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Dynamics of the Continuum Space-Matter

Eduardo Lpez Sandoval


Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fsicas,
Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 150
CEP 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Tel.: 52 21 21417220
E-mail: sandoval@cbpf.br



Abstract
This essay reflects on the universe in its deepest essence analyzing the nature of
space, matter, and time, considering them an indissoluble unity evolving. It is
considered that this development, therefore, determines the dynamics of matter
in space, or conversely, that determines its dynamic evolution, a universe without
beginning or end, and unlimited. This aims to build a cosmology in its deepest
sense, more metaphysical

Any intelligent fool can make things bigger, more complex, and more violent. It takes a touch
of genius - and a lot of courage- to move in the opposite direction.
Albert Einstein

Introduction

The understanding of the universe, studying the Cosmology, in its deepest
meaning is the study of the universe as a whole, as the totality of phenomena,
and depend of our understanding of the basic physical quantities ( space, time,
matter,etc.) and fundamental principles that govern it. That is to say, of
metaphysics in the sense given by Aristotle as the study of the basic constituents
of the world-space, time, matter, etc.. [1]. Whenever there has been a shift to a
more correct conception of these, we come to a deeper understanding about the
reality of the universe. The description that we give of these fundamental
physical quantities is related to the description of its dynamics.
At present there are two opposing positions regarding the metaphysical
description of the universe: 1) as an abstract object (Idealism) or 2) as a concret
object (Realism or Materialism). The philosophical difference between these is that
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the abstract object has no existence in space and nor has causal power [1]. These
two positions or competing visions of the world are represented by quantum
mechanics (QM) and General Relativity (GR). In the first case, the universe is the
vision offered by the MC, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, where the
classical causality and determinism are replaced by probabilistic wave function of the
position of the particles, obtained from the Schroedinger equation. However there
has been a (albeit small) contrary to this interpretation with Einstein, de Broglie,
Schrodinger, Bohm, etc. They believe in a causalist universe, where particles follow a
path in physical space, and not abstract mathematical space, as in the above
interpretation. Einstein summed it up well in his famous phrase: "God does not play
dice with the universe." As for the latter position is the General Relativity, but
handles some complex concepts such as the four-dimensional curvature of
spacetime, its principles are closer to the direct experience of measurable physical
quantities, or indirectly by its effects. Here it is possible to have an image or physical
view of the world (according to Berkson expressing the idea in his book [2]). With
this theory, Einstein gives his vision of a continuous causalist Universe. These two
positions are competing to show which is the most accurate in the description of the
Universe.
Descartes is the first to attempt to explain the universe describing the dynamics
of the bodies (though not the mathematization), that it is necessary to discuss the
essence of space and matter to the understanding of the interaction between the
matter and its movement through the space. He proposes a universe filled with a
fluid ethereal. His vacuum was not empty: all space was filled with matter swirling
ether in large and small vortices and produces what we call gravitational effects [3].
The Newtonian dynamics, but achieves a mathematical description of the
motion of celestial and terrestrial bodies, does not delve into the essence of gravity;
when Newton says "Hypothesis non fingo" (I do not invent hypotheses), recognizes
that he has not an explanation about the nature of gravity.
Although it does define the space and time as absolute and universal, mutually
independent and matter moving through it without affecting and where the matter
interacts between them, with a force acting at a distance instantaneously, without
any intermediary medium and according to their gravitational force law [4]. Besides
he proposed the three laws of the dynamics of the matter with which he gets to
describe the universe with a very good mathematical approach, but not deeper into
the nature of space and time. Coulomb subsequently obtained a similar equation for
the interaction of electric charges inspired by the Newton's theory.
This kind of theory or conception of space is referred to as continent, or
container, because it represent only a passive scenario (not interact with matter, but
is filled with an ethereal substance) which perform the dynamic events with a time
that elapse in a similar manner, and independent between them, anywhere in the
universe [5].
Leibniz opposed to the idea of an absolute space and time, arguing that them
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exist only for their relationship between different objects in the universe. He
proposed an abstract idea about the universe, which means that space is discrete,
discontinuous. This kind of universe is known as relational [5].
The Weber's law generalized the Newtonian gravitational interaction by
including in its formula the velocity between the bodies. He proposed his law
without explaining why the velocity should influence the interaction between bodies.
He also applies it to the interaction between charges and get to deduce the equations
of electromagnetism, currently known as Maxwell equations [6]. According to
Webber, the potential of this force is:

2
2
0
1
1
4 2
i j ij
ij
q q V
U
r c tc
| |
=
|
\ .
(1)
where
ij
r is the relational position of two moving particles and
ij
ij
dr
V
dt
= is their
relational velocity.
Moreover, Gerber, proposes a similar law, but inferred from the interaction or
retarded potential of the bodies. Although it does not explain the reason for this
type of interaction, or the nature of the signal traveling at the speed of light [6].
Its potential, applying it to explain the precession of the perihelion of Mercury as:


|
|
.
|

\
|

=
c
V r
m m
U
ij ij
j i
1
1
(2)
Where
ij
r is the relational position of the mercury planet and the sun, and
ij
ij
dr
V
dt
= its the relational velocity.
Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction law. To explain this phenomenon
implies the existence of a field, in which the interactions between the electric
charges is transmitted through the space adjacent to it is contained. He also
proposed that these fields are generated by forces in the center where are the electric
charges, without specifying exactly what are these forces, or to propose any
mathematical model.
Maxwell takes the field concept of Faraday, and relies on the idea of a space filled
with the ether, which gives physical substance to the field, and here he develops a
mathematical model to synthesize the behavior of the electromagnetic phenomena
in the equations baptized with his name, and whose success is crowned with the
physical description of light. He continued to maintain the idea of an absolute space
and time [2].
Einstein, in disagreement with the hypothetical ether, and influenced by Mach,
disagreed with the concept of absolute space and time independent of the matter,
and suggested, first,an unified space-time system with to the bodies in uniform
relative motion between them, dismissing the idea of the existence of any absolute
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reference (including ether). This theory is known as Special Relativity, but then was
generalized for the bodies with acceleration, with the Equivalence Priciple that say
that this acelarating movement is equivalent to the effect of the gravity force in the
bodies. His General Relativity Theory supposed that a four-dimensional space-time
(with space as a fourth spatial dimension) whose curvature is influenced by the
presence of mass, and that in turn influence the trajectory of bodies. In his own
words [8]:

When forced to summarize the general theory of relativity in one sentence: Time and space and
gravitation have no separate existence from matter. ... Physical objects are not in space, but
these objects are spatially extended. In this way the concept empty space loses its meaning. ... Since
the theory of general relatively implies the representation of physical reality by a continuous field, the
concept of particles or material points cannot play a fundamental part, ... and can only appear as a
limited region in space where the field strength/energy density are particularly high.

An alternative approach recently proposed by A. K. T. Assis in his theory
based in the Relational Mechanics by Leibniz's idea of a relational space, along with
the idea of Mach on the inertia of bodies caused by the mass of the entire universe.
In this work, he attacked the main base of the Special Relativity when it said that the
dynamics of bodies is caused by the interaction between the bodies and not the
referential system where its dynamic is quantified. Here he explains that no matter
that the law has different equation or different form in each referential, as long as
equal quantitatively describe the same phenomenon [9]. Furthermore, Assis used the
Weber force law to quantify the interaction between the bodies [6].

Dynamics of the continuum Space-Matter


Our first impression of the universe is that it is continuous. The best evidence
until now could be the existence fields of the matter: electric and gravitational.
Although the General Relativity Theory (GRT) considers a spacetime (3 +1
dimensions) continuous, it is assumed that it contains matter and that folded space-
time, such as a ball in a bidimensional cloth, where the matter influences the space,
and the space in turn influences the movement of the matter.
In our hypothetical model we assume an indivisible unity, a dynamic continuum
of space-matter, and borderless. We also assume that space has only three
dimensions of space, without time dimension, when time is caused by the dynamics
of space-matter: we consider that the motion of the matter as a fundamental
physical quantity, and time as a byproduct of this. Here we are considering the
matter as the same nature than space, but with a fold or greater spatial tension, that
decays in the space from its center to a radial distance by the well-known inverse
square law. This last property as a result of the stress distribution in a three
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dimensional space, as is the case of light [10]. It's another metaphysical conception
of the universe: space-matter, as "elemental substance of which all physical objects
are" and moving. Here none is more fundamental, and both are in perpetual
dynamic interaction. Although the difference between space and matter could be
considered as stress level, and consider as Mario Bunge explains that "everything
that is part of the physical world is a piece of space, and all substantial property is
owned of a substantial chunk of space. Therefore, any physical thing could be
explained in terms of space, could be the vortex of Descartes, mounds of the space
from Clidford or wormholes from Wheeler "[5]. Here the matter, the electric,
magnetic or gravitational fiels are expressions of the same space with different
degree or stress level and dynamic, and in a different scale.
Our model is more like the Faraday model, or the previously mentioned
Descartes, Clifford and Wheeler models. Differs from Einstein model because he
made a distinction, although subtle, between space-time and matter; also proposed
an equation to describe the universe, but we consider that it is not possible and is
not correct, because it makes no sense to consider the time as another dimension to
the same level of the spatial. Furthermore, the curvature of space is only possible to
define surfaces for volumes not, ie not to dimensional space. For the GRT, it is
defined mathematically to the three-dimensional curved surface of a four-
dimensional volume which we have no way to prove its reality.
Besides, Einstein's equations describe with its tensorials equations as if each
point in space were a center of tension, as it is the case in application of elastic
bodies or liquids, and not just in places of space where exist matter or where there is
concentrated. This is not possible as it is describing a transition in a continuous
system in an area with a singularity at the center of each individual or distribution of
these. Another point against it is that the tensor equations are very complicated
equations to solve, inclusive for only two particles. Although it is possible its
application for unitary and continuous systems, as in the cases of black holes or
neutron star, where the tension in this clase of body is for each point of its volume,
and may be treated similarly to a continuous and/or elastic body.
In conclusion, we believe that it is not possible to describe the universe in all the
complexity of its structure with this equation, both for its technical difficulty, as it
does not correspond to a model of the real universe, in our opinion.
According to a previous work, we proposed a static universe: infinite, eternal
and self-sustaining, with centers of rotation in equilibrium with each other [10]. A
homogeneous universe in balance, although to the scale of galaxies there exist big
events like births and deaths of stars and black holes, but that in the global average
remains unchanged. In such universe is not necessary a dynamics equation because
globally there is not beginning or end: no global evolution. What it is necessary to
find are the fundamental principles that help to explain and give substance to the
local laws of the universe, and their evolution, and why the universe remains
homogeneous and unchanging. So, for our model of the universe it is not required a
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global equations.
The closest equation about the Universe could be the Navier-Stokes Equation
(NSE), as deduced from the principle of continuity, describing the transport and
conservative amount of some kind, which in this case equation refers to the mass,
energy and momentum, the three universal principles of conservation that have to
be respected in the description of the universe at any scale. Although its deduction
is made in a net transport on a local system enclosed by surface that bounds it. A
new cosmology requires universal principles rather than equations of the universe,
which are plausible local laws. The NSE has like a special case the Newton's second
law, and also according to Marmanis [12, 13], can be derived the Maxwell's equa-
tions with a viscosity extra term, taking as analogy of the potential a relation that
depends of the density, and the flow with squared velocity. Then, applying
incompressible fluids as analogy of our model of the universe, it will only describe
the universe as a continuum, with the peculiarities and differences of certain areas of
the universe that we studied are singularities representing the charge or mass matter,
and, as already explained, the stress that produce decays as the inverse square of the
distance. The tensorial mathematical of the NSE does not describe this behavior, as
explained before, and therefore we must find another way to model it.
Moreover, in the classical mechanics Newtons the gravitational field was given a
physical interpretation as a force acting at a distance instantaneously; but the
gravitational potential so far not been given any physical meaning. In
electromagnetism the electric field itself is considered a physical quantity, but not to
its potential. The potential in both cases has been used as a useful mathematical
technique for to obtain a simpler and easier solution, under which the equations to
be solved are of scalar type. Newton did not consider the potential physical reality
because it assumed that interactions were instantaneous, and no need for an
intermediary field. However in the electromagnetism, in the Coulomb law or in the
Poisson equation, was necessary that the electric interaction travels through space,
and also it helped to describe the electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
In electromagnetic theory, the Linard-Wiechert (LW) potential describes the
effects of a scalar and vector potential of moving electric charges, whose interaction
has a retarded time according to the distance and traveling at the speed of light .
The effect of this potential has been interpreted as transmission of information, but
it do not explained what is physically transmitted, and how it is transmitted. But is
clear, is that the effects of the charge can not be described as an effect of action at a
distance.
In the case of potential Gerber [14], which is of the Weber potential type [6] and
includes, besides the retarded time, the velocity of the interacting bodies, according
to a new interpretation developed by Jaume Gine [14], gets explain physically this
retarded potential gravitational interaction, but with double effect, going from
sender to receiver and back [15]. The importance of this potential is that is getting
the exact calculations of the perihelion precession of the Mercury planet [15] and
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the deflection of light passing near of the sun [16], similar to the results obtained
with the General Relativity, but based entirely on different concepts and
mathematical.
These same results can be obtained with the Weber potential but adjusting a
parameter [16]. In fact, these potentials can be interpreted as a particular case of the
LW potential, but with the difference that last is considered the orientation of the
position and velocity vectors of the particles with respect to a reference system, and
instead in the Weber or Gerber potential or particle interaction is relational [5, 8].
The physical interpretation we give this kind of potential is that the effect of time
delay by the moving particles is similar to the Doppler effect by the accumulation or
depletion of the "signal" of potential between them [18].
This could be explained physically why using the Gerber potential the correct
results are obtained for the deflection of light and the perihelion precession of
Mercury. This is because when considering this correction to the classical
calculations have to take into account the Doppler effect caused by the relational
motion between the planet and the sun, it is reflected the waves of its potential of
the planet in the sun, and this effect slightly affects the sun because its great mass,
but the reflected wave it is significant to cause precession for the planet.
Similar to the scalar potential, it has been considered that the vector potential also
has physical reality according to the interpretation of the Aharonov-Bohm effect (A-
BE) [19]. For a reinterpretation of the A-BE and that gives mathematical details to
our model, see Appendix A: Quantum Hydrodynamics and the Aharonov-Bohm effect.
Finally, and according to all this arguments and more that will give give later,
we propose the hypothesis that the potential that better describe the dynamics of
the Continuum Space-Matter are those obtained with the general solutions of
Maxwell's equations for scalar and vector potential (LW potentials) for charged
particles with q charge or m mass with relational interaction (here just express it
with m, but is indifferent):


1
( , ) ( )
(1 )
r
r t q m
v
r
c
|
(
(
=
(
(

y
( )
( , )
(1 )
r
q m v
A r t
v
c
r
c
(
(
=
(
(

(3)

where r is the relational distance between two particles, v
r
its relational velocity, and
v its rotational velocity of the particle that generates its potential with respect to the
space or static universe and / or around its own axis (spin). Although it can be
considered that the vector potential as a special case of the scalar, and can be
rewritten as [20]:

( , ) ( , )
v
A r t r t
c
| = (4)
8

These potential include as condition the Lorentz gauge and that unlike coulomb
gauge where the interaction is instantaneous, the transmission is contiguously, as a
wave and with the speed of light; this gauge guaranteeing the continuity of the
space-matter [13, 20]. Also these potentials describe the singularity of the particles
with the inverse square law and the transmission of disturbance by the continuous
space.
We adopt these two potentials that describe how the relational interaction of the
moving bodies in a space-matter continuous Universe, and with physical
singularities in the charge centers or matter in motion. We interpret physically its
potential as the tension or pressure of space-matter in analogy to a fluid according
to Marmanis work [12, 13], but using the LW potential that takes into account these
singularities (sources). This potential, therefore, describe the mutual interaction
between two or more particles in motion (the | potential is the pressure caused by
the charge or mass of the bodies); the vector potential A described the vortex in the
space caused by the own rotation (spin) or a loop of current of chage (or matter),
both generating the magnetic field, according to the hydrodynamic interpretation of
Maxwell Equations did by Marmanis [12] and Rousseaux [13]. A similar effect may
exist in the case of rotation of the masses. The two types of interactions between
the particles will move contiguously, as already explained, by the space as a spherical
wave at the speed of light, similar to a fluid traveling in the pressure variation when
a body is moved on it; each body will receive the pressure variation of the other
bodies (similar to the Doppler effect, as already mentioned), besides the own caused
to another bodies and that it returned, according to LW potential, as we consider
here. With the sum of its potential (dependent on its position and velocity) will take
its mapping, and with the resulting potential gradient, we will describe the dynamics
of bodies. As additional hypothesis, here we no longer believe that there is a
gravitational or electric field contained in the space, but is the same space that
suffers stress (which are manifested in these two physical quantities), and where it
moves.
Therefore, with the LW potential, which includes the fields and potential,
considering that the mass and electric charge are similar effects to different scale,
but not a field that travels through space, but a disturbance or effect on the same
space that is transmitted at the speed of light (in a similar way to mechanical wave).
That the two effects have the same transmission velocity could to indicate that this
assumption is true.
For the particular case of electric charges with two types of polarities, we
consider that the negative charge could have a physical representation as a
compression of space, ie a force towards the center (negative potential). In the case
of the positive charge would be a tension or forces out of its center (positive
potential). This model would be similar to the idea of Faraday forces centers,
although in our case would be the stress of the space, analogous to the metaphor of
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the plastic sheet of the GTR from Einstein, but instead of curvature of the four-
dimensional space (3 + 1), would be the stress distribution in the three dimensional
space.
For interactions between oppositely charged, its potential decrease in its vicinity
for the potential positively charged and grow for the potential of the negative
charge, canceling in its middle zone (zero potential) as shown in Figure 1a, and its
gradient tension cause voltage tend to move in that direction and join respect to
where the particles tend to move, i. e., in the direction of lower pressure (or
voltage), in analogy to the liquid or elastic bodies. In contrast, for charges of same
polarity, positive or negative, its tension will increase in the area of interaction
between them, and decrease on the opposite side, so that the particles tend to repel
each other, moving in the opposite direction where the gradient of tension is lower.
The electrical interaction, although the effect is very strong, only is significant at
close range, when the particles are close enough, unlike gravity. Although its
magnitude is thousands of times greater than gravity, his influence is only effective
at close range. Only when it accumulates a lot of charge, such as a capacitor, its
range is wider.
The gravitational force, according to our hypothesis, it would be also caused by
the manifestation of the tension of the space described by the potential of LW
(adjacent to the transmission of the effect at the same speed of light c for the same
space-matter), but as another manifestation of this on a larger scale, to the
macroscopic level, reaching the entire universe, as we explain below.
Even if the tension between the charges are canceled at short range, the tension
or the folding of the space does not decrease to a certain level, or little, since the
positive polarity voltage has a higher folding (mass) than the negative , and therefore
only cancels one thousandth. It also could explain alternatively as a torsion
produced between the two charges, which contract the space around them, as
shown in its lines of force in Figure 1. This effect could to help to explain the
gravity, although is weaker to small scale, as it has not a singularity as the electric
charge (and for the same reason, it receives an attraction or repulsion to high
magnitude to short range); but is cumulative, so its effect is far-reaching. This
cumulative stress of the space cause the changing the dynamics of the bodies to alter
their movement (due to the modification of the total tension of the space) by
changing its speed and trajectorybetween them. The displacement of the body will
dominate or be dominant in the direction where the highest concentration of
particles produced greater tension in the space between this, and another smaller
body (even for deformation so weak as light), and accelerates or deflcts thebodies
(or radiation) to itself. Although the body with much smaller mass contributes to the
strain or stress of the space between them, the attraction of the more massive body
is smaller; i. e., has lower inertia mass because tension less the space, and is therefore
compelled to the other body. This effect would explain the Einstein equivalence
principle, since a more massive body like the earth or the sun attracts much less
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massive bodies with roughly the same acceleration as the predominant strain is
caused by the greatest mass, and not makes much difference to be detected.
In the study of this dynamic, our reference system is only a mathematical
tool: static, fixed in space, not necessarily fixed in translational bodies or
rotational motion, and therefore does not influence or determine its dynamics, as
such for Newtonian mechanics or Special Relativity. Although we do not
consider space as absolute as it changes locally in accordance with the motion of
the bodies, we can suppose hipotetically a fixed reference system on the universe
and that, on average, to large scale, is static, as shown in a previous work [10],
and that helps us describe the dynamics of space-matter. Although it should not
matter which reference is taken (may be in a body (particle) in motion), but
should not influence the dynamics of bodies, as implemented in the Relational
Mechanics, and that (unlike special relativity ) is the interaction between bodies
that determine its dynamic. The reference system we choose has not to influence
it, and must describe the same phenomenon, as explained Assis in its book about
the relational mechanics [9].
Although the Quantum Mechanics describes the quantization of energy and
displacement at the atomic level, and that is the paradigm of the idea of a
discontinuous universe, has recently proposed an alternative model that can explain
these as caused by the dynamic effect the retarded potential in the orbits where
there are steady states without torca [21]. This could be an indication that it is
possible to explain the quantum behavior of the particles with such retarded
potentials in a continuous space-matter. Furthermore, according to the theory
proposed by Madelung, is possible to describe the solution of the Schroedinger
equation with a wave function as a continuous charge distribution in the space, and
that replacing this function on the Schrodinger equation, we get a system of
equations similar to those of the classical hydrodynamics, and which are known as
the quantum hydrodynamic equations [22]. According to an explanation given by
Feynman to the theory of superconductivity [23], and we consider that their
equations are more correct than those obtained with the interpretations given by
Bohm (according to Madelung) [22], or the same Madelung [22], or more recently
Tsekov [24] for an explanation of the nature of quantum mechanics (see Appendix
A, to read our interpretation):

V
t


c
= V
c
(5)

and

2 2
2
( )
2 2
m
V q
t m
u
|

| |
V c
+ =
|
|
c
\ .
(6)

11

with
qA
V
m
u V
= . The first equation is the law of continuity of these potentials
and density, and the second is the equation of quantum hydrodynamics. These
potentials could be those of LW, but here for the atomic distances the retarded
effect could be very small.
It is physically possible to interpret these equations using the Aharonov-Bohm
Effect (A-BE). That is, its possible to understand what these equations means,
interpreting the physics of these equations according to our model of continuous
universe because, as Feynman said in his lectures, "getting to explain this
phenomenon would help to understand the quantum phenomena". According to
our hypothesis the interference in the electronic distribution that occurs in the
screen is due to the wave function of the | potential (which according to our
hypothesis, it is the in the Schrodinger equation) that representing the electrons in
the space when moved in the direction of the windows (with the the speed of light).
These waves interfere before and after passing the windows, since electrons precede
them, and that is what causes that these have this type of distribution, since
interference from their fields favors this orientation of electrons on the same
interference pattern. This distribution can be described as the square of the sum of
the waves generated by these physical potential, and we're not considering them as a
probability function according to the Copenhagen interpretation. From this
interpretation we can make an analogy with the hydrodynamics, as any body that
moves in a fluid and generate a wave with other waves of other moving bodies
interfere with each other in the changing fluid pressure and displacement, and both
are modifying the motion of the bodies. But also these particles have an own
internal rotation (spin) or rotational translation in a loop that generates a rotational
disturbance of the space and physically interpret as the magnetic field. Accordingly
with this ( explained with more detail in Appendix A), this will cause that the A-BE
the interference is modified in the presence of a magnetic field by the rotating part
of the vector potential; or aout of phse when the magnetic field is isolated, but
remains the effect of the scalar field. Therefore, according to this metaphor the
function is interpreted as the potential of the internal rotational or own rotational
(spin); A would be the potential of the rotational moment.
In the expression on the right of the equation (6) we have the expression with
the density gradient and according to our interpretation representing the gradient of
the pressure, divided by the density, i. e., the mass enthalpy. This density is the result
of the sum or linear interference of all waves and that, as we said before, physically
interpret as the waves generated by the potential | of the relational movement of
the particles.
With this equation, we can see that it is possible to describe the quantum
behavior of a set of particles with the Quantum Hydrodynamics, as long as we know
its scalar and vector potential. This undoes the myth that the Quantum Mechanics
12
describes a discrete universe, and we see that it is possible to explain it as a
continuous system, like liquids. It also shows that the basic fields for all the fields of
physics are the scalar and vectorial fields.
Moreover, paradoxically the quantization for retarded potential not only occur at
the atomic level but also at the level of the solar system, where in this case,
according to the rule from Titius, the planets (or satellites) orbit the sun (or any
planet) following a geometric progression of its distance from the sun (or planet)
with respect to the rotational period, which is a function of position (n = 1,2,3, ...)
of the rotational center [21]. Although exist very much controversy as to whether
there is a physical interpretation of this regularity, the most plausible explanation is
that this is caused by the rotational resonance of the planets, or satellites. According
to this, only exist certain areas permitted where its rotation are orbits with cycles
can be stationary, which complies with the principle of conservation of angular
momentum (without torca) and that there are not unstable due to resonance,
although paradoxically located near these areas [25, 26]. These stationary orbits
could be limit cycles according to the qualitative theory developed by Poincare in his
famous theorem [27], and demonstrated by Bendixon [28].
In this work we have no needed to propose relational force or an action-
reaction law, as these are already involved in the potential of the continuous
system of space-matter and which is obtained by calculating its gradient and
applying Newton's second law. It is still satisfied only for forces which are
derived from a retarded potential.
The main objection has been taken to such forces or retarded potentials like
Weber, is that it does not comply with the principle of conservation of energy.
Gerbers law does not have this problem, and neither the LW potential, because
according to the demonstration by F. Bunchaft & S. Carneiro [29], this satisfies the
energy conservation principle.


Analysis and Discussion

In our model of the continuous universe we are considering that the space and
matter are indivisible units, without borders, but with particles with a singular
center. The only difference between this particle and the space would be the high
degree of tension that exists near the center of the particles, and which prevents
any disturbance or particle can be moved on it. Outside of the singular zone, the
tension decreases proportionally with the inverse of the distance, and is what is
known as the field of the particle. In addition, this disturbance is the stress of
the space itself and not a field disturbance that travels through space.
This conception of space and matter is known as the raw material. Its main
proponents are Descartes with its vortices, Clifford with mounds of space,
13
Faraday with his strength centers and Wheeler with his wormholes. This
hypothesis contrasts with the idea of absolute space that sees the space as a
passive scenario, abstract, where matter interacts between them, without interact
itself with the space. Here are the theory of Newton and even the Special
Relativity. The other conception about the space, is the relational, which
considers the existence of space and time by the network of relationships
between objects (atoms, fields) and events [5]. The original proponent of this
idea was Leitniz, and currently has been revived by Assis [9].
The importance of having clear a metaphysics (in the Aristotle's sense), i. e. a
vision or image of the world (and not just an abstract idea or mathematical) [1],
is that it gives the possibility to say what is the space, time and matter, etc. and to
try to verify the facts in its physical essence, and the relationship between them.
For physical essence we mean it is an entity that we can recognize with our
senses, and we can quantify or verify directly with a measuring device, or
indirectly with a model. Because only in this way, trying to understand the
essence of the universe is as we get a better understanding of physical
phenomena and we can also obtain the best estimate of physical quantities.We
could have a mathematical model of the world (there are many examples of
them actually) that we could describe with good numerical approximation a
physical phenomenon. But this does not mean that we understand what is really
happening. Our mathematical model could be as a black box, but the same
ignorance of the essence of the physical quantities keeps us from to know their
limitations, and improve it. As expressed by Berkson [2]:

A metaphysics allows us to advance in the development of a new theory closest to reality.

A group of equations mean nothing if there is not a model that interprets each
variable with a physical quantity.
Every theory has its metaphysical presuppositions although we are not aware
of it, but these are necessary for this to be meaningful. Probably we will never
know they are in essence the physical quantities of our theories, and perhaps are
beyond the limit of what we can understand, but they allow us to explain and
describe facts and consequences of these, in some cases we can model and
quantify. For example, will probably never know the true nature of space or time,
but conceptually we can imagine and approach using analogies, but never have
absolute certainty of its essence or ontology.
In this paper we start from the idea that the universe is continuous, unlike the
worldview of the Classical Mechanics from Newton or the Relational mechanics,
where the matter is supposed to be separate in the space, and as a result the
interaction between the particles is instantaneous. But suppose that this
continuity has inhomogeneities (without losing continuity) and propose how an
14
elastic membrane analogy with center with stresses is distributed throughout the
sheet. These centers are singular points whose influence is transmitted
contiguously and continuously, and whose potential decays as the inverse distance
law through the space. We could also make an analogy with a liquid in its
continuity and properties already explained. These analogies are limited to the
creation of a model, if we fails to describe with any degree of accuracy the
universe, the metaphysical assumptions are validated, then, although we do not
know to what extent is real, or not get their full esence, get us closer to a more
accurate understanding. In this sense, our model gives a clearer picture of the
universe, and simplify much of the mathematical compared to other models.
Our model, unlike GRT from Einstein, and even Clifford theories or Wheeler
physical geometry is more physics than geometric, because described as an
analogy the accumulation of tension in an elastic membrane instead of the
mathematical concept of a curvature in a three dimensional surface of a four-
dimensional space. It also defines and proposes less arbitrary elements than other
models, making it more acceptable. The GRT considers the space-matter as a
duality where the Rienmanian structure contains the space matter, and as one
changes the other. In contrast, we consider the space-matter as a unity, a
indivisible continuity. In addition, the GRT proposes an equation of the universe,
which we do not consider possible, and instead propose local interaction between
particles with the LW potential, with the NSE as the equation of conservation of
the matter-energy.
We believe that the fundamental in our universe is the above mentioned as
unity and indivisibility of space-matter, with none being more fundamental than
the other, in constant tension, and eternal and infinite coexistence. We consider
that the particles are singular zones of space with a density (or tension,
depending of the model used) that is going to a very large value, almost infinite
(physical singularity), and causes no other particle or wave can move through it.
The space would be the outside zone, where out of its boundary the stress
decays proportionally with the inverse of the distance.
The causal effects of interaction of the particles travel in the space similarly
to the electromagnetic wave interactions. The gravitational effects as the
precession of the perihelion of Mercury, or the deflection of light to a massive
body like the sun, can be explained as retarded potential effects of gravity, a
Doppler effect of the gravitational potential [20]. The deflection of the light can
be explained by the same tension that produces mass of the sun in the space, and
which causes the vibrational frequency of the light increases, and the wavelength
decreases when approaching these, and deviates. If our distance parameter is the
wavelength of light, and the frequency of vibration of the time, we can
understand why it travel longer than its average life could afford. This same effect
could explain the pion decay retarding and contraction in its length.
15
The particle does not have a sharp boundary within limit with the space, but
the tension of the space near the center is so great that any particle or wave just
gets moved to a limit radius. Its influence decays with the inverse distance law in
outer space, because this is distributed through the three dimensional space, as
with the light transmission [10]. The accumulation of the particles accumulates
tensions in space in a similar way with a elastic membrane. Thus, the dynamics of
the bodies or the radiation will be determined by the modification of the space
induced by the tension produced by the particle system, and follow the direction
of the gradient with lower potential (tension or pressure). The bodies or the
same light can follow curved trajectories according to these gradients. In a space
of this type there is no difference between these movements (particle or field),
since it is the space itself, or the same stress of the moving space. Thus, the
tension is which determines the curved movement and not a curved space.
Although this could be interpreted as the same space is curved (or the optimal
trajectory is a curved space), but unlike the GRT, this happens in three spatial
dimensions, and not on a "curved surface" of three dimensions (something
abstract and difficult to imagine), but on the same three-dimensional space
around the matter distribution centers or charge.
A traditional or usual position in classical mechanics was thought that the
light was not attracted by gravity, which suffered no deviation from the straight
path, even though there are classical calculations that predict the deviation with
some approximation to the observed. This is a remnant idea of reductive
dichotomy of space and matter. But if we think the space as a continuous space-
matter field as we do here, this view change, and with the retarded potential
correction is obtained accurate results in the perihelion precession of Mercury
[16] and the light deflection [17] .
The Universe have not a proper geometry: it is a dynamic of particles
modifying the tension of the space, and which in turn modifies its trajectory by
the three-dimensional space. Here we do not talk of geodesic curve nor force,
but gradient of the potential. The concept of force may be used only in the case
of two particles, or a particle in an average field of a set of particles, because in
most cases the dynamics of two particles, i. e., the evolution of the spatial
gradient, is more complex, and its solution requires considering it, which changes
each instant time. Therefore, it is more correct to define it as interaction, since
the force indicates only that a body acts upon the other, while the second
indicates that bodies interact with each other. The concept of force could be
applied only in the case of a distribution of matter or charge with the average
field acting on a particle, and the field of the particle not affecting the particles
position of the distribution. It is applied as ideal or approximate solution, but in
more realistic situations, it should be considered its global dynamics, i. e. the
interactions between each bodies in the temporal evolution of the potential for
16
the continuous space.
That we consider the potential as the space tension is an interpretation, but is
it correct? Also that the interactions of the matter is due to forces, or due to the
curvature of four-dimensional space or any other concept is arbitrary, because
them only are models of the universe. The best model, analogy or metaphor we
have to bring better understanding and a better description of the dynamics of
the Universe. And this will be the best proof of its truth, the correct
metaphysical, as explained in the beginning.
According to our view, the potential represents a stress level (equipotential)
of the space, and the gradient the pressure that pushes the bodies (tension
centers or matter) through the space with less tension. Now, according to the
Poisson law, the divergence of this tension that represent the compression of
the space, would be physically its mass, that for a particle would be, by its
singularity, infinite in its center and decaying with the inverse-square law out of it.
Then, it is possible to represent the tension of space with the scalar potential
without using tensors.
According to this work, time is not primary physical variable such as space,
matter or motion of bodies, but a parameter that arises from the dynamics of
space-matter continuum, as a byproduct of the processes in nature. Time implies
the existence of processes as physical or biological clocks, have cycles, beginning
and end, evolution, dynamics and evolution of the universe, locally and globally.
Although exist a feeling, a sense of time, it is often difficult to quantify directly,
in the same way as for the length. The most accurate way is to take as a
parameter the vibrations of electromagnetic radiation, where the time is
measured with the frequency, and the dimension with the wavelength. But these
also suffer modification due to gravity as the mass, and therefore it is not an
absolute unity and universal as discussed in special and general relativity.
It is consider like charge the particles (center of tension) that interact with
two polarities, and as a mass to its dynamic due to the tension of the space
caused for themself. This is the Equivalence principle from Einstein, and here
with will explain an interpretation with our model. The interaction as charge is
physically significant only at close range, and the gravity when the mass is higher.
That's why even when electrical interactions must to use its inertial mass m in the
second Newton law
Then, the difference between charge and mass would be noticed to different
scale as the charge is the interaction that is significant only in the vicinity of its
singular radius (nuclear force, principally), while out of this, the effect act as the
Coulombian force. The gravitational force is noticed to a higuer spatial scale
because this rise as an accumulation of the tension caused for the union of the
particles. The tension is caused by the the charges of opposite polarity, which
nullify its charge at the local level, but increasing global tension. This is why
17
gravity is an interaction of greater intensity to longer range of distance than
electric: it is cumulative.
The amount of mass is equivalent to the amount of tension, and the more it
grows, it has more inertia. What this means is that for a body would be more
difficult to change its dynamics (trajectory or acceleration) when its mass is
greater mass than the other mass around it (because the tension produced around
it is greater), or throw out of its apparent static state. So, the particle, or the
distribution of particles with a greater mass dominate the movement of the
other with less mass. An example is the solar system where all the planets rotate
around the sun.
For charged particles (regardless of its polarity) its displacement is to the area
of lower pressure (pressure gradient) because in areas with higher stress (charges
with the same polarity) this can become so large that they can not move more
and repulsion is exerted (because their tendency is to move to the area of lower
pressure). For the mass, on the contrary, its movement is accelerated due to the
highest tension in its surrounding space, since here the interaction between
bodies emerges from its dynamic movement due to the tension of the space (on
a scale larger space), and the tension changes its path or acceleration toward
more massive bodies, and and it only remains static when collides with another
body of much greater mass, such that the tension between them is so large that
prevents the displacement out of there of the less massive, and is trapped in the
path of the massive body throught the space.
In our model the nuclear force is the same that the electric force, only that as
a special case when the two particles with opposite polarities (proton and
electron) are practically together and annul its opposite tensions to any other
charges, which prevents them to disjoin. This could to explain the nuclear fusion,
and the nuclear formation. As a hypothesis we assume that the neutron could be
formed with these two types of particles, and is why it is possible that a proton
binds to a neutron, and the negative charge of the electron could bea link, or glue
to the two positive charges, avoiding repulsion. And consequently the core
structure for heavier elements would be a structure with two polarities
interactions in equilibrium.









18
References

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20
Annex A

Quantum Hydrodynamics and the Aharonov-Bohm effect

According to quantum mechanics, probabilistic amplitude of a particle that goes from a to
another place b in the presence of a magnetic field with vector potential A is:

0
| | exp
b
A A
a
q
b a b a A dl
h
=


=
`

)
}
, (1a)
An equivalent manner to write this equation is by the Schroedinger equation,


1
2
qA qA q
i t m i i

|
c | | | |
= V V +
| |
c
\ . \ .
(2a)
According to this, we can deduce the current equation that has the following expression:


1
2
qA qA
J
m m

-
-

( (
= +
`
( (


)
, donde
i
= V (3a)
Traditionally, the current is interpreted as the product of the probability density of the particle
location and velocity. The operator in brackets represents the velocity V

qA
V
m

=
therefore we can write

mV qA = +

where is defined as the dynamic moment.

In this work we interpret the as the waves of the retarded potential generated by the
particles with their movement and * is interpreted as the intensity of the wave. Now, as the
these waves are linear, the resulting distribution or result overlaping will be the sum of all of
them, and therefore we can write a general solution to a fluid Similarly, according to the
interpretation of quantum mechanics made by Madelung and Bohm [23]:


( , )
( , ) ( , )
i r t
h
r t r t e
u
= (4a)
where
2
( , ) ( , )
i
i
r t r t
(
=
(

is the total intensity of the waves overlap, and


( , ) i r t u
is its
phase. Now, substituting the wave function (4a) in (3a), we obtain the current equation

q
J A
m
u
| |
= V
|
\ .
(5a)

By analogy with the classical current equation we know that
21


mV qA u = V . (6a)

Now substituting the function (4a) in the Schrodinger equation (2a) we obtain


qA
t m
u

c V | |
= V
|
c
\ .
(7a)
o
V
t


c
= V
c

And we also get


2
2 2
( )
2 2
m qA
q
t m m
u u
|

| |
V c V | |
+ =
|
|
|
c
\ .
\ .
(8a)

that can be expressed as


( )
2
2
2 2
1 1
2 4 2
m
V q
t m

u
|

| |
V
c
| + = V
|
c
\ .
(8b)

This equation is analogous to hydrodynamics equation, except for some details. For example,
the velocity V is not directly deduced of the gradient from a scalar potential, but the sum of
this with the vector potential A (eq. 6a). This gives also it the property of being a rotational
potential.
As is the scalar potential of the phase, its gradient is its rate of change. The velocity V (the
difference of these two potential) is only an analogy with respect to liquids. Regarding the
expression of the second term of the eq. (8b), it can be expressed analogously to the equation
as the mass enthalpy of a hydrodynamic fluid:


( )
2
2
2
1 1
4 2
p
m


| |
V
V
| = V
|
\ .
(9a)
So we can write
( )
2
2
2
1
4 2
p
m

| |
V
| V = V
|
\ .


Equation (9a) also has physical meaning analogous to fluid dynamics, because as we observe
potential gradient is a function of the density, as happens with traditional fluids. Furthermore,
the expression in parentheses is analogous to the approach used in the density functional
theory to model the electric potential of the molecules.
22
We can see that the equation (6a) is an expression much similar to the gauge
transformation, A A u ' = +V , except for the sign and the constants. We could generalize the
wave function (1a) and (4a), and to replace by the more general line integral of the equation
(6a) in (4a),



( )
( , ) ( , )
i
qA dl
h
r t r t e
u

V
}
= (10a)

Consequently we can to reduce this to

( , ) ( , )
iq
i A dl
r t r t e
u

+
}
= (11a)

which is a generalization of Equation (1a) and (4a). This shows us what could be the physical
interpretation of the vector potential and gauge transformation.

With this we can to interpret the Aharonov-Bohm effect. We know that for two windows
are passing a flow of electrons, behind of which there is a solenoid with isolated magnetic
field. Although the electrons are not receiving the influence of the magnetic field, undergoes a
phase shift distribution in the screen where are colliding, with respect to when the solenoid is
off.
Of the function (11a) is inferred that this effect is due to the rotational vector potential A is
zero, but not its | scalar part, which is what causes the out phase.
Therefore, we conclude that the linear integral of the moments of the scalar and vector
potential around a closed path of the equation (10a) can be interpreted as the rotation of the
spin operator and the current loop respectively. These represent physically the vorticity of my
system, i. e., the effect of the scalar magnetic field (the electron intrinsic rotationor spin).










23

Figure 1. Distribution of the electric field and the equipotential between similar charges (a),
opposite (b) with a negatively charged plate (c) and charge distribution (d).

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