S T E E L

Steel, the world's foremost construction material, is an alloy of iron, containing between 0.2% and 2% carbon (by weight).

H I S T O R Y : The advent of commercial steel production in the late 19th century was a result of Sir Henry Bessemer's creation of an efficient way to lower the carbon content in cast iron. By lowering the amount of carbon in iron to about 2%, the harder and more malleable steel is produced. The development of steel can be traced back 4000 years to the beginning of the Iron Age. Proving to be harder and stronger than bronze, which had previously been the most widely used metal, iron began to displace bronze in weaponry and tools. For the following few thousand years, however, the quality of iron produced would depend as much on the ores available as on the production methods. By the 17th century, iron's properties were well understood, but increasing urbanization in Europe demanded a more versatile structural metal. And by the 19th century, the amount of iron being consumed by expanding railroads provided metallurgists with financial incentive to find a solution to iron's brittleness and inefficient production processes. A major breakthrough came in 1856 when Henry Bessemer developed an effective way to use oxygen to reduce the carbon content in iron. The modern steel industry was born.

P R O D U C T I O N :

Today, most steel is produced by basic oxygen methods (also known as basic oxygen steelmaking or BOS). BOS is so-named because it requires oxygen to be blown into large vessels containing molten iron and scrap steel. Although BOS accounts for the largest share of global steel production, the use of electric arc furnaces (EAF) has been growing since the early 20th century and now accounts for about one-third of all steel production.

G R A D E S :

Over 3,500 different grades of steel exist. Commercial steel is generally classified into four groups depending on their metal alloy content and end-use applications: 1. Carbon Steels (including low carbon, medium carbon and high carbon steels) 2. Alloy Steels (common alloy metals; manganese, silicon, nickel and chromium) 3. Stainless Steels (contain about 10% chromium and classified as austenitic, ferritic and martensitic) 4. Tool Steels (alloyed with high temperature and hard metals, such as molybdenum and tungsten) According to the World Steel Association, there are over 3,500 different grades of steel, encompassing unique physical, chemical and environmental properties. In essence, steel is composed of iron and carbon, although it is the amount of carbon, as well as the level of impurities and additional alloying elements that determines the properties of each steel grade. The carbon content in steel can range from 0.1-1.5%, but the most widely used grades of steel contain only 0.1-0.25% carbon. Elements such as manganese, phosphorus and sulphur are found in all grades of steel, but, whereas manganese provides beneficial effects, phosphorus and sulphur are deleterious to steel's strength and durability. Different types of steel are produced according to the properties required for their application, and various grading systems are used to distinguish steels based on these properties. According to the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), steels can be broadly categorized into four groups based on their chemical compositions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1) Carbon Steels Alloy Steels Stainless Steels Tool Steels

C A R B O N

S T E E L S :

A steel whose properties are determined primarily by the amount of carbon present. Apart from iron and carbon, manganese up to 1.5% may be present as well as residual amounts of alloying elements such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, etc. It is when one or more alloying elements are added in sufficient amount that it is classed as an alloy steel.

Carbon steels contain trace amounts of alloying elements and account for 90% of total steel production. Carbon steels can be further categorized into three groups depending on their carbon content:

Low Carbon Steels/Mild Steels contain up to 0.3% carbon

Uses: Sheets, wires, pipes.

Medium Carbon Steels contain 0.3 0.6% carbon

Uses: Rails, boilers, plates, axles, structures.

High Carbon Steels contain more than 0.6% carbon

Uses: Surgical instruments, razor blades, cutlery, spring.

CARBON Although not usually considered as an alloying element, is the most important constituent of steel. It raises tensile strength, hardness and resistance to wear and abrasion. It lowers ductility, toughness and machinability.

2)

A L L O Y

S T E E L S :

A steel to which one or more alloying elements other than carbon have been deliberately added (e.g. chromium, nickel, molybdenum) to achieve a particular physical property.

Alloy steels contain alloying elements (e.g. manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper, chromium and aluminum) in varying proportions in order to manipulate the steel's properties, such as its hardenability, corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weldability or ductility. Applications for alloys steel include pipelines, auto parts, transformers, power generators and electric motors. MANGANESE Manganese is a key component in the production of steel. Although classified as a minor metal, the quantity of manganese produced worldwide each year falls behind only iron, aluminum, copper and zinc. Properties:

Atomic Symbol: Mn

Atomic Number: 25 Element Category: Transition Metal Density: 7.21 g/cm Melting Point: 2274.8F (1246C) Boiling Point: 3741.8 F (2061 C) Mohs Hardness: 6

Characteristics:

Manganese is an extremely brittle and hard, silvery-grey metal. The twelfth most abundant element in the earth's crust, manganese increases strength, hardness and wear resistance when alloyed in steel. It is manganeses ability to readily combine with sulphur and oxygen, which make it critical in the production of steel. Manganese's proclivity to oxidize helps to remove oxygen impurities, while also improving the workability of steel at high temperatures by combining with sulphur to form a high melting sulphide.
Mn-Steel It contains 10%-18% Mn. Uses: Rail tracks, armor plate, safe.

NICKEL Nickel is a strong, lustrous, silvery-white metal that was not isolated by scientists until the mid-18th century, but is now a staple of our daily lives and can be found in everything from the batteries that power our television remotes to the stainless steel that is used to make our kitchen sinks.

Properties:

Atomic Symbol: Ni Atomic Number: 28 Element Category: Transition metal Density: 8.908 g/cm3 Melting Point: 2651 F (1455 C) Boiling Point: 5275 F (2913 C) Mohs Hardness: 4.0

Characteristics:

Pure nickel reacts with oxygen and, therefore, is seldom found on the earth's surface, despite being the fifth most abundant element on (and in) our planet. In combination with iron, nickel is extremely stable, which explains both its occurrence in iron containing ores and its effective use in combination with iron to make stainless steel. Nickel is very strong and resistant to corrosion, making it excellent for strengthening metal alloys. It is also very ductile and malleable, properties that allow its many alloys to be shaped into wire, rods, tubes and sheets.
Ni-Steel It contains 2% to 4% Ni. Uses: Gear, shaft, cable.

CHROMIUM Chromium metal is most widely recognized for its use in chromium plating (which is often referred to simply as 'chrome'), but its largest use is as an ingredient in stainless steels. Both applications benefit from chromium's hardness, resistance to corrosion and ability to be polished for a lustrous appearance. Properties

Atomic Symbol: Cr Atomic Number: 24 Atomic Mass: 51.996g/mol1 Element Category: Transition Metal Density: 7.19g/cm3 at 20C Melting Point: 3465F (1907C) Boiling Point: 4840F (2671C) Mohs Hardness: 5.5

Characteristics

Chromium is a hard, grey metal that is valued for its incredible resistance to corrosion. Pure chromium is magnetic and brittle, but when alloyed can be made malleable and polished to a bright, silvery finish.

Chromium derives its name from khrma, a Greek word meaning color, due to its ability to produce vivid, colourful compounds, such as chrome oxide.

TITANIUM Titanium is a strong and lightweight refractory metal. Alloys of titanium are critical to the aerospace industry but, due to their numerous unique properties, are also used in medical, chemical and military applications, as well as in sporting goods. Properties:

Atomic Symbol: Ti Atomic Number: 22 Element Category: Transition Metal Density: 4.506/cm3 Melting Point: 3034F (1668C) Boiling Point: 5949F (3287C) Moh's Hardness: 6

Characteristics: Alloys containing titanium are known for their high strength, light weight and exceptional corrosion resistance. Despite being as strong as steel, titanium is about 40% lighter in weight, which, along with its resistance to cavitation and erosion, makes it an essential structural metal for aerospace engineers. Titanium is also formidable in its resistance to corrosion by both water and chemical media. It does this by forming a thin layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2) on its surface that is extremely difficult for these materials to penetrate. Having a low modulus of elasticity means that titanium is not also very flexible, but returns to its original shape after bending, resulting in its importance to shape memory alloys. Titanium is non-magnetic and biocompatible (non-toxic, non-allergenic), which has led to its increasing use in the medical field.

COPPER Copper (Cu) is one of the best electrical conductors of all the metals, and its abundance helped it become the material that tied the world together in telecommunications. Light red in

color and easily oxidized to a gritty green hue, copper can be drawn and formed to serve many purposes from architecture and jewelry to water pipes and circuit boards.

Physical Properties

Strength: Copper is a weak metal with a tensile strength about half that of mild carbon steel. This explains why copper is easily formed by hand, but is not a good choice for structures. Toughness: Copper may not be strong, but it is not easy to break due to its high toughness. This property comes in handy for piping and tube applications, where a rupture can be dangerous and expensive. Ductility: Copper is very ductile and also very malleable. The electrical and jewelry industries benefit from the ductility of copper. Conductivity: Second only to silver, copper is not only an excellent conductor of electricity, but also of heat. As a result, copper serves well in applications such as cookware, where it quickly draws heat to the food inside.

ALUMINUM Aluminum (also known as aluminium) is the most abundant metal element in the earth's crust. And it's a good thing too, because we use a lot of it. About 41 million tons are smelted each year and employed in a wide arrange of applications. From auto bodies to beer cans, and from electrical cables to aircraft skins, aluminum is a very big part of our everyday lives.

Properties:

Atomic Symbol: Al Atomic Number: 13 Element Category: Post-transition metal Density: 2.70 g/cm3 Melting Point: 1220.58 F (660.32 C) Boiling Point: 4566 F (2519 C) Moh's Hardness: 2.75

Characteristics:

Aluminum is a lightweight, highly conductive, reflective and non-toxic metal that can be easily machined. The metal's durability and numerous advantageous properties makes it an ideal material for many industrial applications.

3)

S T A I N L E S S

S T E E L S :

Can be defined as a group of corrosion resisting steels containing a minimum 10% chromium and in which varying amounts of nickel, molybdenum, titanium, niobium as well as other elements may be present. An Englishman, Harry Brearley, is generally acknowledged to be the pioneer who developed stainless steels for commercial use.

Stainless steels generally contain between 10-20% chromium as the main alloying element and are valued for high corrosion resistance. With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more resistant to corrosion than mild steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their crystalline structure:

Austenitic: Austenitic steels are non-magnetic and non heat-treatable, and generally contain 18% chromium, 8% nickel and less than 0.8% carbon. Austenitic steels form the largest portion of the global stainless steel market and are often used in food processing equipment, kitchen utensils and piping.

Ferritic: Ferritic steels contain trace amounts of nickel, 12-17% chromium, less than 0.1% carbon, along with other alloying elements, such as molybdenum, aluminum or titanium. These magnetic steels cannot be hardened with heat treatment, but can be strengthened by cold works. Martensitic: Martensitic steels contain 11-17% chromium, less than 0.4% nickel and up to 1.2% carbon. These magnetic and heat-treatable steels are used in knives, cutting tools, as well as dental and surgical equipment.

4)

T O O L

S T E E L S :

A generic term applied to a wide range of steels, both plain carbon and alloy. It includes steels suitable for various types of cutting tools, press tools, hot and cold heading dies, moulds for plastics and die- casting, extrusion tools, hand tools, etc.

Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment. Steel products can also be divided by their shapes and related applications:

Long/Tubular Products include bars and rods, rails, wires, angles, pipes, and shapes and sections. These products are commonly used in the automotive and construction sectors.

Flat Products include plates, sheets, coils and strips. These materials are mainly used in automotive parts, appliances, packaging, shipbuilding, and construction.

Other Products include valves, fittings, and flanges and are mainly used as piping materials.

MOLYBDENUM Molybdenum (often referred to as 'Moly') is valued as an alloying agent in structural and stainless steels because of its strength, corrosion resistance and ability to hold shape and operate at high temperatures.

Properties:

Atomic Symbol: Mo Atomic Number: 42 Element Category: Transition metal Density: 10.28 g/cm3 Melting Point: 4753 F (2623 C) Boiling Point: 8382 F (4639 C) Mohs Hardness: 5.5

Characteristics:

Like other refractory metals, molybdenum has a high density and melting point, and is resistant to heat and wear. At 2,623 C (4,753 F), molybdenum has one of the highest melting points of all metal elements, while its coefficient of thermal expansion is one of the lowest of all engineering materials. Moly also has a low toxicity. In steels, molybdenum reduces brittleness as well as enhances strength, hardenability, weldability and corrosion resistance.

TUNGSTEN Tungsten is a dull silver-colored metal with the highest melting point of any pure metal. Also known as wolfram, from which the element takes its symbol, W, tungsten is more resistant to fracturing than diamond and is much harder than steel. It is the refractory metal's unique properties - its strength and ability to withstand high temperatures - that make it ideal for many commercial and industrial applications.

Properties:

Atomic Symbol: W Atomic Number: 74 Element Category: Transition Metal Density: 19.24g/cm3 Melting Point: 6192F (3422C) Boiling Point: 10031F (5555C) Moh's Hardness: 7.5

Production:
Tungsten is primarily extracted from two types of minerals, wolframite and scheelite. However, tungsten recycling also accounts for about 30% of the global supply. China is the world's largest producer of the metal, providing over 80% of the world supply. Once tungsten ore has been processed and separated, the chemical form, ammonium paratungstate (APT), is produced. APT can be heated with hydrogen to form tungsten oxide or will react with carbon at temperatures above 1925F (1050C) to produce tungsten metal.

Applications:
Tungsten's primary application for over 100 years has been as the filament in incandescent light bulbs. Doped with small amounts of potassium-aluminum silicate, tungsten powder is sintered at high temperature to produce the wire filament that is in the center of light bulbs that light millions of homes around the world. Due to tungsten's ability to keep its shape at high temperatures, tungsten filaments are now also used in a variety of household applications, including lamps, floodlights, heating elements in electrical furnaces, microwave ovens, x-ray tubes and cathode-ray tubes (CRTs) in computer monitors and television sets. The metal's tolerance to intense heat also makes it ideal

for thermocouples and electrical contacts in electric arc furnaces and welding equipment. Applications that require a concentrated mass, or weight, such as counterweights, fishing sinkers and darts often use tungsten because of its density.

Tungsten Carbide:
Tungsten carbide is produced either by bonding one tungsten atom with a single carbon atom (represented by the chemical symbol WC) or two tungsten atoms with a single carbon atom (W2C). This is done by heating tungsten powder with carbon at temperatures of 2550F to 2900F (1400C to 1600C) in a stream of hydrogen gas. According to Moh's hardness scale (a measure of one material's ability to scratch another), tungsten carbide has a hardness of 9.5, only slightly lower than diamond. For this reason, this hard compound is sintered, a process that requires pressing and heating the powder form at high temperatures, to make products used in machining and cutting. The result are materials that can operate in conditions of high temperature and stress, such as drill bits, lathe tolls, milling cutters and armor piercing ammunition. Cemented carbide is produced using a combination of tungsten carbide and cobalt powder, and is used to manufacture wear-resistant tools, such as those used in the mining industry. The tunnel-boring machine that was used to dig the Channel Tunnel linking Britain to Europe was, in fact, outfitted with almost 100 cemented carbide tips.

Tungsten Alloys:
Tungsten metal can be combined with other metals to increase their strength and resistance to wear and corrosion. Steel alloys often contain tungsten for these beneficial properties. Many high speed steels - those used in cutting and machining tools like saw blades contain around 18 percent tungsten. Tungsten-steel alloys are also used in the production of rocket engine nozzles, which must have high heat resistant properties. Other tungsten alloys include Stellite (cobalt, chromium and tungsten), which is used in bearing and pistons due to its durability and resistance to wear, and Hevimet, which is made by sintering a tungsten alloy powder and is used in ammunition, dart barrels and golf clubs. Superalloys made of cobalt, iron or nickel, along with tungsten, can be used to produce turbine blades for aircrafts.

COBALT Cobalt is a shiny, brittle metal that is used to produce strong, corrosion and heat resistant alloys, permanent magnets and hard metals. Properties

Atomic Symbol: Co Atomic Number: 27 Atomic Mass: 58.93g/mol Element Category: Transition metal Density: 8.86g/cm3 at 20C Melting Point: 2723F (1495C) Boiling Point: 5301F (2927C) Moh's Hardness: 5

Characteristics

Silver-colored cobalt metal is brittle, has a high melting point and is valued for its wear resistance and ability to retain its strength at high temperatures. It is one of the three naturally occurring magnetic metals (iron and nickel being the other two) and retains its magnetism at a higher temperature (2012F, 1100C) than any other metal. In other words, cobalt has the highest Curie Point of all metals. Cobalt also has valuable catalytic properties

PROPERTIES OF STEEL
HARDENABILITY
The property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness when steel is heated to a given temperature and then quenched (more precisely it may be defined as an inverse measure of the severity of cooling conditions necessary to produce on continuous cooling a martensitic structure in a previously austenitized steel i.e. to avoid transformations in the pearlitic and bainitic ranges). The lower the cooling rate to avoid these transformations, the greater the hardenability. The critical cooling rate is largely a function of the composition of the steel. In general the higher the carbon content, the greater the hardenability, whilst alloying elements such as nickel, chromium, manganese and molybdenum increase the depth of hardening for a given ruling section.

CORROSION

RESISTANCE

Corrosion is the chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the material and its properties.

STRENGTH

Strength is a measure of how well a material can resist being deformed from its original shape. Typically, metals are specified for their tensile strength, or their resistance to being pulled apart, but compressive strength is also a legitimate material property describing resistance to being squeezed. Strength is measured in units of pressure, and is typically reported in units of ksi, or "thousands of pounds per square inch."

FORMABILITY
The relative ease with which a metal can be shaped through plastic deformation.

WELDABILITY The feasibility of welding a particular metal or alloy. A number of factors affect weldability including chemistry, surface finish, heat-treating tendencies, etc.

DUCTILITY

The property of metal which permits it to be reduced in cross sectional area without fracture. In a tensile test, ductile metals show considerable elongation eventually failing by necking, with consequent rapid increase in local stresses.

PROCESSES
HEAT TREATMENT

Heat treatment is the process of heating and cooling metals to achieve desired physical and mechanical properties through modification of their crystalline structure. The temperature, length of time, and rate of cooling after heat treatment will all impact properties dramatically. The most common reasons to heat treat include increasing strength or hardness, increasing toughness, improving ductility and maximizing corrosion resistance.

COLD WORKING
Altering the shape or size of a metal by plastic deformation. Processes include rolling, drawing, pressing, spinning, extruding and heading, it is carried out below the recrystallisation point usually at room temperature. Hardness and tensile strength are increased with the degree of cold work whilst ductility and impact values are lowered. The cold rolling and cold drawing of steel significantly improves surface finish.

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF STEELS

Different types of steel are produced according to the properties required for their application, and various grading systems are used to distinguish steels based on these properties. According to the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), steels can be broadly categorized into four groups based on their chemical compositions:
1. 2. 3. 4. Carbon Steels Alloy Steels Stainless Steels Tool Steels

The following table lists the properties of steels based on the categories noted above. Properties determined at room temperature (77F/25C).

General Properties of Steels:

Properties Density (1000 kg/m3) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Poisson's Ratio Thermal Expansion (106 /K) Melting Point (C) Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) Specific Heat (J/kg-K) 24.3-65.2 450-2081 26-48.6 Carbon Steels 7.85 190-210 0.27-0.3 11-16.6 Alloy Steels 7.85 190-210 0.27-0.3 9.0-15 Stainless Steels 7.75-8.1 190-210 0.27-0.3 9.0-20.7 1371-1454 11.2-36.7 19.9-48.3 Tool Steels 7.72-8.0 190-210 0.27-0.3 9.4-15.1

452-1499 420-500 210-1251 75.7-1020 758-1882 515-827 366-1793 207-552 4-31 149-627 12-40 137-595 640-2000 380-440 5-25 210-620

Electrical Resistivity (10130-1250 9 W-m) Tensile Strength (MPa) Yield Strength (MPa) Percent Elongation (%) Hardness (Brinell 3000kg) 276-1882 186-758 10-32 86-388

A D V A N T A G E S

O F S T E E L

The following advantages in general may be credited to steel as a structural design material: 1. High strength/weight ratio. Steel has a high strength/weight ratio. Thus, the dead weight of steel structures is relatively small. This property makes steel a very attractive structural material for

a. High-rise buildings b. Long-span bridges c. Structures located on soft ground d. Structures located in highly seismic areas where forces acting on the structure due to an earthquake are in general proportional to the weight of the structure. 2. Ductility. As discussed in the previous section, steel can undergo large plastic deformation before failure, thus providing a large reserve strength. This property is referred to as ductility. Properly designed steel structures can have high ductility, which is an important characteristic for resisting shock loading such as blasts or earthquakes. A ductile structure has energyabsorbing capacity and will not incur sudden failure. It usually shows large visible deflections before failure or collapse.

3. Predictable material properties. Properties of steel can be predicted with a high degree of certainty. Steel in fact shows elastic behavior up to a relatively high and usually well-defined stress level. Also, in contrast to reinforced concrete, steel properties do not change considerably with time.

4. Speed of erection. Steel structures can be erected quite rapidly. This normally results in quicker economic payoff.

5. Quality of construction. Steel structures can be built with high-quality workmanship and narrow tolerances.

6. Ease of repair. Steel structures in general can be repaired quickly and easily.

7. Adaptation of prefabrication. Steel is highly suitable for prefabrication and mass production.

8. Repetitive use. Steel can be reused after a structure is disassembled.

9. Expanding existing structures. Steel buildings can be easily expanded by adding new bays or wings. Steel bridges may be widened.

10. Fatigue strength. Steel structures have relatively good fatigue strength.

D I S A D V A N T A G E S

O F

S T E E L

The following may be considered as disadvantages of steel in certain cases: 1. General cost. Steel structures may be more costly than other types of structures.

2. Fireproofing. The strength of steel is reduced substantially when heated at temperatures commonly observed in building fires. Also, steel conducts and transmits heat from a burning portion of the building quite fast. Consequently, steel frames in buildings must have adequate fireproofing.

3. Maintenance. Steel structures exposed to air and water, such as bridges, are susceptible to corrosion and should be painted regularly. Application of weathering and corrosion-resistant steels may eliminate this problem.

4. Susceptibility to buckling. Due to high strength/weight ratio, steel compression members are in general more slender and consequently more susceptible to buckling than, say, reinforced concrete compression members. As a result, considerable materials may have to be used just to improve the buckling resistance of slender steel compression members.

S T E E L

S E C T I O N S
ANGLES

Designation Depth Width Thickness mm RSA 250 x 250 x 35 RSA 250 x 250 x 32 RSA 250 x 250 x 28 RSA 250 x 250 x 25 RSA 200 x 200 x 24 RSA 200 x 200 x 20 RSA 200 x 200 x 18 RSA 200 x 200 x 16 RSA 180 x 180 x 18 RSA 180 x 180 x 16 RSA 160 x 160 250 250 250 250 200 200 200 200 180 180 160 mm 250 250 250 250 200 200 200 200 180 180 160 35 32 28 25 24 20 18 16 18 16 15 mm

Root Radius mm 18 20 18 20 18 18 18 18 18 18 17

Sectional Area cm**2 163 150 133 119 90.6 76.3 69.1 61.8 61.9 55.4 46.1

Weight kg/m 128 118 104 93.6 71.1 59.9 54.2 48.5 48.6 43.5 36.2

Moment of Inertia - I cm**4 9264 8597 7697 6975 3331 2851 2600 2341 1866 1682 1099

x 15 RSA 150 x 150 x 18 RSA 150 x 150 x 15 RSA 150 x 150 x 12 RSA 150 x 150 x 10 RSA 130 x 130 x 12 RSA 120 x 120 x 15 RSA 120 x 120 x 12 RSA 120 x 120 x 10 RSA 120 x 120 x8 RSA 100 x 100 x 15 RSA 100 x 100 x 12 RSA 100 x 100 x 10 RSA 100 x 100 x8 RSA 90 x 90 x 12 RSA 90 x 90 x 10 RSA 90 x 90 x 9 RSA 90 x 90 x 8 RSA 90 x 90 x 7 RSA 90 x 90 x 6 RSA 80 x 80 x 10 RSA 80 x 80 x

150 150 150 150 130 120 120 120 120 100 100 100 100 90 90 90 90 90 90 80 80

150 150 150 150 130 120 120 120 120 100 100 100 100 90 90 90 90 90 90 80 80

18 15 12 10 12 15 12 10 8 15 12 10 8 12 10 9 8 7 6 10 8

16 16 16 16 14 13 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10

51 43 34.8 29.3 30 33.9 27.5 23.2 18.7 27.9 22.7 19.2 15.5 20.3 17.1 15.5 13.9 12.2 10.6 15.1 12.3

40.1 33.8 27.3 23 23.5 26.6 21.6 18.2 14.7 21.9 17.8 15.0 12.2 15.9 13.4 12.2 10.9 9.6 8.3 11.9 9.6

1050 898 737 624 472 445 368 313 255 249 207 177 145 148 127 116 104 92.5 80.3 87.5 72.2

8 RSA 80 x 80 x 6 RSA 75 x 75 x 8 RSA 75 x 75 x 6 RSA 70 x 70 x 10 RSA 70 x 70 x 7 RSA 70 x 70 x 8 RSA 70 x 70 x 6 RSA 65 x 65 x 7 RSA 60 x 60 x 10 RSA 60 x 60 x 8 RSA 60 x 60 x 6 RSA 60 x 60 x 5 RSA 50 x 50 x 8 RSA 50 x 50 x 6 RSA 50 x 50 x 5 RSA 50 x 50 x 4 RSA 50 x 50 x 3 RSA 45 x 45 x 6 RSA 45 x 45 x 5 RSA 45 x 45 x 4.5 RSA 45 x 45 x

80 75 75 70 70 70 70 65 60 60 60 60 50 50 50 50 50 45 45 45 45

80 75 75 70 70 70 70 65 60 60 60 60 50 50 50 50 50 45 45 45 45

6 8 6 10 8 7 6 7 10 8 6 5 8 6 5 4 3 6 5 4.5 4

10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

9.4 11.4 8.7 13.7 10.6 9.4 8.1 8.7 11.1 9.1 6.9 5.8 7.4 5.7 4.8 3.9 3.0 5.1 4.3 3.9 3.5

7.3 9.0 6.9 10.3 8.4 7.4 6.4 6.8 8.7 7.1 5.4 4.6 5.8 4.5 3.8 3.1 2.3 4.0 3.4 3.1 2.7

55.8 59.1 45.8 57.2 47.5 42.3 36.9 33.4 34.9 29.2 22.8 19.4 16.3 12.8 11.0 9.0 6.9 9.2 7.8 7.2 6.4

4 RSA 45 x 45 x 3 RSA 40 x 40 x 6 RSA 40 x 40 x 5 RSA 40 x 40 x 4 RSA 40 x 40 x 3 RSA 35 x 35 x 4 RSA 30 x 30 x 5 RSA 30 x 30 x 4 RSA 30 x 30 x 3 RSA 25 x 25 x 5 RSA 25 x 25 x 4

45 40 40 40 40 35 30 30 30 25 25

45 40 40 40 40 35 30 30 30 25 25 25 20

3 6 5 4 3 4 5 4 3 5 4 3 3

7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

2.7 4.5 3.8 3.1 2.4 2.7 2.8 2.3 1.7 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.1

2.1 3.5 3.0 2.4 1.8 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.8 1.5 1.1 0.9

4.9 6.3 5.4 4.5 3.5 3.0 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.80 0.39

RSA 25 x 25 x 25 3 RSA 20 x 20 x 20 3

C H A N N E L

Section Section Mome Mome Thickne Fillet of of Designati Dept Widt Thickne Section Weig nt of nt of ss Radi Modul Modul on h h ss Web al Area ht Inertia Inertia Flange us us us - Ix - Iy Wx Wy in in in in in**2 lb/ft in in**4 in**4 in**3 in**3 2x1 2 1 0.13 0.13 0.491 0.577 0.10 0.288 0.045 0.288 0.064 2 x 1 1/4 2 1.25 0.17 0.26 0.911 1.071 0.15 0.546 0.139 0.546 0.178 3 x 1 1/2 3 1.5 0.13 0.20 0.965 1.135 0.25 1.41 0.22 0.94 0.22 3 x 1 3/4 3 1.75 0.17 0.26 1.358 1.597 0.25 1.97 0.42 1.31 0.37 4x2 4 2 0.15 0.23 1.478 1.738 0.25 3.91 0.60 1.95 0.45 4 x 2 1/4 4 2.25 0.19 0.29 1.982 2.331 0.25 5.21 1.02 2.60 0.69 5 x 2 1/4 5 2.25 0.15 0.26 1.881 2.212 0.30 7.88 0.98 3.15 0.64 5 x 2 3/4 5 2.75 0.19 0.32 2.627 3.089 0.30 11.14 2.05 4.45 1.14 6 x 2 1/2 6 2.5 0.17 0.29 2.410 2.834 0.30 14.35 1.53 4.78 0.90 6 x 3 1/4 6 3.25 0.21 0.35 3.427 4.030 0.30 21.04 3.76 7.01 1.76 7 x 2 3/4 7 2.75 0.17 0.29 2.725 3.205 0.30 22.09 2.10 6.31 1.10 7 x 3 1/2 7 3.5 0.21 0.38 4.009 4.715 0.30 33.79 5.13 9.65 2.23 8x3 8 3 0.19 0.35 3.526 4.147 0.30 37.40 3.25 9.35 1.57 8 x 3 3/4 8 3.75 0.25 0.47 4.923 5.789 0.35 52.69 7.13 13.17 2.82 9 x 3 1/4 9 3.25 0.23 0.35 4.237 4.983 0.35 54.41 4.40 12.09 1.89 9x4 9 4 0.29 0.44 5.927 6.970 0.35 78.31 9.61 17.40 3.49 10 x 3 1/2 10 3.5 0.25 0.41 5.218 6.136 0.35 83.22 6.33 16.64 2.56 10 x 4 1/4 10 4.25 0.31 0.50 7.109 8.360 0.40 116.15 13.02 23.23 4.47 12 x 4 12 4 0.29 0.47 7.036 8.274 0.40 159.79 11.03 26.63 3.86 12 x 5 12 5 0.35 0.62 10.053 11.82 0.45 239.69 25.74 39.95 7.60

CIRCULAR HOLLOW SEC TIONS

Nominal Diameter Outside Diameter Inside Diameter Wall Thickness mm mm mm mm 20 20 18.0 1.0 20 20 17.6 1.2 20 20 17.0 1.5 20 20 16.0 2.0 20 20 15.0 2.5 25 25 23.0 1.0 25 25 22.6 1.2 25 25 22.0 1.5 25 25 21.0 2.0 25 25 20.0 2.5 30 30 27.6 1.2 30 30 27.0 1.5 30 30 26.0 2.0 30 30 25.0 2.5 30 30 24.0 3.0 33 33 30.6 1.2 33 33 30.0 1.5 33 33 29.0 2.0 33 33 28.0 2.5 33 33 27.0 3.0 38 38 35.6 1.2 38 38 35.0 1.5

38 38 38 41 41 41 41 41 47 47 47 47 47 50 50 50 50 50 57 57 57 57 57 63 63 63 63 63 75 75 75 75 75 88 88 88 88 88

38 38 38 41 41 41 41 41 47 47 47 47 47 50 50 50 50 50 57 57 57 57 57 63 63 63 63 63 75 75 75 75 75 88 88 88 88 88

34.0 33.0 32.0 38.6 38.0 37.0 36.0 35.0 44.6 44.0 43.0 42.0 41.0 47.0 46.0 45.0 44.0 43.6 54.0 53.0 52.0 51.0 50.6 60.0 59.0 58.0 57.0 56.6 72.0 71.0 70.0 69.0 68.6 85.0 84.0 83.0 82.0 81.6

2.0 2.5 3.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.2

FLANGE BEAMS AND COLUMNS

Section Section Mome Mome Thickne Fillet of of Designati Dept Widt Thickne Section Weig nt of nt of ss Radi Modul Modul on h h ss Web al Area ht Inertia Inertia Flange us us us - Ix - Iy Wx Wy in in in in in in**2 lb/ft in**4 in**4 in**3 in**3 3 x 2 1/2 3 2.5 0.13 0.20 0.25 1.39 1.64 2.24 0.52 1.49 0.42 x 1.64 3 x 2 1/2 3 2.5 0.15 0.26 0.25 1.73 2.03 2.71 0.68 1.81 0.54 x 2.03 4x3x 4 3 0.15 0.23 0.25 1.97 2.31 5.62 1.04 2.81 0.69 2.31 4x3x 4 3 0.17 0.29 0.30 2.38 2.79 6.71 1.31 3.36 0.87 2.79 5 x 3 1/2 5 3.5 0.19 0.32 0.30 3.15 3.70 13.9 2.29 5.58 1.31 x 3.70 6x4x 6 4 0.19 0.29 0.30 3.43 4.03 22.0 3.10 7.33 1.55 4.03 6x4x 6 4 0.21 0.35 0.30 3.99 4.69 25.5 3.74 8.50 1.87 4.69 7 x 4 1/2 7 4.5 0.23 0.38 0.30 4.93 5.80 42.9 5.78 12.3 2.57 x 5.80 8x5x 8 5 0.23 0.35 0.30 5.26 6.18 59.7 7.30 14.9 2.92 6.18 8x5x 8 5 0.25 0.41 0.30 5.97 7.02 67.8 8.55 16.9 3.42 7.02 9 x 5 1/2 9 5.5 0.27 0.44 0.30 7.11 8.63 102 12.2 22.7 4.44

x 8.63 10 x 6 x 8.65 10 x 6 x 10.29 12 x 7 x 11.67 12 x 7 x 14.29

10 10 12 12

6 6 7 7

0.25 0.29 0.29 0.31

0.41 0.50 0.47 0.62

0.40 7.35 0.40 8.75 0.40 9.93 0.40 12.2

8.65

132

14.8 18.0 26.9 35.5

26.42 31.2 42.6 52.9

4.93 6.01 7.69 10.1

10.29 156 11.67 256 14.29 317

FLAT SECTIONS

Designation Width Depth Weight mm mm kg/m FLAT 10 x 3 3 10 0.24 FLAT 13 x 3 3 13 0.32 FLAT 13 x 5 5 13 0.48 FLAT 13 x 6 6 13 0.61 FLAT 16 x 3 3 16 0.38 FLAT 16 x 5 5 16 0.63 FLAT 16 x 6 6 16 0.75 FLAT 20 x 3 3 20 0.47 FLAT 20 x 5 5 20 0.79 FLAT 20 x 6 6 20 0.94 FLAT 20 x 8 8 20 1.25

FLAT 20 x 10 FLAT 20 x 12 FLAT 25 x 3 FLAT 25 x 5 FLAT 25 x 6 FLAT 25 x 8 FLAT 25 x 10 FLAT 25 x 12 FLAT 25 x 15 FLAT 25 x 20 FLAT 30 x 3 FLAT 30 x 5 FLAT 30 x 6 FLAT 30 x 8 FLAT 30 x 10 FLAT 30 x 12 FLAT 30 x 15 FLAT 30 x 20 FLAT 35 x 3 FLAT 35 x 5 FLAT 35 x 6 FLAT 35 x 8 FLAT 35 x 10 FLAT 35 x 12 FLAT 35 x 15 FLAT 35 x 20 FLAT 35 x 25 FLAT 40 x 3 FLAT 40 x 5 FLAT 40 x 6 FLAT 40 x 8 FLAT 40 x 10 FLAT 40 x 12 FLAT 40 x 15 FLAT 40 x 20 FLAT 40 x 25 FLAT 40 x 30 FLAT 45 x 3

10 12 3 5 6 8 10 12 15 20 3 5 6 8 10 12 15 20 3 5 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 3 5 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 3

20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 45

1.57 1.88 0.59 0.98 1.18 1.57 1.96 2.36 2.94 3.93 0.71 1.18 1.41 1.88 2.36 2.83 3.53 4.71 0.82 1.37 1.65 2.2 2.75 3.3 4.12 5.5 6.87 0.94 1.57 1.88 2.51 3.14 3.77 4.71 6.28 7.85 9.42 1.06

FLAT 45 x 5 FLAT 45 x 6 FLAT 45 x 8 FLAT 45 x 10 FLAT 45 x 12 FLAT 45 x 15 FLAT 45 x 20 FLAT 45 x 25 FLAT 50 x 3 FLAT 50 x 5 FLAT 50 x 6 FLAT 50 x 8 FLAT 50 x 10 FLAT 50 x 12 FLAT 50 x 15 FLAT 50 x 20 FLAT 50 x 25 FLAT 50 x 30 FLAT 50 x 40 FLAT 60 x 5 FLAT 60 x 6 FLAT 60 x 8 FLAT 60 x 10 FLAT 60 x 12 FLAT 60 x 15 FLAT 60 x 20 FLAT 60 x 25 FLAT 60 x 30 FLAT 65 x 5 FLAT 65 x 6 FLAT 65 x 8 FLAT 65 x 10 FLAT 65 x 12 FLAT 65 x 15 FLAT 65 x 20 FLAT 65 x 25 FLAT 65 x 40 FLAT 65 x 50

5 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 3 5 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 40 5 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 5 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 40 50

45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65

1.77 2.12 2.83 3.53 4.24 5.3 7.07 8.83 1.18 1.96 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.72 5.89 7.85 9.81 11.8 15.7 2.36 2.83 3.77 4.71 5.66 7.07 9.42 11.8 14.13 2.55 3.06 4.08 5.1 6.12 7.65 10.2 12.8 20.4 25.5

FLAT 70 x 6 FLAT 70 x 8 FLAT 70 x 10 FLAT 70 x 12 FLAT 70 x 15 FLAT 70 x 20 FLAT 70 x 25 FLAT 70 x 30 FLAT 70 x 40 FLAT 75 x 6 FLAT 75 x 8 FLAT 75 x 10 FLAT 75 x 12 FLAT 75 x 15 FLAT 75 x 20 FLAT 75 x 25 FLAT 80 x 3 FLAT 80 x 5 FLAT 80 x 6 FLAT 80 x 8 FLAT 80 x 10 FLAT 80 x 12 FLAT 80 x 15 FLAT 80 x 20 FLAT 80 x 25 FLAT 80 x 30 FLAT 80 x 50 FLAT 90 x 5 FLAT 90 x 6 FLAT 92 x 8 FLAT 90 x 10 FLAT 90 x 12 FLAT 90 x 15 FLAT 90 x 20 FLAT 90 x 25 FLAT 90 x 30 FLAT 100 x 3 FLAT 100 x 5

6 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 40 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 3 5 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 50 5 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 3 5

70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 100 100

3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6 8.24 11 13.7 16.5 22 3.53 4.71 5.89 7.06 8.83 11.8 14.7 1.88 3.14 3.77 5.02 6.28 7.54 9.42 12.6 15.7 18.8 31.4 3.53 4.24 5.65 7.07 8.48 10.6 14.1 17.7 21.2 2.36 3.93

FLAT 100 x 6 6 FLAT 100 x 8 8 FLAT 100 x 10 10 FLAT 100 x 12 12 FLAT 100 x 15 15 FLAT 100 x 20 20 FLAT 100 x 25 25 FLAT 100 x 30 30 FLAT 100 x 40 40 FLAT 100 x 50 50 FLAT 110 x 6 6 FLAT 110 x 8 8 FLAT 110 x 10 10 FLAT 110 x 12 12 FLAT 110 x 15 15 FLAT 110 x 20 20 FLAT 110 x 25 25 FLAT 120 x 6 6 FLAT 120 x 8 8 FLAT 120 x 10 10 FLAT 120 x 12 12 FLAT 120 x 15 15 FLAT 120 x 20 20 FLAT 120 x 25 25 FLAT 130 x 5 5 FLAT 130 x 6 6 FLAT 130 x 8 8 FLAT 130 x 10 10 FLAT 130 x 12 12 FLAT 130 x 15 15 FLAT 130 x 20 20 FLAT 130 x 25 25 FLAT 130 x 30 30 FLAT 140 x 6 6 FLAT 140 x 12 12 FLAT 140 x 15 15 FLAT 140 x 25 25 FLAT 150 x 5 5

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 130 140 140 140 140 150

4.71 6.28 7.85 9.42 11.8 15.7 19.6 23.6 31.4 39.3 5.18 6.91 8.64 10.4 13 17.3 21.64 5.65 7.54 9.42 11.3 14.13 18.8 23.6 5.1 6.12 8.16 10.21 12.25 15.31 20.41 25.51 30.62 6.59 13.2 16.49 27.48 5.89

FLAT 150 x 6 6 FLAT 150 x 8 8 FLAT 150 x 10 10 FLAT 150 x 12 12 FLAT 150 x 15 15 FLAT 150 x 20 20 FLAT 150 x 25 25 FLAT 150 x 30 30 FLAT 150 x 40 40 FLAT 180 x 6 6 FLAT 180 x 8 8 FLAT 180 x 10 10 FLAT 180 x 12 12 FLAT 180 x 15 15 FLAT 180 x 20 20 FLAT 180 x 25 25 FLAT 200 x 6 6 FLAT 200 x 8 8 FLAT 200 x 10 10 FLAT 200 x 12 12 FLAT 200 x 15 15 FLAT 200 x 20 20 FLAT 200 x 25 25 FLAT 220 x 5 5 FLAT 220 x 6 6 FLAT 220 x 8 8 FLAT 220 x 10 10 FLAT 220 x 12 12 FLAT 220 x 15 15 FLAT 220 x 20 20 FLAT 220 x 25 25 FLAT 230 x 10 10 FLAT 230 x 15 15 FLAT 230 x 20 20 FLAT 230 x 25 25 FLAT 250 x 6 6 FLAT 250 x 8 8 FLAT 250 x 10 10

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 230 230 230 230 250 250 250

7.07 9.42 11.78 14.13 17.66 23.55 29.44 35.33 47.1 8.48 11.3 14.13 16.96 21.2 28.26 35.33 9.42 12.6 15.7 18.84 23.55 31.4 39.25 8.64 10.36 13.82 17.27 20.72 25.91 34.54 43.18 18.1 27.1 36.1 45.1 11.78 15.7 19.6

FLAT 250 x 12 12 FLAT 250 x 15 15 FLAT 250 x 20 20 FLAT 250 x 25 25 FLAT 300 x 6 6 FLAT 300 x 8 8 FLAT 300 x 10 10 FLAT 300 x 12 12 FLAT 300 x 15 15 FLAT 300 x 20 20 FLAT 300 x 25 25 FLAT 350 x 10 10 FLAT 350 x 12 12 FLAT 350 x 15 15 FLAT 350 x 20 20 FLAT 350 x 25 25 FLAT 400 x 10 10 FLAT 400 x 12 12 FLAT 400 x 15 15 FLAT 400 x 20 20 FLAT 400 x 25 25 FLAT 450 x 20 20 FLAT 450 x 25 25 FLAT 500 x 20 20 FLAT 500 x 25 25 FLAT 500 x 30 30

250 250 250 250 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 350 350 350 350 350 400 400 400 400 400 450 450 500 500 500

23.55 29.44 39.25 49.06 14.13 18.84 23.55 28.26 35.33 47.1 58.88 27.48 33 41.21 54.95 68.69 31.4 37.7 47.1 62.8 78.5 70.7 88.3 78.5 98.1 118

HOLLOW STRUCTURAL SECTION

Second Ext. Int. Area of Moment Designation Width Depth Thickness Corner Corner Mass Section of Area Radii Radii Ix mm mm mm mm mm kg/m cm**2 cm**4 RHS 50 x 25 50 25 2.5 3.75 2.5 2.69 3.43 10.4 x 2.5 RHS 50 x 25 50 25 3 4.5 3 3.17 4.04 11.9 x3 RHS 50 x 30 50 30 2.5 3.75 2.5 2.89 3.68 11.8 x 2.5 RHS 50 x 30 50 30 3 4.5 3 3.41 4.34 13.6 x3 RHS 50 x 30 50 30 3.2 4.8 3.2 3.61 4.6 14.2 x 3.2 RHS 50 x 30 50 30 3.6 5.4 3.6 4.01 5.1 15.4 x 3.6 RHS 50 x 30 50 30 4 6 4 4.39 5.59 16.5 x4 RHS 50 x 30 50 30 5 7.5 5 5.28 6.73 18.7 x5 RHS 60 x 40 60 40 2.5 3.75 2.5 3.68 4.68 22.8 x 2.5 RHS 60 x 40 60 40 3 4.5 3 4.35 5.54 26.5 x3 RHS 60 x 40 60 40 3.2 4.8 3.2 4.62 5.88 27.8 x 3.2

Second Moment of Area Iy cm**4 3.39 3.83 5.22 5.94 6.2 6.67 7.08 7.89 12.1 13.9 14.6

RHS 60 x 40 x 3.6 RHS 60 x 40 x4 RHS 60 x 40 x5 RHS 60 x 40 x6 RHS 60 x 40 x 6.3 RHS 80 x 40 x3 RHS 80 x 40 x 3.2 RHS 80 x 40 x 3.6 RHS 80 x 40 x4 RHS 80 x 40 x5 RHS 80 x 40 x6 RHS 80 x 40 x 6.3 RHS 80 x 40 x8 RHS 76.2 x 50.8 x 3 RHS 76.2 x 50.8 x 3.2 RHS 76.2 x 50.8 x 3.6 RHS 76.2 x 50.8 x 4 RHS 76.2 x 50.8 x 5 RHS 76.2 x 50.8 x 6 RHS 76.2 x 50.8 x 6.3 RHS 76.2 x 50.8 x 8

60 60 60 60 60 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2 76.2

40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8 50.8

3.6 4 5 6 6.3 3 3.2 3.6 4 5 6 6.3 8 3 3.2 3.6 4 5 6 6.3 8

5.4 6 7.5 9 9.45 4.5 4.8 5.4 6 7.5 9 9.45 12 4.5 4.8 5.4 6 7.5 9 9.45 12

3.6 4 5 6 6.3 3 3.2 3.6 4 5 6 6.3 8 3 3.2 3.6 4 5 6 6.3 8

5.14 6.54 5.64 7.19 6.85 8.73 7.99 10.2 8.31 10.6 5.29 6.74 5.62 7.16 6.27 7.98 6.9 8.79

30.4 32.8 38.1 42.3 43.4 54.2 57.2 62.8 68.2 80.3 90.5 93.3 106 56.7 59.8 65.8 71.5 84.4 95.6 98.6 113

15.9 17 19.5 21.4 21.9 18 18.9 20.6 22.2 25.7 28.5 29.2 32.1 30 31.6 34.6 37.5 43.9 49.2 50.6 57

8.42 10.7 9.87 12.6 10.3 13.1 12.5 16 5.62 7.16 5.97 7.61 6.66 8.49 7.34 9.35 8.97 11.4 10.5 13.4 11 14

13.4 17.1

RHS 90 x 50 x3 RHS 90 x 50 x 3.2 RHS 90 x 50 x 3.6 RHS 90 x 50 x4 RHS 90 x 50 x5 RHS 90 x 50 x6 RHS 90 x 50 x 6.3 RHS 90 x 50 x8 RHS 100 x 50 x 3 RHS 100 x 50 x 3.2 RHS 100 x 50 x 3.6 RHS 100 x 50 x 4 RHS 100 x 50 x 5 RHS 100 x 50 x 6 RHS 100 x 50 x 6.3 RHS 100 x 50 x 8 RHS 100 x 60 x 3 RHS 100 x 60 x 3.2 RHS 100 x 60 x 3.6 RHS 100 x 60 x 4 RHS 100 x 60 x 5

90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 60 60 60 60

3 3.2 3.6 4 5 6 6.3 8 3 3.2 3.6 4 5 6 6.3 8 3 3.2 3.6 4 5

4.5 4.8 5.4 6 7.5 9 9.45 12 4.5 4.8 5.4 6 7.5 9 9.45 12 4.5 4.8 5.4 6 7.5

3 3.2 3.6 4 5 6 6.3 8 3 3.2 3.6 4 5 6 6.3 8 3 3.2 3.6 4 5

6.24 7.94 6.63 8.44 7.4 9.42

84.4 89.1 98.3 107 127 145 150 174 110 116 128 140 167 190 197 230 124 131 145 158 189

33.5 35.3 38.7 41.9 49.2 55.4 57 64.6 36.8 38.8 42.6 46.2 54.3 61.2 63 71.7 55.7 58.8 64.8 70.5 83.6

8.15 10.4 9.99 12.7 11.8 15 12.3 15.6 15 19.2

6.71 8.54 7.13 9.08 7.96 10.1 8.78 11.2 10.8 13.7 12.7 16.2 13.3 16.9 16.3 20.8 7.18 9.14 7.63 9.72 8.53 10.9 9.41 12 11.6 14.7

RHS 100 x 60 x 6 RHS 100 x 60 x 6.3 RHS 100 x 60 x 8 RHS 120 x 60 x 3.6 RHS 120 x 60 x 4 RHS 120 x 60 x 5 RHS 120 x 60 x 6 RHS 120 x 60 x 6.3 RHS 120 x 60 x 8 RHS 120 x 60 x 10 RHS 120 x 80 x 3.6 RHS 120 x 80 x 4 RHS 120 x 80 x 5 RHS 120 x 80 x 6 RHS 120 x 80 x 6.3 RHS 120 x 80 x 8 RHS 120 x 80 x 10 RHS 140 x 80 x 4 RHS 140 x 80 x 5 RHS 140 x 80 x 6 RHS 140 x 80 x 6.3

100 100 100 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 140 140 140 140

60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

6 6.3 8 3.6 4 5 6 6.3 8 10 3.6 4 5 6 6.3 8 10 4 5 6 6.3

9 9.45 12 5.4 6 7.5 9 9.45 12 12 5.4 6 7.5 9 9.45 12 15 6 7.5 9 9.45

6 6.3 8 3.6 4 5 6 6.3 8 8 3.6 4 5 6 6.3 8 10 4 5 6 6.3

13.6 17.4 14.2 18.1 17.5 22.4 9.66 12.3 10.7 13.6 13.1 16.7 15.5 19.8 16.2 20.7 20.1 25.6 24.6 31.3 10.8 13.7 11.9 15.2 14.7 18.7 17.4 22.2 18.2 23.2 22.6 28.8 27.4 34.9 13.2 16.8 16.3 20.7 19.3 24.6 20.2 25.7

217 225 264 227 249 299 345 358 425 503 276 303 365 423 440 525 609 441 534 621 646

95 98.1 113 76.3 83.1 98.8 113 116 135 155 147 161 193 222 230 273 313 184 221 255 265

RHS 140 x 80 x 8 RHS 140 x 80 x 10 RHS 150 x 100 x 4 RHS 150 x 100 x 5 RHS 150 x 100 x 6 RHS 150 x 100 x 6.3 RHS 150 x 100 x 8 RHS 150 x 100 x 10 RHS 150 x 100 x 12 RHS 150 x 100 x 12.5 RHS 160 x 80 x 4 RHS 160 x 80 x 5 RHS 160 x 80 x 6 RHS 160 x 80 x 6.3 RHS 160 x 80 x 8 RHS 160 x 80 x 10 RHS 160 x 80 x 12 RHS 160 x 80 x 12.5 RHS 180 x 100 x 4 RHS 180 x 100 x 5 RHS 180 x 100 x 6

140 140 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 |160 180 180 180

80 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 100 100 100

8 10 4 5 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 4 5 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 4 5 6

12 15 6 7.5 9 9.45 12 15 18 18.75 6 7.5 9 9.45 12 15 18 18.75 6 7.5 9

8 10 4 5 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 4 5 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 4 5 6

25.1 32 30.6 38.9 15.1 19.2 18.6 23.7 22.1 28.2 23.1 29.5 28.9 36.8 35.3 44.9 41.4 52.7 42.8 54.6 14.4 18.4 17.8 22.7 21.2 27 22.2 28.2 27.6 35.2 33.7 42.9 39.5 50.3 40.9 52.1 16.9 21.6 21 26.7

776 908 607 739 862 898 1087 1282 1450 1488 612 744 868 903 1091 1284 1449 1485 945 1153 1350

314 362 324 392 456 474 569 665 745 763 207 249 288 299 356 411 455 465 379 460 536

24.9 31.8

RHS 180 x 100 x 6.3 RHS 180 x 100 x 8 RHS 180 x 100 x 10 RHS 180 x 100 x 12 RHS 180 x 100 x 12.5 RHS 200 x 100 x 4 RHS 200 x 100 x 5 RHS 200 x 100 x 6 RHS 200 x 100 x 6.3 RHS 200 x 100 x 8 RHS 200 x 100 x 10 RHS 200 x 100 x 12 RHS 200 x 100 x 12.5 RHS 200 x 100 x 16 RHS 200 x 120 x 6 RHS 200 x 120 x 6.3 RHS 200 x 120 x 8 RHS 200 x 120 x 10 RHS 200 x 120 x 12 RHS 200 x 120 x 12.5 RHS 250 x 150 x 5

180 180 180 180 180 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 250

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 120 120 120 120 120 120 150

6.3 8 10 12 12.5 4 5 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 16 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 5

9.45 12 15 18 18.75 7.5 7.5 9 9.45 12 15 18 18.75 24 9.45 12 15 18 18.75 24 7.5

6.3 8 10 12 12.5 5 5 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 16 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 16 5

26.1 33.3 32.6 41.6 40 47 50.9 59.9

1407 1713 2036 2320 2385 1213 1495 1754 1829 2234 2664 3047 3136 3678 1976 2039 2490 2978 3459 3468 3360

557 671 787 886 908 414 505 589 613 739 869 979 1004 1147 890 919 1114 1320 1515 1524 1527

48.7 62.1 18.1 23.1 22.6 28.7 26.8 34.2 28.1 35.8 35.1 44.8 43.1 54.9 50.8 64.7 52.7 67.1 65.2 83 28.7 36.5 29.9 38 37.3 47.6 45.9 58.5 54.5 69.4 55.7 71 30.4 38.7

RHS 250 x 150 x 6 RHS 250 x 150 x 6.3 RHS 250 x 150 x 8 RHS 250 x 150 x 10 RHS 250 x 150 x 12 RHS 250 x 150 x 12.5 RHS 250 x 150 x 16 RHS 260 x 180 x 6 RHS 260 x 180 x 6.3 RHS 260 x 180 x 8 RHS 260 x 180 x 10 RHS 260 x 180 x 12 RHS 260 x 180 x 12.5 RHS 260 x 180 x 16 RHS 300 x 200 x 5 RHS 300 x 200 x 6 RHS 300 x 200 x 6.3 RHS 300 x 200 x 8 RHS 300 x 200 x 10 RHS 300 x 200 x 12 RHS 300 x 200 x 12.5

250 |250 250 250 250 250 250 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 300 300 300 300 300 300 300

150 150 150 150 150 150 150 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 16 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 16 5 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5

9 9.45 12 15 18 18.75 24 9 9.45 12 15 18 18.75 24 7.5 9 9.45 12 15 18 18.75

6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 16 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 16 5 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5

36.2 46.2 38 48.4

3965 4143 5111 6174 7154 7387 8879 4942 5166 6390 7741 8999 9299 11245 6322 7486 7829 9717 11819 13797 14273

1796 1874 2298 2755 3168 3265 3873 2804 2929 3608 4351 5034 5196 6231 3396 4013 4193 5184 6278 7294 7537

47.7 60.8 58.8 74.9 69.6 88.7 72.3 92.1 90.3 115 40 51

41.9 53.4 52.7 67.2 65.1 82.9 77.2 98.3 80.1 102 100 128 38.3 48.7 45.7 58.2 47.9 61 60.3 76.8 74.5 94.9 88.5 113 91.9 117

RHS 300 x 200 x 16 RHS 350 x 250 x 6 RHS 350 x 250 x 6.3 RHS 350 x 250 x 8 RHS 350 x 250 x 10 RHS 350 x 250 x 12 RHS 350 x 250 x 12.5 RHS 350 x 250 x 16 RHS 400 x 200 x 6 RHS 400 x 200 x 6.3 RHS 400 x 200 x 8 RHS 400 x 200 x 10 RHS 400 x 200 x 12 RHS 400 x 200 x 12.5 RHS 400 x 200 x 16 RHS 450 x 250 x 8 RHS 450 x 250 x 10 RHS 450 x 250 x 12 RHS 450 x 250 x 12.5 RHS 450 x 250 x 16 RHS 500 x 300 x 8

300 350 350 350 350 |350 350 350 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 450 450 450 450 450 500

200 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 250 250 250 250 250 300

16 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 16 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 16 8 10 12 12.5 16 8

24 9 9.45 12 15 18 18.75 24 9 9.45 12 15 18 18.75 24 12 15 18 18.75 24 12

16 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 16 6 6.3 8 10 12 12.5 16 8 10 12 12.5 16 8

115 147 55.1 70.2 57.8 73.6 72.8 92.8 90.2 115 107 137 112 142 141 179 55.1 70.2 57.8 73.6 72.8 92.8 90.2 115 107 137 112 142 141 179 85.4 109 106 135 126 161 131 167 166 211 97.9 125

17390 12616 13203 16449 20102 23577 24419 30011 14998 15696 19562 23914 28059 29063 35738 30082 36895 43434 45026 55705 43728

9109 7538 7885 9798 11937 13957 14444 17654 5142 5376 6660 8084 9418 9738 11824 12142 14819 17359 17973 22041 19951

RHS 500 x 300 x 10 RHS 500 x 300 x 12 RHS 500 x 300 x 12.5 RHS 500 x 300 x 16 RHS 500 x 300 x 20

500 500 500 500 500

300 300 300 300 300

10 12 12.5 16 20

15 18 18.75 24 30

10 12 12.5 16 20

122 155 145 185 151 192 191 243 235 300

53762 63446 65813 81783 98777

24439 28736 29780 36768 44078

TEE

SECTIONS

Section Section Mome Mome Thickne Root of of Designati Dept Widt Thickne Section Weig nt of nt of ss Radi Modul Modul on h h ss Web al Area ht Inertia Inertia Flange us us us - Ix - Iy Wx Wy mm mm mm mm mm cm**2 kg/m cm**4 cm**4 cm**3 cm**3 203 x 127 127 203.2 10.2 19.9 19.6 52.3 41 464 1140 194 112 x 41 114 x 127 127 114.3 7.6 12.8 12.4 23.7 18.6 315 135 105 23.6 x 19 152 x 102 101. 152.4 8.9 16.5 15.5 33.3 26.1 201 408 98.9 53.5 x 26 6 127 x 76 76.2 127 10.4 13.2 13.5 23.7 18.6 92.1 189 52.5 29.8

x 19 114 x 63.5 x 15 114 x 63 x 14 76 x 64 x 8 114 x 57 x 14 102 x 51 x 12 44 x 51 x 4 89 x 45 x 10 76 x 38 x 8 76 x 38 x 7

63.5 114.3 10.2 63.5 114.3 7.4 63.5 76.2 5.6 57.1 114.3 9.5 5 50.8 101.6 9.5 50.8 44.5 4.3 44.4 88.9 9.5 5 38.1 76.2 8.9 38.1 76.2 5.1

11.5 11.4 9.6 10.7 10.3 6.1 9.9 8.4 8.4

9.9 9.9 9.4

18.7 17.1 10.5

14.7 13.4 8.27 13.5 11.5 3.73 9.76 9.51 6.38

51.3 40.1 29.3 35.6 24.3 10.5 15.8 9.2 6

121 118 30.4 112 77 3.9 50.6 30.5 25.9

34.1 30.3 20.7 26.9 20 7.8 14.1 9.4 7.4

21.2 20.6 8.0 19.6 15.2 1.8 11.4 7.6 6.8

14.2 17.2 11.1 14.7 6.9 4.75

11.1 12.4 9.4 9.4 9.57 8.12