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WRITE UP ON LOW VOLTAGE CAPACITOR BANK,- POWER FACTOR

CORRECTION/REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION THROUGH


CAPACITOR. BANK

The importance of power factor correction or compensation has gone up in


recent years due to increased awareness on energy conservation and quality of
supply on the part of the power utility as well as consumers.

Power factor is a measure of how efficiently electrical power is consumed. The


ideal PF is unity. Anything less than one , means that extra power is required to
achieve the actual task at hand. This extra energy is known as Reactive power,
which is necessary to provide a magnetizing effect required by motors and other
inductive loads to perform their desired characteristic function. The most
common method for improving power factor is to add capacitors bank to the
system. When you add a capacitor supplies the reactive power needed by the
load. Thus instead of drawing reactive power from the system, the same is
supplied by the capacitor. However, at the same time , it is utmost important to
select the proper capacity/rating of capacitor, as over compensation will give
rise to system voltage causing damages to the electrical appliances of the
consumer premises. Similarly, the selection of optimum location of capacitor is
also very important aspect of power compensation, as improper location will
not only give less benefit but also it will be a waste of capital investment.

Benefits of P.F. correction -

• Reduction in T & D losses in Distribution Network.


• Electrical energy efficiency improved.
• Extra KVA availability from the transformer
• Transformer & distribution equipment losses reduced.
• Voltage drop reduction in long cable.

Nature of Load
• Most of the load is basically inductive in nature and this inductive load
operates at maxi load factor of 80 %.
• Transformer will be loaded only up to 80 % at any given instance but
overall operational factor of this load will be as low as 30 % depending
on the application.
Types of Loading Pattern

1) Constant Load :
Here the requirement of reactive power steady and constant. Variation
for such loading pattern is very minimum.

2) Varying Load :
Transformer is subjected to different loads based on capacity. Hence the
loading of transformer varies time to time. This load is termed as varying
loads. The varying loads involve differing instantaneous P.F and effectively
varying lagging Reactive Power (KVAR)

Selection of Capacitor Bank

• Fixed Capacitor :
For steady loads, the capacitors can be connected across the terminals. A
correct size of capacitor installed in parallel to load and improve P.F. When
load level is high, fixed shunt capacitor system is highly beneficial. When
load drops off the capacitor poses more harm to the system compared to its
beneficial. An excess of capacitance in service can lead to higher than desired
voltages and excessively leading P.F.
Generally for fixed capacitor bank (25 % of KVA ) KVAR Required

• Varying Loads :
Automatic Power factor Correction System

The present day electrical networks cater to a variety of loads which


dynamically fluctuates and creates waveforms distortion thereby
necessitating APFC system, which is self adaptable with short reaction
times for extremely fluctuating power levels .It is either kept on floor or
mounted on the H frame structure on which the transformer& distribution
box are installed It should be installed at such a height that it should not be
damaged by the outsiders and also it is easy to maintain. The APFC
comprises of 5 C’s- Viz, Capacitor, Contactor, Controller, Cabinet & Cabling
& safety parts(fuses, etc).

The capacitor may be selected for various rating of transformer as under –


SR NO TRANSFORMER 3 PHASE SWITCHED TOTAL
RATING IN KVA CAPACITOR BANK RATING KVAR
1 25 3+6KVAR (2 STEPS) 9
2 63 3+6+9+9 KVAR ( 4 STEPS) 27
3 100 3+6+9+18 KVAR ( 4 STEPS) 36
4 200 6+12+18+36 KVAR ( 4 STEPS) 72
5 500 15+30+45+45+45 KVAR 180
(5 STEPS)

The cost breaks up of a typical APFC panel for LT 415 V applications is as under

• Capacitors-(variable capacitor in series) 50%
• Contactors- 25%
• Cabinet- 15%
• Cabling , Safety Parts 05%
• Controller 05%

Further real time facility and facility /software to interpret, calculate and down
load the various electrical parameters to a computer directly through GSM
modem or to a hand held unit through RS 232 port or an infrared Port, which
may not be useful for study of large number of distribution transformer and
shall add extra cost to the Company. At present wherever APFC installed, such
GSM modem is not connected to the computerized system.

The cost of variable capacitor bank is very high .Therefore it is necessary that a
economical balance considering size of the load & capacitor bank required is to
be made.

Rating of Distribution Transformer


• Following rating of Distribution Transformer are available in market.

 5 KVA, 10 KVA,16 KVA, 25KVA, 50 KVA,63 KVA,75 KVA,100 KVA,115


KVA,150 KVA,200KVA,250 KVA,500 KVA ....
 However in our DISCOM Company, , 25KVA, 63KVA, 100KVA, 200KVA
& 500KVA transformers are generally used.

Calculation for KVAR Required

The required capacitor kVAr can be calculated and summarized as below


SR NO RATING OF KW=KVA* AV. KVAR=KW x multiplying
TRANSFORMER P.F.i.e.0.7 factor from table to improve
the PF from 0.7 to 0.90.i.e.
0.536
1 25 17.5 9.38 SAY 9 KVAR
2 63 44.1 23.63 SAY 27 KVAR
3 100 70 37.52 SAY 36 KVAR
4 200 140 75.04 SAY 72 KVAR
5 500 350 187.6 SAY 180 KVAR

Multiplying factor for Required KVAR

Initial Final P.F


P.F 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 0.99
0.60 0.849 0.907 0.970 1.042 1.130 1.191
0.62 0.781 0.839 0.903 0.974 1.062 1.123
0.64 0.716 0.775 0.838 0.909 0.998 1.058
0.65 0.685 0.743 0.806 0.877 0.966 1.027
0.66 0.654 0.712 0.775 0.847 0.935 0.996
0.68 0.594 0.652 0.715 0.787 0.875 0.936
0.70 0.536 0.594 0.657 0.729 0.817 0.878
0.72 0.480 0.538 0.601 0.672 0.761 0.821
0.74 0.425 0.483 0.564 0.617 0.706 0.766
0.75 0.398 0.456 0.519 0.590 0.679 0.739
0.76 0.371 0.429 0.492 0.563 0.652 0.713
0.78 0.318 0.376 0.439 0.511 0.599 0.660
0.80 0.266 0.324 0.387 0.458 0.547 0.608
0.82 0.214 0.272 0.335 0.406 0.495 0.556
0.84 0.162 0.220 0.283 0.354 0.443 0.503
0.85 0.135 0.194 0.257 0.328 0.417 0.477
% LOSS REDUCTION =

=100-100 (ORIGINAL PF/CORRECTED PF) ²


=100-100 (0.7/0.9) ²
=39.50

Voltage rise calculation

• When applying shunt capacitor banks , it is important to calculate the


resulting voltage rise. If to high, the kvar size or kvar increment of the
bank should be limited.

• The voltage rise resulting from the application of a shunt capacitor bank
is related to the system strength (i.e. KVAsc) and kvar of the bank. If the
KVAsc is not know, it can be calculated by following equation.

Calculation of KVAsc : ( 100 % Loading )

KVAsc = Transformer KVA


Per unit transformer impedance

Voltage Rise Calculation :

% of Voltage Rise = Bank KVAR X 100


KVAsc

Voltage rise at various loading in %


KVA 10 % 20 % 30 % loading 50% 80 % 100 %
Rating loading loading loading loading loading
25 16.2 8.1 5.40 3.24 2.025 1.62
63 19.286 9.643 6.429 3.857 2.411 1.929
100 16.2 8.1 5.40 3.24 2.025 1.62
200 18 9 6 3.6 2.25 1.8
500 18 9 6 3.6 2.25 1.8

Cost comparisation of fixed capacitors and variable capacitor (APFC) :


Sr. Transfo Fixed APP type APFC with variable Capacitor RATIO OF
No rmer capacitor with TOTAL
rating MCB in APFC COST
metallic TO FIXED
enclosure and CAP. COST.
cables
+installation
charges.

K Cost in KVAR Cost of AMC Total


VAR Rupees required APFC cost in
requir Rupees
ed
1 25 9 7200 9 13680 900 14580 2.025
2 63 27 15500 27 23260 165.93 23425.93 1.51
3 100 36 19020 36 30273 1350.50 31623.5 1.66
4 200 72 44400 72 46538 4000 50538 1.138
5 500 180 105800 180 96208 6000 102208 0.96

From above it is observed that –


• Voltage rise above 30% loading is within limit & hence there is no need
to put variable capacitor (APFC), fixed capacitor with switch off facility
at load below 30% ,shall solve the purpose. Further this capacitor (APFC)
is installed on Ag feeder where supply is given for 10 to 12 Hrs. in a day.
Hence Variable capacitor may not be useful and economical.

• Losses reduction of 39.50% can be achieved by installing capacitor which


can be achieved irrespective of fixed or variable capacitor.
• APFC is to be mounted on floor or on the H frame where transformer is
installed. Hence requires extra care being electronic costlier item, from
damage done by outsiders and atmosphere effect. Also proper
maintenance is required. Extra cage is required to be prepared if mounted
on floor to safe guard the panel. This will add the cost.

• As per the cost comparison given above, the cost of the APFC is about
1.5-2 times of the fixed capacitor. Further optional facility like
computation of various electrical parameters and connectivity to
computers available at site or division office shall add to the cost which
is hardly used by the field office for any analysis.

• APFC can be useful where there is large variation in load continuously


.This can be useful at industry where frequency of load variable is high
and also the size of capacitor required is high which will ultimately
benefit the particular industry in terms of efficiency and cost.

CONCLUSION –
Instead of spending crores of Rupees in providing APFC, fixed capacitor with
switch off facility ( both auto/manual ) for load below 30% is more useful and
economical and serves the purpose of improving PF and reducing losses
particularly agriculture feeders

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