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Unit Five -129- Chapter Fourteen

Laser
Overview:

The word Laser means:

…………………………………………………………………………………

Emission

There are two kinds of emission:

• …………….. Emission.

• …………….. Emission.

Mechanism Spontaneous Emission:

• When the electrons

rotate in its original

level, the atom is called

in ……………….

state.

• The higher energy levels are called …………………… levels.

• When the atom gain photon (quantum) of energy equal to ………………

…………., the electron transfer to …………………, and the atom is

called at ……………. state.

• The atom remains at excited state for lifetime about 10-8 second, then it

………………….. state losing …………………. In form of …………...

Characteristics of Spontaneous Emission:

• It occurs when the atom (excites / relaxes) from an ……….. state to a …

…… state, emitting spontaneously the energy difference in the form of

…………….. without the effect of an external photon.

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Unit Five -130- Chapter Fourteen

• It occurs (after / before) the lifetime is over.

• The emitted photons have (single / wide range of) wavelengths.

• The emitted photons propagate (randomly / coherently).

• It spreads: where its intensity (decreases / increase) by increase the

traveling distance, according to ……………………………………... law.

• It scatters: where it ………………………………………………………..

• This is the dominant radiation in ordinary sources.

Spontaneous Emission:

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Mechanism Stimulated Emission:

• When an excited atom at energy level E2 gain a photon of energy E2 – E1

(after / before) the lifetime is over, it forced to return to the …………

state (absorbing / emitting) the original photon and the colliding photon

(stimulating and stimulated photons).

Characteristics of Stimulated Emission:

• It occurs when an external

photon stimulates (ground

state / excited atoms) to

emit the energy difference

in the form of ………..

• It occurs (before / after)

the lifetime is over.

• The emitted photons are ………………….. wavelength.

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Unit Five -131- Chapter Fourteen

• The emitted photons are (coherent / not coherent) and propagate in (one /

all) direction as a collimated parallel beam

• Its spreading is ……….: where it (obey / disobey) the inverse square law.

• Its scattering is …………..: where it is rarely to collide with other

particles.

• This is the dominant radiation in laser sources.

Stimulated Emission:

…………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………..

Comparison between properties of a


laser beam and ordinary light:

Mono-chromaticity:

• Ordinary light: consists of …………

wavelength, differ in ………………

………...

• Laser beam: consists of …………..

band, and the intensity is …………

…., therefore it consider as …………

…………… beam.

Collimation:

• Ordinary light: characterized by …

…………… because it (obey /

disobey) the inverse square rule,

therefore the width of the light beam

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Unit Five -132- Chapter Fourteen

(increase / decrease) by increasing the traveling distance, and the

intensity (increases / does not change / decrease).

• Laser beam: characterized by ………….. because it (obey / disobey) the

inverse square rule, therefore the width of the laser beam (does / does

not) change by increasing the traveling distance, and the intensity will

(increase / not change / decrease).

Coherence:

• Ordinary light: its photons propagate randomly at different instants of

time; therefore it is in (phase / phase difference).

• Laser beam: its photons emit at the same time, therefore it is in (phase /

not in phase), which make the radiation intense and focused.

Intensity:

• Ordinary light: it (obeys / disobeys) the inverse square rule, therefore its

intensity (increase / does not change / decrease) by increase the traveling

distance.

• Laser beam: it (obeys / disobeys) the inverse square rule, therefore its

intensity (increase / does not change / decrease), how long the traveling

distance was.

Theory of the Laser Action:

 The active medium must be in the state of ……………………………..

• Where the number of excited atoms (less / exceed) than the number of

atoms at ground state.

 Emission of radiating for the excited atom through the (spontaneous /

stimulated) emission.

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Unit Five -133- Chapter Fourteen

• The excited atom may produce ……………., or …………. emission, and

the laser action depends on the emission produced by (spontaneous /

stimulated) emission which required photon of energy E2 – E1 to impact

with the (ground state / excited) atom.

 Amplification of stimulated emission through the …………………….

• The number of photons (intensity of laser) is increase due to the ………

……….. between two enclosing mirrors, where the photons impact with

more atoms at the (ground / excited) level, causing the number of

coherent photons to (increase/ decrease).

Main components of a laser:

Active medium:

It is the active medium to produce the laser beam, and it can be:

a) ……..………………..: such as ruby.

b) …..…………………...

c) ……………………….: such as water solution of organic dye.

d) ………………………..: such as He – Ne laser.

e) ………………………..: such as CO2 laser.

Source of Energy:

It is responsible for …………………. the active medium.

a) Electric energy: where there are two methods of excitation by electric

energy:

• By using of ……………..

• By using of ………………………………………………………………..

which is used in gas laser (e.g.: CO2 laser, Ar laser, He-Ne laser).

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Unit Five -134- Chapter Fourteen

b) Excitation by optical energy: where

there are two methods of excitation by

optical energy:

• By ………………… (e.g.: ruby laser).

• By …………… (e.g.: liquid dye laser)

Using of optical energy to cause the

excitation is called ………………………...

c) Thermal Excitation: by using the thermal effect of the ………………..

energy of gases (e.g.: He-Ne laser).

d) Excitation by chemical energy: some kind of chemical reactions

produce huge amount of energy such

as the reaction between hydrogen and

fluorine or the reaction between

deuterium fluoride and CO2. That

energy can be used to ……… the

active medium stimulating it to

produce laser.

Resonant Cavity:

It is the container and the activating catalyst for amplification. There are two

types of resonant cavity:

a) External resonant cavity: in form of …………………………………....

b) Internal resonant cavity: ………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………..

(e.g.: ruby laser).

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Unit Five -135- Chapter Fourteen

Helium – Neon (He – Ne) laser:

The two elements are selected due to …………………………………… …

………………………………………………………………………………….…….

Active medium:

Gas atom, where:

• Helium and Neon in ratio of (….: …) under pressure (…….) mm Hg.

• …………… is the responsible gas to produce laser, while ……….. is

used to excite …………. to reach the popular inverse case.

Source of Energy:

Electric energy, where there are two methods:

• ………………………………………………………….. from the outside.

• ……………………………….. inside the tube causing electric discharge

Resonant Cavity:

• Internal resonant cavity: where Helium and Neon are placed in …………

• The ends of the tube are polished to act as …………; one of them is

nearly …….% reflector, while the other is ……% reflector.

Operation:

1. Helium atoms are excited by ……………………………………………..

2. The excited helium atoms collide with ………………………………, as

inelastic collisions casing the Neon atom to ……………………………..

3. The life time of the excited Neon atom is relatively long (10-3 sec),

therefore it called ………………………...………… level, and that cause

……………………………………. to be reached.

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Unit Five -136- Chapter Fourteen

4. The excited Neon atom relaxes, and by (spontaneous / stimulated)

emission, it produces (random / coherent) photons travel in (one / all)

directions.

5. Photons at the direction of the axis of the tube suffer ………………… by

the two parallel mirrors, and can’t escape from the tube.

6. During the propagation of photons, they may collide with Neon atoms at

……………….. level, causing (spontaneous / stimulated) emission, and

producing more photons (in phase / not in phase) and in the same

direction.

7. The previous step is repeated which causing the multiplies to increase the

number of photons that are in phase and in the same direction.

8. At certain intensity, part of the radiation …………… the semitransparent

mirror, while the other part remains inside the tube to cause more of

stimulated emission.

9. Neon atoms that relax to lower energy level, loss the rest of their energy

to reach ground state, and be ready to collide …………………………….

10. Helium atoms that lose their energy due to collision, get excited again by

…………………………………….

Laser applications:

Laser light covers different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum,

therefore it used in different fields:

I. Holography:

• Image is formed by ……………………...

………………………………………………

• Image information are:

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Unit Five -137- Chapter Fourteen

1. …………………………… of light wave.

2. …………………………. of light wave. Intensity is (directly / inversely)

proportional to the square of the amplitude.

3. ………………………………., which can

be indicated by the phase angle where:


path difference
phase differeence = .......... ×
..........

• Plane image (2D Image) carries information

about the ………………………….. only.

Recording the image at the holograph plate:

• Holography is established by Gabor, where:

1. Part of coherence light beam (laser) fall at ………………. and

reflect to the ……………………...

2. Another part (……………………….) fall at the holograph plate

directly.

3. Due to the interference between the two parts of the beam, ……

…………… formed at the plate.

View the image:

• by illuminate the plate by coherent waves of the same frequency of the …

………….. beam, two images are appear:

1. ……………………………….. behind the plate.

2. ……………………………… at screen beside the plate.

• The same plate can store more than one image; therefore it may used to

produce ……………………..

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Unit Five -138- Chapter Fourteen

II. Laser in medicine:

• Lasers are used to ………………………………., where the operation

takes less time and effort.

• Lasers are used to treat cases of …………… and ……………..

sightedness.

• Lasers are used with optical fibers in ……………….., for diagnosing and

surgery.

III. Other applications of laser:

• Communications: where …………………. carry the information instead

of wire caries …………………..

• Industry: specially fine industries.

• Military applications: (e.g.: guidance, smart bombs and laser radar

[LADAR]).

• CD recording.

• Laser printing.

• Arts and laser shows.

• Surveying.

• Space research.

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