Theory

Rectifier:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.

Uses of Rectifier:
Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of flame.

Rectification:
Rectification is the process of Conversion of AC (Alternating) current to DC (Direct) current.

The simple process of rectification produces a type of DC characterized by pulsating voltages and currents (although still unidirectional).

Types of Rectification
There are two types of Rectification: Half Wave Rectification Full Wave Rectification

Half Wave Rectification:

In half wave rectification of a single-phase supply, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower. Half-wave rectification requires a single diode in a single-phase supply, or three in a three-phase supply.

The Half-wave Rectifier:

The half-wave rectifier is the simplest type of rectifier since it only uses one diode as shown.

When the AC input is positive, the diode is forward-biased and lets the current through. When the AC input is negative, the diode is reverse-biased and the diode does not let any current through, meaning the output is 0V. The output DC voltage of an ideal half wave rectifier is:

Full Wave Rectification:

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and yields a higher mean output voltage.

The Full-wave Rectifier:

In full wave rectifier four diodes are arranged so that both the positive and negative parts of the AC waveform are converted to DC.

When the AC input is positive, diodes A and B are forward-biased, while diodes C and D are reverse-biased. When the AC input is negative, the opposite is true - diodes C and D are forward-biased, while diodes A and B are reverse-biased.

Capacitor:
A capacitor is an electrical device for storing charge. In general, capacitors are made from two or more plates of conducting material separated by a layer or layers of insulators. The capacitor can store energy to be given to a circuit when needed.

Symbol of Capacitor Capacitor For a capacitor of capacitance C connected in circuit with a battery of voltage V:

So
Where:

Q = CV

Q is the stored charge C is capacitance of Capacitor V is the potential difference

Oscilloscope:
An oscilloscope is a laboratory instrument commonly used to display and analyze the waveform of electronic signals. In effect, the device draws a graph of the instantaneous signal voltage as a function of time.

A typical oscilloscope can display alternating current (AC) or pulsating direct current (DC) waveforms having a frequency as low as approximately 1 hertz (Hz) or as high as several megahertz (MHz). High-end oscilloscopes can display signals having frequencies up to several hundred gigahertzes (GHz).

Experiment # 02
Objective: To demonstrate the use of Diode as a half wave rectifier. Equipment:
Oscilloscope Resistor of 1k Transformer Analogue and Digital Multi meter Connecting wires Diode IN4007 Bread Board Capacitor of 100F

Circuit:

Procedure:
1. 2. 3. 4. Connect the circuit as shown in figure: Measure the AC voltage across the output terminals of voltage transformer. Observe the input and output waveform of the circuit with the help of an oscilloscope. Measure the RMS, average and peak value of input and output voltage with the help of Multi meter and Oscilloscope. 5. Calculate PIV (peak inverse voltage).

6. Calculate the of half wave rectifier by:

Efficiency (H.W)

Pdc / Pac

Pdc

Vdc Idc

Pac

Vrms Irms

( Vrms )2 / RL

7. Now connect a capacitor of 100 F as shown below and calculate Vrms and average of ripple.

It shows when capacitor is added then there occur ripple in output waveform and

VR(P-P)
Vrms

VP(rect) / RL f C
VR(P-P) / 2 2

Observation and Calculation

Resistor: 1K

Input: Vp Vp-p Vav Vrms = 10 V = 20 V = 0V = 6.4 V

Output: Vp (Vp-p) = 17 V Vav = 1.72 V Vrms = 4.1 V Efficiency: = 7.2 When Capacitor is added: Vp(Vp-p) = 8 V Vav = 9.04 V Vrms = 18.7 V

Experiment # 03
Objective: To demonstrate the use of Diode as a full wave rectifier. Equipment:
Oscilloscope Transformer Resistor of 1k Analogue and Digital Multi meter Connecting wires Diode IN4007 Bread Board Capacitor of 100F

Circuit:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure: 2. Measure the AC voltage Vac across the output terminals of voltage transformer. 3. Observe the input and output waveform of the circuit with the help of an oscilloscope and calculate their frequency as well. 4. Measure the RMS, average and peak value of input and output voltage with the help of Multi meter and Oscilloscope and also record the waveform. 5. Measure current across load resistor. 6. Connect probe of the oscilloscope across the diodes. Draw the waveforms and measure peak values. These are the PIV values across the diodes compare it with reading of half wave rectifier and full wave circuit of previous circuit. 7. Calculate the of full wave rectifier. 8. Now connect a capacitor of 100 F as shown below then ripple also occur in output waveform of full wave rectifier.

Observation and Calculation

Resistor: 1K

Input: Vp = 18.5 V Vp-p = 37 V Vav = 0 V Vrms = 14.9 V Output: Vp (Vp-p) = 16.5 V

Vav = 12.46 V Vrms = 26.8 V Efficiency: = 70 Conclusion: In half wave rectifier, half of the AC signal is converted into DC. In full wave rectifier, both the halves of ac signal are converted into dc.
So efficiency in full wave rectifier is more than that of half wave rectifier.

When capacitor is added in circuit ripple occurs in waveform. The experiment was not done efficeintly