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Nature of Load
• Most of the load is basically inductive in nature and this inductive load
operates at maxi load factor of 80 %.
• Transformer will be loaded only up to 80 % at any given instance but
overall operational factor of this load will be as low as 30 % depending
on the application.
Types of Loading Pattern
1) Constant Load :
Here the requirement of reactive power steady and constant. Variation
for such loading pattern is very minimum.
2) Varying Load :
Transformer is subjected to different loads based on capacity. Hence the
loading of transformer varies time to time. This load is termed as varying
loads. The varying loads involve differing instantaneous P.F and effectively
varying lagging Reactive Power (KVAR)
• Fixed Capacitor :
For steady loads, the capacitors can be connected across the terminals. A
correct size of capacitor installed in parallel to load and improve P.F. When
load level is high, fixed shunt capacitor system is highly beneficial. When
load drops off the capacitor poses more harm to the system compared to its
beneficial. An excess of capacitance in service can lead to higher than desired
voltages and excessively leading P.F.
Generally for fixed capacitor bank (25 % of KVA ) KVAR Required
• Varying Loads :
Automatic Power factor Correction System
The cost breaks up of a typical APFC panel for LT 415 V applications is as under
–
• Capacitors-(variable capacitor in series) 50%
• Contactors- 25%
• Cabinet- 15%
• Cabling , Safety Parts 05%
• Controller 05%
Further real time facility and facility /software to interpret, calculate and down
load the various electrical parameters to a computer directly through GSM
modem or to a hand held unit through RS 232 port or an infrared Port, which
may not be useful for study of large number of distribution transformer and
shall add extra cost to the Company. At present wherever APFC installed, such
GSM modem is not connected to the computerized system.
The cost of variable capacitor bank is very high .Therefore it is necessary that a
economical balance considering size of the load & capacitor bank required is to
be made.
• The voltage rise resulting from the application of a shunt capacitor bank
is related to the system strength (i.e. KVAsc) and kvar of the bank. If the
KVAsc is not know, it can be calculated by following equation.
• As per the cost comparison given above, the cost of the APFC is about
1.5-2 times of the fixed capacitor. Further optional facility like
computation of various electrical parameters and connectivity to
computers available at site or division office shall add to the cost which
is hardly used by the field office for any analysis.
CONCLUSION –
Instead of spending crores of Rupees in providing APFC, fixed capacitor with
switch off facility ( both auto/manual ) for load below 30% is more useful and
economical and serves the purpose of improving PF and reducing losses
particularly agriculture feeders