INTERNATIONALCivil Engineering OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND International Journal of JOURNAL and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),

, ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2,(IJCIET) TECHNOLOGY July- December (2012), IAEME
ISSN 0976 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), pp. 50-59 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.html Journal Impact Factor (2011): 1.2000 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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CORRELATION BETWEEN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST ON SOILS OF GUJARAT REGION IN BOTH SOAK AND UNSOAK CONDTION
Mukesh A. Patel1, Dr. H. S. Patel2 1 Research Scholar, Ganpat University, Mehsana-384002, Gujarat, India 2 Associate Professor Department of Applied Mechanics, L. D. College of Engineering Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 1 map_technical@yahoo.co.in, 2dr.hspatel@yahoo.com ABSTRACT In highway design, subgrade strength ismostly affected by thickness of pavement. One of the methods to determine the subgrade strength in India is CBR (California Bearing Ratio) test. CBR testing in the laboratory on soaked and un-soaked conditions to simulate the field soil conditions. in this paper the comparisons between CBR soaked test results for CBR unsoaked in some variation of silt+clay content in soil of Gujarat region and make simple comparisons between CBR soaked for CBR un-soaked by considering the soil properties whereas can be predicted the CBR soaked value based on the CBR unsoaked test results.The results showed that there was a linear correlation between the CBR soaked and CBR unsoaked also influenced by the nature of the index (the properties of the soil). The maximum value of CBR ranges of 20-40 percent silt+clay content.Silt+clay content also affect the DCP results and DCP is maximum at higher silt+Clay content. Key words: Silt/Clay, Soaked and Unsoaked, CBR, DCP 1. INTRODUCTION Sub-grades play an important role in imparting structural stability to the pavement structure as it receives loads imposed upon it by road traffic. Traffic loads need to be transmitted in a manner that the subgrade-deformation is within elastic limits, and the shear forces developed are within safe limits under adverse climatic and loading conditions. The sub-grade comprises unbound earth materials such as gravel, sand, silt and, clay that
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

influence the design and construction of roads. The assessment of properties of soil subgrades, in terms of density, soil stiffness, strength, and other in-situ parameters is vital in the design of roads, and their performance. It is common in India that the subgrade strength for highway pavement design is determined by CBR test measurement. This can be from the laboratory CBR test or directly from field CBR test. However, base soil bearing capacity can also be determined using field tests such as DCP. These tests are much simpler and faster to perform. the correlation between the result of CBR soaked test and CBR soaked value is hardly found. Moreover, this correlation should be beneficial for the determination of soil bearing capacity of Gujarat region.This research is aimed to obtain a local correlation between the results of CBRlaboratory test without soaked and CBR soaked value. The correlation is based on the comparison CBRunsoaked test results and CBR soaked value which has the same fraction of sand and clay in soil. 2. METHODOLOGY In order to obtain the correlation between CBR soaked test and CBR un-soaked test results, comparison of two kind CBR test condition of several mixture soil samples from north Gujarat were performed. The CBR tests of two condition tests were performed for each mixsoil sample from each variation. Thus, the density before and after soaked of the soil for both tests is the same for each soil from each condition. CBR teat in soaked and un-soaked condition performed at eighttrials with varying proportions of silt+clay content. The result of index properties can be seen in Table 1. For index properties, soil can be classified as silty sand (SM) to clay with intermediate plasticity (CI). Table 1: Properties of Samples Trial Coarse Medium Fine no. Gravel Sand Sand Sand S/C % LL T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 4 0 3 4 0 1 1 0 2 8 6 3 2 1 0 27 20 11 10 6 1 76 32 21 20 17 12 9 20 39 48 59 70 79 88 23 29 48 36 38 54 36 USCS classi. SM SC CI CI CI CH CI

PL NP 21 21 22 23 24 22

PI NP 8 27 14 15 30 14

Gs 2.63 2.62 2.61 2.61 2.6 2.6 2.61

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 3.1 California Bearing Ratio Test(CBR) CBR test were performed on unsoaked and soaked soil samples as per the test procedure stipulated in Indian standard. In the CBR test, load and penetration reading of 50 mm plunger were observed at a rate of 1.25 mm/minute, the load for 2.5 mm and 5 mm were observed, the load was expressed as a percentage of standard load value at a respective deformation level. CBR test were conducted at MDD and OMC. Test results of CBR are tabulated in Table-2. Testing equipment for CBR test is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1: Testing Equipment For soaking of the sample, 6 mm diameter holes were drilled at uniform spacing at the bottom of mould. During soaking top soil surface was closed by perforated steel plate, which is properly clamped with mould to prevent swelling or particles displacement of soil. It was placed in steel water tank of larger size by means of crane so that sample in mould got saturated during soaking are as shown in Figure 2.

Fig.-2 Mould with saturation tank 3.2 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) DCP test were performed using cylindrical mould at the same densities and moisture content in soaked condition as were done in the case of test using PBT. Fig.-4 shows test set up for
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July December (2012), IAEME July-

DCP specially developed with digital facilities for blows count and penetration measurement and also mechanical arrangement for hammer falling.

Fig. Digital Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Fig.-3 In DCP test the 8 kg hammer was dropped through the height of 575 mm on the anvil. Hammer was dropped by mechanical pulling arrangement. The anvil was connected with pulling rod attached by 60 degree cone of 20 mm diameter. This was kept on the top of the soil surface. In the DCP test, observation was made of number of blows corresponding to penetration of cone through digital disp display. The penetration test using DCP was performed up to 300 mm depth, The penetration resistance was obtained that was the ratio of the total penetration to the corresponding number of blows. Similar tests were performed for the each at M.D.D and O.M.C. in soaked condition. The results of the test were observed and are noted in the table 2. table-2 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of this research are presented in three parts. First physical and mechanical First, properties of test samples are shown After that variation inGs, Atterberg limits, unit weight shown. Gs, density and DCP of the soils with varying proportion of Silt/clay content are shown. In the final part, the correlation between CBR soaked tests results and CBR un soaked test results un-soaked are put forward. 4.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Test Samples cal The test results of physical and mechanical properties of the samples can be divided into four categories based on the type of soils as seen in Table 2.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

Table 2: Physical and Mechanical Properties of CBR Test Samples

S/C content (%) Medium Sand Un Soaked Results d(kN/m3) DCP(mm/ blow) CBR (%) Soaked Results d (kN/m3) DCP(mm/ blow) CBR (%) Coarse Sand

Fine Sand

Gravel

W (%)

4 0 3 4 0 1 1

0 2 8 6 3 2 1

0 27 20 11 10 6 1

76 32 21 20 17 12 9

20 39 48 59 70 79 88

8 8.7 10.4 10.6 10.7 13.6 13

20.5 20.9 19.3 19.5 19.1 17.9 18.9

21.08 29.65 13.52 14 13.52 12.63 13.48

0.94 0.87 1.10 1.13 1.07 1.15 1.07

10.7 9.7 13.4 12.9 13.9 17.4 14.6

W (%)

20.5 20.9 19.3 19.5 19.1 17.9 18.9

9.5 2.08 15.1 1.72 4.2 4.9 3.9 2.28 3.59 3.55 3.22 3.72 6.39 4.00

For the soils which are used in this research, in general, they have water content between 813.6%,dry unit weight,dbetween 17.9-20.9kN./m3.in field (un-soaked) and have water content between 9.7-17.4%, dry unit weight between 17.920.9kN/m3(after soaked in laboratory). Furthermore, It was recorded that the values ofCBR un-soaked tests on those soils arebetween 12.63-29.65% and CBR soaked values between 4.2-15.1% (see Table 2). It is shown that the range of the physical and mechanical properties the soils varies considerably. 4.2 Regression Analysis of CBR, index properties and unit weight density Effect of variation in proportion of silt/clay content on specific gravity, index properties, soaked and unsoaked values of DCP and soak and unsoak CBR is analyzed using regression analysis. The results of regression analysis are shown in figure 4 to figure 8. This analysis is based on results obtained from experimental investigation. It can be seen that regression using linier function suits the relation between water content and clay fraction relatively accurately. Figure 4 shows regression results for specific gravity on variation in proportion of silt/clay content. This shows that as proportion of silt/clay content in soil increase the specific gravity of soil decreases.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME
2.64 2.63 Gs 2.62 2.61 2.6 2.59 0 20 40 60 Silt/Clay (%) 80 100

Figure 4: Regression Results for Gs Figure 5 shows that the value of liquid limit increases till 50% silt/clay content and plastic limit of soils increased with increasing silt/clay fraction in the soil. Gradient increasing of liquid limit higher than plastic limit of soil. So, plasticity index of soils increases in proportion to the increase in soil till 50%silt/clay fraction. Figure 3 also shows that variation inoptimum moisture content is similar to variation in plastic limit but at lower gradient than plastic limit.
60 water Content (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 OMC LL PL PI

. Figure 5: Regression Results for Atterberg Limits and Optimum Water Content It can be seen from Figure 6 that for the silt/clay fraction smaller than 80%, free swelling index is relatively smaller. Therefore, potential free swelling index for soil containing silt/clay content smaller than 70% is relatively small. Figure 6 shows that maximum density is between 20% to 40% silt/clay content. In other words, it is the best composition to obtain the optimal value of CBR is in the range of 20-40% silt/clay Fraction.

40 60 Silt/Clay Fraction (%)

80

100

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME
21.5 21 20.5 MDD(kN/m3) 20 19.5 19 18.5 18 17.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 10 0 MDD Swelling 40 30 20 60 Free swelling index 50

Silt/Clay fraction (%)

. Figure 6: Regression Resultsfor silt/Clay Figure 7 shows that the difference of the results of the CBR un-soaked and the CBR soaked are increase for 20% to 40% fraction of silt/clay and then decreases again up to 48% fraction of clay. It shows that maximum CBR is in the range between 2045% of silt/clay content.
35 30 CBR Value (%) 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 Silt/Clay Fraction (%) 80 100 Soaked CBR Unsoaked CBR

Figure 7: Regression Results for silt-Clay Mixture Figure 8 shows that the difference of the results of the DCP un-soaked and the DCP soaked are increase for 40% to 50% fraction of silt/clay and then decreases again up to 60% fraction of clay and maximum at maximum silt/clay content.

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME
7.00 6.00 DCP (mm/blow) 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 0 20 40 60 Silt/Clay Fraction (%) 80 100 Unsoaked DCP soaked DCP

Figure 8: Regression Results for silt-Clay Mixture 4.3 Multiple variable regression analysis In the previous section, relations between silt/Clay Fraction and index properties as well as between silt/clay fraction and soil density have been obtained. In order to correlate the soaked CBR value and unsaoked CBR value, multiple variable regression method is applied. i) Prediction of CBR (difference between soaked and unsoaked CBR) from silt/clay content, Atterberg limits, optimum moisture content and maximum dry density is done by using multiple variable regression analysis is expressed by equation no. 1 CBR [1] = 2.69197657810-2 S/C Fraction(%) + 2.09747037 LL 1.824723703 PI + 1.656927739 OMC + 8.5300765 MDD 225.4733822 (1)
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4

CBR Actual CBR Predicted

Figure 9: Predicted and Actual CBR

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

ii)

Prediction of CBR (difference between soaked and unsoaked CBR) from silt/clay content, Atterberg limits and optimum moisture content is done by using multiple variable regression analysis is expressed by equation no. 2 CBR [2] = -4.60018785910-2 S/C Fraction(%) - 3.152857026101 LL + 2.38313215410-1 PI + 3.58449434610-1 OMC + 17.6518068122 . (2)
20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 CBR Actual CBR Predicted 5 6 7

Figure 10: Predicted and Actual CBR iii) Prediction of CBR (difference between soaked and unsoaked CBR) from Atterberg limits and optimum moisture content is done by using multiple variable regression analysis is expressed by equation no. 3 CBR [3] = -1.79801581510-1 LL + 1.28050185510-1 PI 0.264580543 OMC + 18.27024832 (3)
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Actual CBR Predited CBR

Figure 11: Predicted and Actual CBR

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME

iv)

Prediction of CBR (difference between soaked and unsoaked CBR) from Atterberg limits and optimum moisture content is done by using multiple variable regression analysis is expressed by equation no. 4 CBR [4] = 1.56174763910-2 S/C content - 19.00312913 DCP + 29.6298705 (4)
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4

Actual CBR Predicted CBR 5 6 7

Figure 12: Predicted and Actual CBR

5. CONCLUSIONS This research has been performed to analyze the effect of silt/clay proportion on physical properties of soil and establish multiple variable correlations between CBR un-soaked test results and CBR soaked values with Atterberg limits, O.M.C., M.D.D. and DCP values. Verification of the formula from curves of actual and predicted values shows that the correlation can be used relatively accurately for predicting the difference CBR values from the CBR with and without soaked test for soils. The formula needs to be modified and further research need to be done for soils.

6. REFERENCES 1. SoewignjoAgus NUGROHO, et. Al. (2012), Correlation Between Index

Properties And California bearing Ratio Test Of Pekanbaru Soils With And Without Soaked Canadian Journal on Environmental, Construction and Civil Engineering Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 7-17. 2. IS : 2720 (Part-16) -1983, Indian Standard Method of Test for Soils, Laboratory Determination of CBR. 3. IS : 1498 -1970, Classification and Identification of Soils for General Engineering Purposes. 4. IS: 2720 (Part-4)-1985, Methods of Test for Soils: Part -4 Grain Size Analysis. 5. Jeffrey E., Harrick., and Tim L. Jones., (2002). A dynamic Cone Penetrometer for Measuring Penetration Resistance.

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