Rischs algorithm for integration

We want to integrate ex x + ln(x)x + ln(x)xex f := x(ex + x)2 The elementary eld we obtain is Q(x)(1 , 2 ) with 1 = ex , 2 = ln(x), and so the integrand becomes 1 1 + 1 1 x + 2 x + 2 x1 = + 2 x(1 + x) x(1 + x)2 (1 + x)2 We set A0 = 1 1 + 1 and A1 = and using x(1 + x) (1 + x)2 A0 + A1 2 = B0 + B1 2 + B2 2 2 obtain by differentiation the equations: 0 = B2 A1 = B1 + 2B2 2 = B1 + 2B2 A0 = B0 + B1 2 1 x

Thus B2 is a constant. Integrating the second equation gives us that A1 dx 2B2 2 = B1 b1 where b1 is a constant. By a recursive call we nd that A1 = 1 + 1 = (1 + x)2 1 + ex 1 1 = x = e +x 1 + x (ex + x)2

As no 2 -term is involved we nd that B2 = 0, and we set B1 = B1 + b1 with 1 B1 = , and b1 still an unevaluated constant. 1 + x Now we integrate the third equation. We get: A0 B1 2 dx = A0 B1 2 dx b1 2 = B0 + c

(where c is a constant we will ignore its the integration constant). Substituting values, we get A0 B1 2 = 1 1 1 ( ) =0 x(1 + x) 1 + x x 1 1 = ln(x) x 1 + x e +x

This shows that b1 = 0 and also B0 = 0. The integral thus is f = 2 B1 = 2

Now for a more complicated example. We want to integrate the function 1 1 1 + 2 ln(x) f = x + 2 (x + 1 ) ln(x + 1 ) x 2 2 + ((x2 + x + 1) ln(x + 1 ) + x2 1) ln(x) 2 (x + 1 )2 2
2

+ +

x ( 1 ln(x + 1 ) x) ln(x)2 4 2 2

(x + 1 )2 ln(x + 1 )2 2 2 x+ 1 2

(x 1 ) ln(x + 1 ) x 2

Our eld extension now is Q(x)(1 , 2 ) with 1 = ln(x + 1 ) and 2 = ln(x). 2 Substituting yields: 1 1 + 22 x + 1 x 2(x + 2 )1
1 2 2

x ( 1 x)2 4 2 2

(x + 1 )2 2 1 2

((x2 + x + 1)1 + x2 1)2 (x 1 )1 x + + 1 2 (x + 2 ) x+ 1 2

We collect this as a polynomial in 2 and obtain A2 2 + A1 2 + A0 with 2 A2 := 4 + , (x + 1 )2 2 x 1 2 x A1 := 2 4 (x2 + x + 1)1 + x2 1 + + , (x + 1 )1 x (x + 1 )2 2 2

2

1 1 A0 := x + 2(x + 1 )1 x 2 This gives us the equations: 0 = B3

(x 1 )1 x x+ 1 2

x . 4(x + 1 )2 2 1 2

A2 = B2 + 3B3 2 = B1 + 2B2 A1 = B1 + 2B2 2 A0 = B0 + B1 2

1 x

We integrate recursively, and obtain (see below) x A2 = 42 + (x + 1 )1 2 As (with B3 constant): A2 = B2 + 3B3 2 4 x and B2 = B2 + b2 with B2 = . The equation for A1 3 (x + 1 )1 2 thus gives after integration: 1 A1 2B2 dx = 2b2 2 + B1 x The integral on the left hand side is evaluated recursively again: we get that B3 = 4 (x2 + x + 1) ln(x + 1 ) + x2 1 x2 1 1 2 + dx = ln(x + ) + 4 ln(x) x 2 (x + 1 )2 x+ 1 2 2

The only term involving 2 is the second summand, thus we get that b2 = 4/2 = 2 and B1 = B1 + b1 with a constant b1 and
2 1 = (x 1) 1 B x+ 1 2

Finally we integrate the last equation and get: 1 A0 B1 dx = b1 2 + B0 x The integral is 2x + 2x ln(x + 1 ) + ln(x + 1 ) 2 2 x ln(x + 1 )(2x + 1) 2 1 dx = ln(x) + ln(ln(x + )) 2

and therefore b1 = 1 and B0 = ln(1 ) + c, where again c is the constant of integration. The result thus is 4 f = 3 + (B2 + 2)2 + (B1 + 1)2 + B0 2 3 2 4 1 x 1 = ln(x + )3 + + 2 ln(x + )2 3 2 2 (x + 1 ) ln(x + 1 ) 2 2 +
1 (x2 1) ln(x + 2 )

x+ 1 2

1 1 + 1 ln(x + ) + ln(ln(x + )) + c. 2 2

It remains to solve the recursive integrals. The rst one was the integral of A2 =
1 2

(x + 1 )2 1 2

+ 2

21 4x 4 4 = + x x (2x + 1)2 2 1

The polynomial part of this integrates easily to 4 ln(x). The fractional part simplies to: 1
1 21 x + 2

x x+ 1 2
2

1 2

We deal with the quadratic term in 1 rst. Setting u= we have (chain rule for 1 !) u = 1 2(x + 1 )2 2 and v = 1 2 (x + 1 ) 1 2 1 2(x + 1 )2 1 2 x x+ 1 2 and v= 1 1

and we get by partial integration (this is essentially equation ()): x x+ 1 2

2

1 2

uv = uv

uv=

x (x + 1 )1 2

Note that the integral subtracted is exactly the negative of the term only involving 1 . This gives the claimed antiderivative The next integral to solve was that of 4 (x2 + x + 1)1 + x2 1 x2 + x + 1 4 x2 1 + = 1 + + x x (x + 1/2)2 (x + 1 )2 (x + 1 )2 2 2 x2 + x + 1 4 x2 1 We thus have A1 = and A0 = + . x (x + 1/2)2 (x + 1 )2 2 Recursively we evaluate (using partial fractions): A1 = x 3 2(2x + 1)

3 and thus B2 = 0, B1 = B1 + b1 , B1 = x 2(2x+1) . The next integral is

1 = A0 B1 x+ 1 2

7x + 4 1 1 = 4 ln(x) ln(x + ) x(2x + 1) 2 2

Thus b1 = 1/2 and B0 = 4 ln(x). This gives the claimed integral (B1 + b1 )1 + B0 = x 1 x2 1 3 1 + 4 ln(x) = 1 + 4 ln(x) 2(2x + 1) 2 x+ 1 2

The third integral to be evaluated recursively is that of 2x + 2x1 + 1 1 1 = + x1 (2x + 1) x 1 (x + 1 2 The polynomial part yields the integral ln(x), the rational part has numerator 1 and denominator 1 . x+ 1 2 We set a :=
1 x+ 1 2

=1

and get that a = 0, so a is constant. Thus the integral of the rational part is 1 a ln(1 ) = ln(ln(x + )) 2 and we are done.