
the
video.
Puedo
escribir
los
versos
ms
tristes
esta
noche.
Escribir,
por
ejemplo
:
'La
noche
est
estrellada,
y
tiritan,
azules,
los
astros,
a
lo
lejos'.
El
viento
de
la
noche
gira
en
el
cielo
y
canta.
Puedo
escribir
los
versos
ms
tristes
esta
noche.
Yo
la
quise,
y
a
veces
ella
tambin
me
quiso.
En
las
noches
como
sta
la
tuve
entre
mis
brazos.
La
bes
tantas
veces
bajo
el
cielo
infinito.
Ella
me
quiso,
a
veces
yo
tambin
la
quera.
Cmo
no
haber
amado
sus
grandes
ojos
fijos.
Puedo
escribir
los
versos
ms
tristes
esta
noche.
Pensar
que
no
la
tengo.
Sentir
que
la
he
perdido.
Oir
la
noche
inmensa,
ms
inmensa
sin
ella.
Y
el
verso
cae
al
alma
como
al
pasto
el
roco.
Qu
importa
que
mi
amor
no
pudiera
guardarla.
La
noche
est
estrellada
y
ella
no
est
conmigo.
Eso
es
todo.
A
lo
lejos
alguien
canta.
A
lo
lejos.
Mi
alma
no
se
contenta
con
haberla
perdido.
Como
para
acercarla
mi
mirada
la
busca.
Mi
corazn
la
busca,
y
ella
no
est
conmigo.
La
misma
noche
que
hace
blanquear
los
mismos
arboles.
Nosotros,
los
de
entonces,
ya
no
somos
los
mismos.
Ya
no
la
quiero,
es
cierto,
pero
cunto
la
quise.
Mi
voz
buscaba
el
viento
para
tocar
su
odo.
De
otro.
Ser
de
otro.
Como
antes
de
mis
besos.
Su
voz,
su
cuerpo
claro.
Sus
ojos
infinitos.
Ya
no
la
quiero,
es
cierto,
pero
tal
vez
la
quiero.
Es
tan
corto
el
amor,
y
es
tan
largo
el
olvido.
Porque
en
noches
como
sta
la
tuve
entre
mis
brazos,
mi
alma
no
se
contenta
con
haberla
perdido.
Aunque
sta
sea
el
ltimo
dolor
que
ella
me
causa,
y
stos
sean
los
ltimos
versos
que
yo
le
escribo.
Page 18
Note:
These
were
retrieved
online,
and
I
did
my
best
to
find
a
correct
version,
but
they
may
be
small
errors.
Take
this
with
a
grain
of
salt.
Las
manos
arriba
Cintura
sola
Da
media
vuelta
Danza
kuduro
No
te
canses
ahora
Que
esto
solo
empieza
Mueve
la
cabeza
Danza
kuduro
Page 19
Note: These should have already been completed and checked, but if you have lost any or want to make sure that you have them all these are the ones you should have. I did my best to find each one, I went through every day of the blog, but if I missed any I am sorry, but I did my best. 1. Write a paragraph in your journal of at least five sentences that describes what you will accomplish next week. Practice using the future tense in your paragraph. 2. First, go to this website of Mexican newspapers. Choose one to peruse. Find an article that interests you and that you believe you can read with some measure of success. PRINT OUT THE ARTICLE and glue it into your Spanish journal. After reading the article, write two paragraphs in Spanish about it --the first saying in your own words what it was about and the second expressing your thoughts on the subject. 3. Answer the following three questions in Spanish in your Spanish journal. Use complete sentences and at least two sentences for each response. 1) Cuando Neruda escribe "A lo lejos alguien canta. A lo lejos" que importancia tiene este verso o linea? 2) Si "el verso cae al alma como al pasto el rocio" como llega la idea del poema al escritor--es facil o dificil, lento o rapido? Porque usa este simil (simile)? 3) Va a escribir mas versos para su amor o van a ser los ultimos? Por que piensas asi? 4. Tonight you should write a paragraph of at least 5 sentences about Halloween. You can describe your best costume or your worst costume (FYI, la palabra costumbre means custom not costume in Spanish), your favorite Halloween or your most memorable Halloween. 5. You are going to write a paragraph of at least 5 sentences in your Spanish journal tonight. Respond to either Prompt A or Prompt B: A) Qu piensas de los resultados de las elecciones? Escoge una cuestin en particular para explorar en tu entrada. Qu vamos a ver como consequencias? Pick one of the issues voted on in yesterday's elections and write your thoughts about the results and what consequences you think we're going to see. o B) Dado la leccin de hoy, describe tus nuevos pensamientos y conocimiento acerca de Puerto Rico y su posicin poltica. Given today's lesson, describe your new thoughts and knowledge about Puerto Rico and its political position. 6. Write an entry of 5 or more complete sentences in your Spanish journals regarding your thoughts about our time with Danessa today--what interested you, surprised you, concerned you, anything about today's subject matter, be it the Maya, education, femicide, or Semana Santa. 7. Escriben una entrada sobre su Da de Accin de Gracias o el fin de semana largo en su diario. 5 frases completas, por lo menos. (At least 5 complete sentences.)
Page 20