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As noted earlier, the two major alternate foundation types are the shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations are discussed in this chapter. Deep foundation alternatives including piles and drilled shafts are discussed in the next chapter. Proprietary foundation systems should not be excluded as they may be the most economical alternative in a given set of conditions. Cost analyses ofall feasible alternatives may lead to the elimination of some foundations that were otherwise qualified under the engineering study. Other factors that must be considered in the final foundation selection are the availability of materials and equipment, the qualifications and experience of local contractors and construction companies, as well as environmental limitations/considerations on construction access or activities. Whether it is for shallow or deep foundations, it is recommended that foundation support cost be defined as the total cost of the foundation system divided by the load the foundation supports in tons. Thus, the cost of the foundation system should be expressed in terms of dollars per ton loadthat will be supported. For anequitable comparison, the total foundation cost should include all costs associated with a given foundation system including the need for excavation or retention systems,environmental restrictions on construction activities, e.g., vibrations, noise, disposal of contaminated excavated spoils, pile caps and cap size, etc. For major projects, if the estimated costs of alternative foundation systems during the design stage are within 15 percent of each other, then alternate foundation designs should be considered for inclusion in contract documents. If alternate designs are included in the contract documents, both designs should be adequately detailed. For example, if two pile foundation alternatives are detailed, the bid quantity pile lengths should reflect the estimated pile lengths for each alternative. Otherwise,material costs and not the installed foundation cost will likely determine the low bid. Use of alternate foundation designs will generally provide the most cost effective foundation system. A conventional design alternate should generally be included with a proprietary design alternate in the final project documents to stimulate competition and to anticipate value engineered proposals from contractors.
AREAS OF OPERATION
NBCC is one of the few public sector companies engaged in the business of (i) (ii) project management consultancy services for civil construction projects ("PMC") civil infrastructure for power sector and real estate development.
NBCC is headquartered in New Delhi and in addition has 10 regional / zonal offices across India. The projects undertaken by our Company are spread across 23 states and 1 union territory in India. In addition, NBCC has also have also undertaken projects overseas. NBCC's PMC business segment includes providing management and consultancy services for a range of civil construction projects including residential and commercial complexes, redevelopment of buildings and colonies, hospitals, educational institutions; infrastructure works for security personnel, border fencing as well as infrastructure projects such as roads, water supply systems, storm water systems and water storage solutions. NBCC's civil Infrastructure for power sector segment includes providing engineering and construction services for power projects, including design and execution of (i) civil and structural works for power projects (ii) Cooling towers (iii) Chimneys. NBCC's real estate development segment focuses on principally two types of projects, namely, (i) residential projects, such as apartments and townships and (ii) commercial projects, such as corporate office buildings and shopping malls.
COMPUTERIZATION AND TRANSPARENCY NBCC makes extensive use of information and communication technologies for the execution and management of its projects. NBCC has implemented Enterprise Resource Planning ("ERP") system in some business processes related to accounting, salaries, HRM system and e-Bidding system. In addition, NBCC's team has access to domain controller and additional domain controller, cluster servers, IT security management, network management etc. IT security management is also utilized for the continuous upkeep of security products , solutions, products, tools. The online computer maintenance services ensures accurate management of the organizations hardware and software complaints electronically, including hardware management, complaint tracking, minimum problem rectification time, better reports management and optimal performance. NBCC also hascentralised its database and has begun digitising its records and has business continuity servers to protect the electronic data and ensure maximum uptime.
As of September 30, 2011 Number of Projects Contract Value (in million) Outstanding Contract Value / Order Book (in million)
PMC Projects Ongoing Projects Forthcoming Projects 130 59 162,764.24 23,786.40* 79,240.52 23,786.40*
Completed Projects
Ongoing Projects
Forthcoming Projects
No. of Developa No. of No. of Developa Saleabl Leasab Projec ble Projec Projec ble Area e Area le Area ts Area ts ts Residentia 3,410,4 Nil 4 3,732,053 0 6 l 03 Commerci 8 1,076,65 3 407,633 239,560 66,624 6 al 3,649,9 Total 8 1,076,65 7 4,139,686 66,624 12 63
Developa Saleabl Leasab ble Area e Area le Area 4,878,8 147,58 82 5 1,724,1 290,78 2,323,908 01 6 6,602,9 438,35 7,879,729 83 3 5,555,821
As of September 30, 2011 Number of projects Contract Value(` in million) Outstanding Contract Value / Order Book(` in million)
3. No window was there in staircases which lead to complete darkness, so it was decided to change the drawing by consulting the concerned authorities.
4. The depth if beam above the door was 35 earlier but to keep the size of the door as per the standard it was changed to 3.
5.Frequent power cuts lead to increase in the cost of construction as generators were used to meet the power requirements 6.Laying of foundations was postponed by 1 month due to the rainy season.
Following table shows unit weight of materials used at construction site. Please note this is for reference purpose only and may vary from place and type of material. We are thankful to Engineer Prince Saha for submitting this very useful information to us.
S.No
Material
Theoretical Weight in(KG/M) 1440 7850 1600 1840 2850 to 2960 1000 2240 2420 1600 to 1920 1920 1760 1800 2080 1760 640 2530 670 to 830 990
Approx Weight at Site Remarks in Kg 50 d/162 50 to 55 57 to 63 48 to 52 1 8.24 to 8.5 Per Bag d -dia in mm farma farma farma liter Cube mould no no cft cft no cft cft bag sft cft cft no no 1 farma=1.25cft 1 farma=1.25cft metal 12mm to 20mm cube mould size=15x15x15cm 9x4x2 3/4 9x6x3 3/4 Black cotton 30x15x20 cm 30x10x20 cm
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Cement Steel SandDry River Stone(basalt) Water PCC RCC 2% Steel Bricks Brick Masonry Soil(damp) Cement concrete block(solid) Cement Mortar Lime Mortar Lime Glass Teak Wood Sal Wood Marble mosaic tile
4mm tk plain
25x25x22mm 30x30x25mm
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Chequered tile Glazed tile15x15cm Marble Stone Granite Stone Coddappa A.C.sheet corrugated Bitumen Window frame (simple design) Door Frame a)30070 b)26x70
2.5 to 2.8 0.20 to 0.25 5.1 5.35 6.4 1.2 220 1.9 to2.1
25 to 27 24 to 26
no no
PORTLAND CEMENT:
Joseph Aspdin, a mason at Leeds prepared a cement in 1824 by heating a mixture of finely-divided clay and hard limestone in a furnace until CO2 had been driven off; this temperature was much lower than that necessary for clinkering. The prototype of modern cement was made in 1845 by Isaac Johnson, who burnt a mixture of clay and chalk until clinkering, so that the reaction necessary for the formation of strongly cementitious compound took place. The name Portland Cement was given due to the resemblance of the colour and quality of the hardened cement to Portland stone- a limestone quarried in Doset. The process of manufacturing of cement consists essentially of grinding the raw materials ( calcareous materials such as limestone or chalk and argillaceous materials such as shale or clay), mixing them intimately in certain proportion and burning in a large rotary kiln at a temperature of upto about 14500C when the material sinters and partially fuses into balls known as clinker. The clinker is cooled and ground to a fine powder, with some gypsum added, and the resulting product is the commercial Portland Cement so widely used throughout the world.
MAKING CONCRETE:
Just mix cement, aggregates and water, cast this mix in a mould, open the mould next day. A uniform hard mass will be found, which is known as concrete, any body can make
it. The simplecity in making concrete make this material to be look like very simple in its production, yet it as not so simple. Due to ignorance about concrete no other building materials ever mis-used as concrete in the construction. In India concrete is being used in the construction since the last 70 years. Yet 80% of the builders have no proper understanding of this materials. Go to any construction site (except big construction sites) you will find that sand and aggregates are being taken in iron tasla or cane baskets to charge the mixer without the consideration of site aggregates actual grindings, moisture content and bulking of sand. The water is poured in the mixer without any measured quantity. It could be well imagine what sort of concrete structure will be made with the concrete being produced in this crude method. Most of the contractors, builders, masons etc. still follow 1:2:4 or 1:1.5:3 mixes they are not aware of Design Mixes and Concrete Admixtures. This paper described how Design Mixes can be converted into volume with 1 Bag Cement, 2 Boxes of sand and 4 Boxes of Aggregate. The site practical problem is the dispersion of water and liquid admixtures into the mixer. For this the site should fabricate a plastic circular graduated measuring container of 30 lit capacity with a tap fitted at its bottom. This container is to be fitted on top of the mixer. From this container water and liquid admixtures can conveniently poured direct into the mixer in a measured quantity.
Table-1 Test Data of Dehradun Aggregates: I.S. Sieve Size Percentage Passing River Sand 40 mm 20 mm 10 mm 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.18 mm 600 micron 300 micron 150 micron Specific Gravity Water absorption % Bulk density kg/lit 100 100 95 79 72 56 47 27 6 2.65 0.80 1.78 2.65 0.50 1.40 20 mm Crushed Aggregate 100 86 3 0
Note : The sand is not falling to any grading Zone of IS : 383-1970. The aggregate grading is 20 mm single sized as per IS: 383-1970. If 95% this sand passes on 4.75 mm sieve, then the sand will become of Zone-II as per IS : 383-1970. The following mix is worked out as per Zone-II sand. For detail calculations refer reference of No. 1. a) For the target strength and given cement and Aggregate W/C ration found to be = 0.49 b) Water for OPC 190 kg/m3. For PCC 5/100 x 190 = 9.5 , Say 10 190 10 = 180 kg/m3 to give 50 mm of Slump with the given aggregates. Normal
Superplasticizer at a dosages of 7 ml/kg cement will give 15% water reduction without loss of workability. Water = 180 27 = 153 kg/m3 c) Cement = 153/0.49 = 312 kg/m3 d) Density of OPC concrete = 2405 kg/m3 Density for PPC Concrete = 2405 24 = Say 2380 kg/m3 e) Aggregates = 2380 -153 312 = 1915 kg/m3 f) Sand (Zone-II) = 1915 x 0.36 = 689 kg/m3 g) 20 mm aggregate = 1915 689 = 1226 kg/m3 Mix. No. 1 On the basis of saturated and surface dry aggregatesWater =153 kg/m3 PCC=312 kg/m3 Sand=689 kg/m3 20 mm Aggregate=1226 ml/m3 Mix No. 2 95-79 = 16% oversized particles in the sand is to be adjusted in the above mix. The modified mix on the basis of saturated and surface dry aggregates is given below: Water=153 kg/m3 PCC=312 kg/m3 Sand=820 kg/m3 20 mm Aggregate =1095 kg/m3 Normal Superplasticizer=2184 kg/m3 Accordingly mix ratio by weight on the basis of saturated and surface dry aggregates is given below: Cement : Sand : 20 mm Agg. 1 : 2.63 : 3.51 W/C Ratio = 0.49 Mix ratio by volume on the basis of room dry aggregates is given below: Cement : Sand : 20 mm Agg. 1 : 2.14 : 3.63 Free W/C Ratio = 0.49 MIX RATIO BY VOLUME FOR ONE BAG OF CEMENT 1. Cement = One bag = 50 kg = 35 lit = 35000 cc
2. Sand (room dry) = 2.14 x 35 = 74.9 lit = 74900 cc 3. 20 mm Aggregate (room dry) = 3.63 x 35 = 127.05 lit = 127050 cc 4. Free Water = 24.5 lit 5. Normal Superplasticizer = 350 ml MEASURING BOXES TO BE MADE AT SITE 1. Cement = One bag = 50 kg 2. Sand (room dry) = 33 x 33 x 34.4 cm two boxes 3. 20 mm Aggregate (room dry) = 33 x 33 x 29.2 cm .. four boxes 4. Free Water = 24.5 lit 5. Normal Superplasticizer = 350 ml In the above example M-25 Design mix is converted to the familiar 1 bag cement : 2 boxes of sand and 4 boxes of aggregate. While making concrete at site the moisture content of site sand and aggregate must be taken into account in the mixing water and bulking of sand. In the field trial mixes are to be carried out to finalize the mix.