THEME Difficulties in Translation of Publicistic Headlines and their Pragmatic Aspect

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................2 CHAPTER I. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION AND LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF PUBLICISTIC HEADLINES.....................................................................................6 1.1. DEFINING THE PUBLICISTIC STYLE................................................................6 1.2. DEFINING THE PUBLICISTIC HEADLINE........................................................14 1.3. CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE PUBLICISTIC HEADLINES..............16 1.4. LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF PUBLICISTIC HEADLINES...............................21 1.5. PUBLICISTIC HEADLINES UNDER PRAGMATIC ASPECT AND THEIR APPLICABILITY.................................................................................................23 1.6. APPROACHES OF TRANSLATION USED IN NEWSPAPER STYLE.......................28 CHAPTER II. TRANSLABILITY OF PUBLICISTIC HEADLINES...................................35 2.1. PRAGMATIC FUNCTIONS OF PUBLICISTIC HEADLINES...................................35 2.2. DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATION OF PUBLICISTIC HEADLINES.........................38 2.3. TRANSLATIONS OF NEWSPAPER ARTICLES AND THEIR HEADLINES BASED ON THEORY...........................................................................................................46 TURSUNBEK AKUN: A TRANSPARENT INVESTIGATION OF THE CAR ACCIDENT INVOLVING A DRIVER OF THE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY HEAD SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT IN KYRGYZSTAN........................................................................................47 MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF KRG: IRANIAN IS SUSPECTED IN THE BRUTAL MURDER OF A GIRL..........................................................................................51 AN IRANIAN
IS SUSPECTED IN THE BRUTAL MURDER OF A GIRL, THE

MINISTRY

OF INTERNAL

AFFAIRS

OF

KRG

REPORTS.

. 51

KYRGYZSTANS MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS: SON OF THE MAYOR OF BISHKEK IS GUILTY IN THE FATAL CAR ACCIDENT.............................................................52 IN KYRGYZSTAN THE MURDER OF THE EX-CHIEF OF THE PRESIDENTS OFFICE OF THE COUNTRY MEDET SADYRKULOV HAS BEEN SOLVED. THE SOURCES IN THE MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS (MIA) REPORTED TODAY .................................52 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................66 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................69

Introduction Publicistic Headline is known as the name of literature, scientific or musical produce. Our research on publicistic headline will study a lot of its definition. We
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shall notice similarity between them as well. According to Kukharenco V.A., headline is a text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article below it. Galperin finds the headline a dependent from of newspaper writing. Its main function is to inform the reader briefly about the text which follows it. The main goal of this research paper is to analyze difficulties of translation of publicistic headlines and their pragmatic aspect. The objectives of the given work are: - to define publicistic Headline. - to present classification and structure of the publicistic headlines. - to reveal linguistic peculiarities of publicistic headlines. - to explain ways of translation the publicistic headlines and difficulties in translation the publicistic headlines. - to analyze the pragmatic functions and difficulties in translation of publicistic headlines. The actuality of the work is caused by the high welfare importance of heading presently. To the changes occurring in society, language and speech, first of all sensitively react in mass media. Mass media language constantly changes, rejecting old norms and creating the new. Thus language of news editions on the Internet which we analyze is most subject to changes. It is fair both for English, and for Russian. Change of norms and creation of headings in both languages leads and continuous change the ways of translating English newspaper headings into Russian. Thus the translation of the title possessing a number of specific features, it is possible to consider as a separate translational problem. Transfer which provides pragmatically tasks of the translational act on greatest possible for achievement of this purpose equivalence level is called as an adequate translation, without allowing violation of norms or usage of TL, observing genre and stylistic requirements to texts of this type and corresponding to public and recognized conventional norm of translation. In the mild use "adequate translation"
3

is the "good" translating meeting expectations and hopes of communicant or persons, carrying out a translation quality assessment. Thus, for achievement of an adequate translation of titles of newspaper articles, it is not enough to retell only its matter and sense it is necessary to keep the central function of heading, to keep genre and stylistic features. To make the highquality translation, and then to analyze the used transformations, it is necessary to know, what features caused by carried-out functions, are characteristic for the translated phenomenon. Theoretical importance of this work is that it contributes to the common grammar, syntax, and the basis of translation process, that shows which peculiarities of linguistic systems and regularities of the language operation constitute the basis of the translating process. When we think about translation of newspaper headlines we mostly think of direct translating transformation. Very rarely if ever do we even consider the importance of each grammatical, syntactical, semantic, pragmatic aspects of a both languages: Russian and English. Practical value: the materials of this research can be used while writing some academic as well as literary texts and teaching the theory and practice of translating newspaper headlines, comparative typology of the English, Russian; it can serve as a source of materials for course and diploma papers. Working hypothesis of the diploma paper is to compare local and foreign newspapers. Subject of studying are the grammatical transformations used for translating of information newspaper headlines from English into Russian. We have worked much to complete our goal. The critical analysis of the scientific literature has been fulfilled by us. While writing this diploma paper we have addressed to such sources as manuals, monographs, dictionaries and, of course publicistic works. In our research we have used explanation and analysis as scientific theoretical methods. As for the structure of the work, it falls into three chapters.
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The first chapter deals with the theory concerning publicistic style. It is divided into four parts: 1) defining the Publicistic Headline; 2) classification and structure of the publicistic headlines; 3) linguistic peculiarities of publicistic headlines; 4) the applicability of publicistic headlines; 5) publicistic headlines under pragmatic aspect. In this chapter we defined the Publicistic Headline and their classification and structure. Also we showed the publicistic headlines under pragmatic aspect. We wrote about linguistic peculiarities and their applicability of publicistic headlines. The second chapter is devoted to the translability of publicistic headlines. It is also falls into three parts: 1) approaches of translation used in Newspaper Style; 2) ways of translation the publicistic headlines; 3) difficulties in translation the publicistic headlines. We defined approaches of translation the Publicistic Headline in Newspaper Style and wrote about different ways of translation. Also in this chapter we wrote difficulties in translation the publicistic headlines. The third chapter: establishing pragmatic value of publicistic headlines and difficulties of their translation from English into Russian. It is falls into two parts: In the first we analyze publicistic headlines and their Pragmatic functions. And the second in difficulties in translation of publicistic headlines. It is all theoretical and practical parts of our research paper about what we will write.

Chapter I. General classification and linguistic peculiarities of publicistic headlines. 1.1. Defining the Publicistic Style The publicistic style of language became a separate style in the middle of the 18th century. Unlike other styles, it has two spoken varieties, namely the oratorical substyle and the radio and TV commentary. The other two substyles are the essay (moral, philosophical, literary) and journalistic articles (political, social, economic). The general aim of publicistic style is to influence the public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the expressed point of view. Publicistic style1 is characterized by coherent and logical syntactical structure, with an expanded system of connectives and careful paragraphing. Its emotional appeal is achieved by the use of words with the emotive meaning but the stylistic devices are not fresh or genuine. The individual element is not very evident. Publicistic style is also characterized by the brevity of expression, sometimes it becomes a leading feature. The oratorical style is the oral subdivision of the publicistic style. Direct contact with the listeners permits a combination of the syntactical, lexical and phonetic peculiarities of both the written and spoken varieties of language. The typical features of this style are: direct address to the audience; sometimes contractions; the use of colloquial words. The SDs employed in the oratorical style are determined by the conditions of communication. As the audience relies only on memory, the speaker often resorts to repetitions to enable his listeners to follow him and to retain the main points of his speech. The speaker often uses simile and metaphor, but these are generally traditional, because genuine SDs may be difficult to grasp.

Galperin I.R.-Stylistics,M.,1977, p71

The general aim the newspaper is to exert influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or listener that the interpretation given by writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essay or article merely by logical argumentation, but by emotional appeal as well. It falls in two varieties: the essay and the article. The essay in English literature dates from the 16th century and its name is taken from the short Essays (= experiments, attempts) by the French writer Montaigne, which contained his thoughts on various subjects. According to Galperin essay is rather a series of personal and witty comments than a finished argument or a conclusive examination of any matter . Nowadays an essay is usually a kind of feature article in a magazine or newspaper. Essays are written commonly by one and the same writer or journalist, who has cultivated his own individual style. Some essays, depending on a writers individuality, are written in a highly emotional manner resembling the style of emotive prose. The most characteristic features of essays, however remain 1) Brevity of expression 2) The use of the first person singular, which justifies a personal approach to the problems treated: 3) A rather expended use of connectives, which facilitates the process of grasping the correlation of ideas; 4) The abundant use of emotive words 5) The use of idioms and metaphors as one of the media for the cognitive process The language of journalistic articles is defined by the character of newspaper, magazine, as well as subjects chosen. Literary reviews stand closer to essays. Newspapers are most often published on a daily or weekly basis, and they usually focus on one particular geographic area where most of their readers live. Despite recent setbacks in circulation and profits, newspapers are still the most iconic outlet for news and other types of written journalism. To understand the
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language peculiarities of English newspaper style it will be sufficient to analyze the following basic newspaper features - brief news items - advertisements and announcements - the headline - the editorial The headline2 is a dependent form of newspaper writing. The main function of the headline is to inform the reader briefly what the text that follows is about. In other words headlines are almost a summary of the information contained in the news item or article. The function of editorial is to influence the reader by giving an interpretation of certain facts. Editorials comment on the political and other events of the day. Editorials make an extensive use of emotionally colored vocabulary. The main function of advertisements and announcements is to give information about a product or service used to attract potential consumers; advertising takes place in newspapers and magazines, on hoardings, on radio and television and on the Internet . The principal function of a brief news item is to inform the reader. News items are essentially matter - of - fact and stereotyped forms of expression prevail. it goes without saying that the bulk of the vocabulary which is used in newspaper writing is natural and common literary. But newspaper style has also its specific vocabulary features and is characterized by an extensive use of: a) special political and economic terms like constitution president, etc. b) non term political vocabulary such as public people unity etc.
c)

newspaper clichs which are commonplace phrases familiar to the reader.

Clichs occur in newspaper headlines more often to give special coloring and emotiveness. e.g pressing problem, speaking realization etc.

Telen E.F.- -.,2000 p52

d) abbreviations _ names of organizations, public and state body, political associations, industrial and other companies etc known by their initials are very common in newspapers. E.g UNO( united Nation Organization), FO ( foreign Office), etc.
a)

Neologism3-a new word or sense of a word and the coining or use of new

words and senses. Neologisms make their way into the language of newspaper easily. E. g coffee (the person upon whom one cough), abdicate (to give up all hope of ever having a flat stomach) etc. While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their interests than their location: for example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers and sports newspapers. More specialists still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited areas; these may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, or the local gay community. A daily newspaper is issued every day, sometimes with the exception of Sundays and some national holidays. Typically, the majority of these newspapers staff work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content done in advance or content that is syndicated. Most daily newspapers are published in the morning. Afternoon or evening papers are aimed more at commuters and office workers. Weekly newspapers are common and tend to be smaller than daily papers. In some cases, there also are newspapers that are published twice or three times a week. In the United States, such newspapers are generally still classified as weeklies. Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a national newspaper, as contrasted with a local newspaper serving a city or region. In the United Kingdom, there are numerous national newspapers, including The Independent, The Times, The Daily Telegraph, The
3

Ginsburg R.S A coarse in modern English lexicology1997,p15

Guardian, The Observer, The Daily Mail, The Sun, The Daily Express and The Daily Mirror. In the United States and Canada, there are few, if any, national newspapers, and in almost every market one newspaper has an effective monopoly. Certain newspapers, notably The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and USA Today in the US and The Globe and Mail and The National Post in Canada are available at limited locations throughout the country. Large metropolitan newspapers with also have expanded distribution networks and, with effort, can be found outwit their normal area. There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterized as international newspapers. Some, such as Christian Science Monitor and The International Herald Tribune, have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers or international editions of national-scale or large metropolitan newspapers. Often these international editions are scaled down to remove articles that might not interest the wider range of readers. But the principal vehicle of interpretation and appraisal of newspaper article is very important in nowadays. Editorials (leading articles) are characterized by the subjective handling of facts, political or otherwise, and therefore have more in common with political essays or articles and should rather be classed as belonging to the publicistic style than to the newspaper. However, newspaper publicistic writing bears a stamp of its own style. Though it seems natural to consider newspaper articles, editorials included, as coming within the system of English newspaper style4, it is necessary to note that such articles are an intermediate phenomenon characterized by a combination of styles the newspaper style and the publicistic style. In other words, they may be considered hybrids. English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means, which is perceived by the community as separate linguistic unity that serves the purpose of informing, instructing the reader. In fact, all kinds of newspapers writing are to a greater or lesser degree both informative and evaluative. The newspaper also seeks to influence public opinion
4

Charles Hockett A coarse in modern linguistics1958,p35

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or political and appraisal and other matters. Elements of appraisal may be observed in the very selection and the way of presentation of news, in the use of specific vocabulary. The vocabulary used in newspaper writing is natural and common literary. But apart from this, newspaper style has its one of the smartest ways to illustrate the topic and to direct it to the point is to use idioms in the article. Here is an idiom5 found in popular newspapers. Venture capitalist David Cowan is a professed chess-playing nerd who studied math and computer science at Harvard. Last year, though, he decided he needed a crash course in getting hip. The New York Times Crash course - a quick lesson Newspaper Style History English newspaper writing dates from the 17th century6. The first of any regular English newspapers was the Weekly News which first appeared in May, 1622. The 17th century saw the rise of a number of other news sheets which, with varying success, struggled on in the teeth of discouragement and restrictions imposed by the Crown. With the introduction of a strict licensing system many such sheets were suppressed, and the Government, in its turn, set before the public a paper of its own the London Gazette, first published on February 5, 1666. The paper was a semi weekly and carried official information, royal decrees, news from abroad, and advertisements. The early English newspaper was principally a vehicle of information. Commentary found its way into the newspapers later. But as far back as the middle of the 18th century the British newspaper was very much like what it is today, carrying foreign and domestic news, advertisements, announcements and articles containing comments.

5 6

Raymond W.Gibbs Idioms and formulatic language1994,p.12 Stephen Gramley A survey in modern English1992,p12

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Relations to Other Styles - developed from the scientific style - still shares many features with the scientific style: coherent and logical syntactical structure, careful paragraphing, expanded system of connectives - also shares features with the style of belles-lettres: words with emotive meaning, imagery (x but not fresh or genuine) Publicistic vs. Newspaper Style - the goal of the publicistic style: views, i.e. to form the audience, to influence public opinion, to make the audience accept the speakers point of view - the goal of the newspaper style: news, i.e. to inform the audience Forms - both impersonal (articles) and more individual varieties (essays, speeches) - both written (essays, articles) and spoken varieties (speeches) Substyles - oratory: speeches, orations, radio and TV commentaries - essays - newspaper and magazine articles Syntactical Features - coherent and logical syntactical structure - careful paragraphing - simple rather than complex sentences - expanded system of connectives - brevity of expression - abundant use of modifiers (adjectives, adverbs) Lexical Features - emphasis on accessibility and easy understanding > paraphrases rather than special terms - only established and generally understood terms (e.g. Cold War)
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- evaluating adjectives (e.g. the strongest pressure, growing menace, elementary blunder) - euphemisms7 (e.g. defence = war, special purpose weapons = mass destruction weapons, development areas = poor areas) - traditional, unoriginal metaphors and similes - newspaper clichs - words with emotive meaning - numerals, abbreviations, symbols.

Arnold I.V. Lexicology of modern English language M 1979, p27

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1.2. Defining the Publicistic Headline The general definition of Headline8 is the name of literature, scientific or musical produce. Many dictionaries define Headline as a short summary of the most important items of news read at the beginning of a news programme on the radio or television. Headline is one of the basic newspaper features. The headline is the title given to a news item or newspaper article. To make headlines (grab; hit) means to be an important item of news in newspapers or on radio or television. To headline (usually passive) means to give a story or article a particular headline: War breaks out in Europe Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima Man walks on Moon Headlines very often contain emotionally colored words and phrases. To produce a strong emotional effect, broken-up set expressions and deformed special terms are commonly used. The Headline of news items apart from giving information about the subject-matter, also carry a considerable amount of appraisal. Headlines are usually written in bold and in a much larger size than the article text. Front page headlines are often in upper case so that they can be easy read by the potential customer. Headlines in other parts of the paper are more commonly in sentence case though title case is often used in the USE. The characteristics features of Headlines are the most condensed piece of information on minimum of space. Galperin mentions typical stylistic patterns of Headlines. a. Full declarative sentences. e.g. China lifts price of domestic oil products. (Financial Times). b. Interrogative sentences. e. g. It the kitchen finished? (The Sun). c. Nominative sentences. e.g. Cautious start for bourses (Financial Times).
8

Galperin I.R. Stylistics1977,p32

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d. Elliptical sentences. e.g. Child drunk griever banned (The Sun). e. Sentences with articles omitted. e. g. PM warns against hostility to US. (Daily Express). f. Phrases with verbal- infinitive and gerundial. e.g. Keeping it in the family pays off for baker. (The Times). g. Questions in the form of statements. e.g. Health food? (The Times). h. Headlines including direct speech. e. g. Blair: I should never have revealed I was quitting. (Mirror). Headline conventions include normally using present tense and omitting a and the as well as forms of the verb to be in certain context. [2, p.75] - The Present Simple is also used to describe actions as instant, happening in a moment. For actions over a period, we use the continuous. e.g. United are playing really well now. The crowd is cheering them on. Most newspaper features a very large Headline on their front page, dramatically describing the biggest news of the day. Headline is the most basic text organizing tool used to invite the reader to become involved with the publication. Limit headlines to no more than three lines. A headline is text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article below it. A headline which is called banner headline. The Headline (the title given to a news item or an article) is a dependent form of newspaper writing. It is in part of a large whole. The specific functional and linguistic features of the headline provide sufficient ground for isolating and analyzing it as a specific genre of journalism.

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1.3. Classification and structure of the publicistic headlines The main function of the headline is to inform the reader briefly of what the news that follows is about. Sometimes headlines show the reporters or papers attitude of the fact reported. In most of the English and American newspapers sensational headlines are quite common. The function and the peculiar nature of English headlines determine the choice of language means used.Headlines also contain emotionally colored words and phrases as the italicized words: Crazy waste of you? Syntactically headlines are very short sentences or phrases and have a variety of pattern. A.Full declarative sentences. B. Interrogative sentences. C. Nominative sentences Atlantic sea Traffic. D.Elliptical sentences Off to the Sun . E. Sentences with articles omitted. (Articles are frequently omitted in all types of headline). Frock man find gold in river .
F. Complex sentences.
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G.Headlines including direct speech. The Headlines in English language newspapers can be very difficult to understand. One reason for this is that newspaper headlines are often written in a special style, which is very difficult from ordinary English. In this style there are special rules of grammar and words are often used in unusual ways. a. Headlines are not always complete sentences. Many headlines consist of noun phrases with no verb. More wage cuts. Holiday Hotel Death. b. Headlines often contain string of three, four or more nouns; nouns earlier in the string modify those that follow. Furniture factory pay cut row.
9

Ginsburg R.S A coarse in modern English lexicology1979,p.46

16

Headlines like these can be difficult to understand. It sometimes helps to read them backwards. Furniture Factory Pay Cut Row (disagreement) about a Cut (reduction) in Pay at a Factory that makes Furniture. c. Headlines often leave out articles and the verb be. A woman walks on moon. d. In headlines, simple tenses are often used instead of progressive or perfect forms. The simple present10 is used for both present and past events. Blind girl climbs Everest (=has climbed). Student fight for course changes (=has fighting ). The present progressive can be used, especially to talk about changes. Be is usually dropped. Britain getting warmer, say scientist. Trade figures improving. e. Many headlines words are used as both nouns and verbs, and nouns are often used to modify other nouns. So it is not always easy to work out the structure of a sentence. Compare: We cuts aid to third world (= The Us reduced its helpcuts is a verb, aid is a noun). Aid Cuts Row (= There has been a disagreement about the reduction in aid. Aid and Cuts is both noun). Cuts Aid Rebels (= the reduction in aid is helping the revolutionaries. Cuts is a noun, Aid is a verb). f. Headlines often use infinitives to refer to the future. PM to visit Australia. Hospitals to take fewer patients. For is also used to refer to future movements or plants. TROOPS FOR GLASGOW? (= Are soldiers going to be sent to Glasgow?). g. Auxiliary verbs11 are usually dropped from passive structures, leaving past
10 11

Charles Hockett A coarse in modern linguistics1958,p42 Brandes M.P.,Provorotov V.I. M2001,p.22

17

participles. Murder Hunt: Man Held (=a man is being held by police.) Six killed In Explosion (=Six people have been killed). Note that forms like held, attacked are usually part participles with passive meanings, not past tenses (which are rare are newspaper headlines). Compare: AID ROW: PRESTDENT ATTACTED (=The President has attacked.) AID ROW: PRESTDENT ATTACTED CRITICS (=The President has attacked her critics.) Boy Found Safe (= The missing boy had been found safe.) Boy Find Safe (= A boy has found a safe.) h. A color is often used to separate the subject of a headline from what is said about it. Strikes: PM to ACT. Motorway crash: Death toll rises. Quotation marks () are used to show that words were said by some else, and that the newspaper does not necessarily claim that they are time. Crash Driver Had been drinking A question mark12 (?) is often used when something is not certain. Crisis over by September? Short words save space, and so they are very common in newspaper headlines. Some of the short words in headlines are unusual in ordinary language (e.g. curb, meaning restrict or restriction), and some are used in special senses which they do not often have in ordinary language (e.g. big, meaning attempt). Other words are chosen not because they are short, but because they sound dramatic (e.g. blare, which means big fire, and is used in headlines to refer to any fire). The following is a list of common headline vocabulary. Act - take action: do something. -Foot Crisis: Government to act.
12

Charles Hockett A coarse in modern linguistics1958,p43

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Aid military or financial help: to help -More aid for poor countries. -Unions aid hospital strikers. Alert alarm, warning. -Flood alert on east coast. Allege make on accusation. - Woman alleges unfair treatment. Appears appear in court accused of a crime. - MP to appear on drugs charges. Axe abolish, close down: abolition, closure. - Country bus services axed. - Small schools face axe. Knowledge as to the usage of the puns mechanisms in publicity lead to better understanding of the specificity of English press and may be used in the theory of translation or during the creation of newspaper or advertisement headline with the help of a pun. The headline (the title given to a news item or article) is a dependent form of newspaper writing. It is in fact a part of a larger whole. The specific functional and linguistic features of the headline provide sufficient ground for isolating and analyzing it as a specific genre of journalism. The main function of the headline is to inform the reader briefly what the text that follows is about. But apart from its, headlines often contain elements of appraisal i.e. they show the reporters or the papers attitude to the facts reported or commented on, thus also performing the function of instructing the reader. English headlines are short and catching they compact the gist of news stories into a few eye-snaring words. A skillfully turned out headlines tells a story, or enough of it, to arouse or satisfy the readers curiosity. Such group headlines are almost a summary of the information contained in the news item or article. The functions and the peculiar nature of English headlines predetermine the
19

choice of the language means used. The vocabulary groups considered in the analysis of brief news items are commonly found in headlines. An excellent way for a more advanced learner to increase their English proficiency is to read an English-language newspaper on a regular basis. Most people who read a newspaper do so selectively and skim though the pages looking for the most interesting-looking articles to read first. They usually make their choice on the basis of the headlines of the articles. And this is where the difficulty for the non-native speaker of English arises, since newspaper headlines are often extremely difficult to understand. There are two main reasons for this. The first reason is that newspaper headlines have to be brief and consequently use words that are rarely used in everyday speech or indeed in the rest of the article itself. (Probe for investigation, blast for explosion etc.) And the second reason is that headline writers, at least in British newspapers, look for every opportunity to include a pun in their headlines. It is the main aspect of newspaper headlines that we want to concentrate on in this work. All the headlines of all types (primary or page headlines, secondary or paper headlines, paper subsection headlines, leads and captions) of the local daily called Kauno diena) is emotionally destructive and people should be aware of this in order to diminish its emotional impact. By the basic functions13 of newspaper titles nominative, informing, communicative, and also pragmatic or attractive, that will realize the action of text, his having a special purpose orientation. Exactly some researchers consider this function basic, as setting of title consists above all things in bringing in of attention to the article, in creation of stimulus for its reading, which is often achieved by the use of the system of expressive means of languages, among which an important place is taken a play on words.

13

Smirnitsky A.I. Lexicology of English language1956,p18

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1.4. Linguistic peculiarities of publicistic headlines The role of newspaper in the nowadays life and its influence on the modern society is generally recognized. The printed media remains one of the oldest a most effective way to communicate the freshness news. Newspaper has the following basic features: brief news items, advertisements and announcements, the editorial and the headline. This paper investigates only one element of the newspaper- the headline. By the pragmatic effect14 of application of play on words in this title arising up as a result of combination of rocknroll, that is paradoxical on character and owns a fully certain estimating plan is something amusing and unusual. Appropriately to assume that speech in the article will go about the place of woman in modern music. A question is this serious, however estimating a plan, formed the element of frock that is brought in a title complex bring in the tint of sarcasm in the supposed interpretation of problem the author of the article. The following title gives the very dim picture of Te, what theme of the article: Ugly noises from Los Angeles mayors nest An author orients a reader in the value of attitude toward the described facts, them marks and uses a play on words: mayors nest homonymic mares nest to expression, that a senseless device means, and the question is about machinations on selections, thus one of candidates mayor city Los-Angeles. A pun in this case carries expressively stylistic information which represents author emotionally evaluation attitude toward an object, or expressively cognitive setting of this linguistic registration of idea. Negative attitude of author is here traced toward a situation which was folded on elections, and a pun specifies on personality which to a certain extent is herein guilty, and characterizes her. Except for it, a pun is directed on Te, to come into notice of reader to the described events and compel him not only to laugh above them but change their motion.

14

Komissarov V.N. ( ) 1990,p52

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The short and capacious form of this pun is based on the vivid use of languages. Exactly an associative vivid component adds maintenance a reception convincing and bright character which predetermines him attractive function. In spite of trouble of information which is stopped up in a title, a reader gets certain aesthetically beautiful pleasure at his reading. Attention is attracted the satiric orientation of title, reader will want to read a note. The example of pun, beaten element based on etymology is the English title: Sweetest Tattoo The article is about creation of artist I. Isupova, which attained extraordinary trade in art of tattoo. In a stylistic relation this case is imposition: simultaneous actualization and beating of additive and etymologic values of word15 tattoo takes place- 1) tattoo; 2) prohibition . Connection of metaphoric-metonymy appears between LSV: overt associations (tattoo that it is forbidden) and transferences for contiguity (prohibition as subject action and tattoo is as a result of this prohibition), and epithet of sweetest the sweet contains illusion on biblical really a fruit is forbidden. Tempting and beauty of tattoo is in a great deal conditioned exactly the prohibition imposed on her. The use in the title of English dissemination has, cleanly linguistic base: the semantic structure of the English noun of tattoo, unlike proper him loan-word in Russian (what has one only, visual value), enables to express in one entrance both LSV of this unit. In the considered example are very brightly expressed marked researchers pragmatic a meaningful feature of pun is aspiring to most semantic capacity at the use of the least of means of languages. The article about plagiarism of sings of commodities is published under a title: Sony against Soni. The article of beating and mean of creation of visual effect is exactly different graphic design components of pun at community of their sounding.

15

Slepovich V.S. Minsk, p137

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1.5. Publicistic headlines under pragmatic aspect and their applicability Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. This type of study necessary involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration of how speakers organize what to say in accordance with who theyre talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances. Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. This approach also necessary explores how listeners can make inferences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speakers intended meaning. This type of study explores how a great deal of what is unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated. We might say that it is the investigation of invisible meaning. Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. This perspective then raises the question of what determines the choice between said and the unsaid. The basic answer is tied to the notion of distance. Closeness, whether it is physical, social, or conceptual, implies shared experience. On the assumption of how close or distant the listener is speakers determine how much needs to be said. Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. These are the four areas that pragmatics is concerned with. To understand how it got to be that way, we have to briefly review its relationship with other areas of linguistic analysis. Pragmatics is all about the meanings between the lexis and the grammar and the phonology...Meanings16 are implied and the rules being followed are unspoken, unwritten ones. Pragmatics17 is a way of investigating how sense can be made of certain texts even when, from a semantic viewpoint, the text seems
16 17

George Keith Translating analysis,p16 Charles Hockett A coarse in modern linguistics1958,p.77

23

to be either incomplete or to have a different meaning to what is really intended. Consider a sign seen in a children's wear shop window: Baby Sale - lots of bargains. We know without asking that there are no babies are for sale - that what is for sale are items used for babies. Pragmatics allows us to investigate how this meaning beyond the words can be understood without ambiguity. The extra meaning is there, not because of the semantic aspects of the words themselves, but because we share certain contextual knowledge with the writer or speaker of the text. Pragmatics is an important area of study for your course. A simplified way of thinking about pragmatics is to recognize, for example, that language needs to be kept interesting - a speaker or writer does not want to bore a listener or reader, for example, by being over-long or tedious. So, humans strive to find linguistic means to make a text, perhaps, shorter, more interesting, more relevant, more purposeful or more personal. Pragmatics allows this. George Keith notes that: The vast majority of pragmatics studies have been devoted to conversation, where the silent influence of context and the undercurrents are most fascinating. But he goes on to show how written texts of various kinds can be illuminated by pragmatics, and he cites particular examples from literature. Pragmatics gives us ways into any written text. Take the following example, which is a headline from the Guardian newspaper of May 10, 2002. This read: Health crisis looms as life expectancy soars. If we study the semantics of the headline, we may be puzzled. The metaphor (soars) indicates an increase in the average life-expectancy of the UK population. Most of us are living longer. So why is this crisis for health? Pragmatics supplies the answer. The headline writer assumes that we share his or her understanding that the crisis is not in the health or longevity of the nation, but in the financial cost to our society of providing health care for these long-living people. The UK needs to pay more and employ more people to provide this care. Reading the article will show this. To take any item of unsolicited mail more or
24

less at random - such as a letter sent to me by Mr. David Mayes the manager of Everton Football Club. Mr. Moyes opens with an invitation: SUPPORT YOUR TEAM, followed by the question: How would you like to support Everton and receive some excellent benefits at the same time? After this come details of a Platinum Plus credit card and some associated offers of free gifts. The letter closes with a copy of Mr. Mayess' signature, with his name and position (Team Manager) in print below. We can conjecture that the immediate writer of this letter is not Mr. Mayes, but someone with knowledge of financial products, employed by the club to help raise money from fans. I can be more confident that this is so, since it is only a few months since I received a nearidentical letter, bearing the signature of the previous manager, Mr. Walter Smith. The writer assumes that he or she is addressing people who have at some point described themselves as supporters of Everton FC - the mail shot will have gone only to names on a database of such potential cardholders. Closer inspection suggests that the letter does not necessarily come from the club, as Everton appears in a typeface different from the surrounding text - prompting the thought that the card issuer (MBNA Europe bank Limited) is the real source of the letter, and has signed up various sporting clubs to endorse its product. The card issuer understands that recipients of such offers will rarely wish to apply for a new credit card, and therefore attempts to exploit my affection for Everton FC as a novel or sentimental reason to do so. The second half of the opening sentence may reflect a sense that most supporters do not receive excellent benefits at the same time though perhaps the humor here is unintended. This kind of practical analysis18 is a good exercise. Sometimes a teacher will need to ask students to write it, but this will limit how much you can do. It would be better for members of a teaching group to spend five or ten minutes at least once a week, producing an unprepared spoken pragmatic reading of texts chosen at random by the teacher or student.
18

Brandes M.P.,Provorotov V.I. M.,2001,p.66

25

Pragmatics as an explicit field of study is not compulsory for students taking Advanced level courses in English Language. But it is one of the five descriptions of language commended by the AQA syllabus B (the others are: lexis, grammar, phonology and semantics). In some kinds of study it will be odd if some consideration of pragmatics does not appear in your analysis or interpretation of data. In commenting on texts you are seeing for the first time, you may need to make use of some pragmatic concepts, as in this example, from Adrian Attwood: We know from the question that Text F is a sales script. The pragmatic consideration of this text makes us look for features, which are designed to reassure the potential customer rather than to inform them. Particularly, in this case, where the script is for a telephone conversation and one of the objects from the sales-person's viewpoint is to keep the other person talking. This means that the text will try to close off as many potential exits as possible and therefore be similar to some of the normal co-operative principles of spoken language. In language investigations or research into language, you can choose whether to undertake a task in which pragmatic analysis is appropriate. So if you really don't like it (or fear it), then you should avoid a task where its absence will look suspicious, and draw attention to your dislike. One area of language study where pragmatics is more or less unavoidable is any kind of study of spoken language in social interactions (and written forms like e-mail or computer chat that approximate to speech). In studying language and occupation or language and power, you cannot easily avoid the use of pragmatic frameworks for analysis. This guide has few examples in it, because I have supposed that you will apply the analytical methods, under your teachers' guidance, to texts that you find for yourself - including spoken data in audio and video recordings.

26

Applicability of publicistic headlines The publicistic style has its spoken variety the radio and TV Commentaries and the oratorical sub style. The written sub styles are the essay and journalistic articles in newspapers, magazines and journals. The basic aim of the publicistic style is to exert an influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is correct and to make them accept his or her views though logical argumentation and emotional appeal. The development of the radio and television has brought into a new spoken variety namely the radio commentary. The other two are the essay (moral, social, economic) in newspapers and magazines. The general aim as we have said is to exert a constant and deep influence on public opinion. Publicistic style is also characterized by brevity of expression. In some varieties of this style it becomes a leading feature and important linguistic means. In essays brevity sometimes becomes epigrammatic.19 The most characteristic language features of the essay remain: - Brevity of expression - The use of the first person singular which justified a personal approach treated. - The use of emotive words. - The use of similes and metaphors. Some essay depending on the writers individuality is written in a highly emotional manner resembling the style of emotive prose. Others resemble scientific prose. The essay in our days is often biographical: persons; facts and events are taken from life. These essays differ from those of previous centuries, their vocabulary is simpler.

19

Galperin I.R. Stylistics1977,p56

27

1.6. Approaches of translation used in Newspaper Style English newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by the community speaking the language as a separate unity that basically serves the purpose of informing and instructing the reader. Since the primary function of newspaper style is to impart information, only printed matter serving this purpose comes under newspaper style proper. Such matter can be classed as: 1. brief news items and communiqus; 2. press reports (parliamentary, of court proceedings, etc.); 3. articles purely informational in character; 4. advertisements and announcements. The most concise form of newspaper informational is the headline. The headlines of news items, apart from giving information about the subject-matter, also carry a considerable amount of appraisal (the size and arrangement of the headline, the use of emotionally colored words and elements of emotive syntax), thus indicating the interpretation of the facts in the news item that follows. a) Brief news items The function of a brief news item is to inform the reader. It states only facts without giving comments. Newspaper style has its specific vocabulary features and is characterized by an extensive use of: 1. special political and economic terms; 2. non-term political vocabulary; 3. newspaper clich; 4. abbreviations; 5. neologisms. The following grammatical peculiarities of brief news items are of paramount importance, and may be regarded as grammatical parameters of newspaper style:
28

1. complex sentences with a developed system of clauses; 2. verbal constructions; 3. syntactical complexes; 4. attributive noun groups; 5. specific word order. b) The headline The headline is the title given to a news item of a newspaper article. The main function of the headline is to inform the reader briefly of what the news that follows is about. Syntactically headlines are very short sentences or phrases of a variety of patterns: 1. full declarative sentences; 2. interrogative sentences; 3. nominative sentences; 4. elliptical sentences; 5. sentences with articles omitted; 6. phrases with verbals; 7. questions in the forms of statements; 8. complex sentences; 9. headlines including direct speech. c) Advertisements and announcements The function of advertisement and announcement is to inform the reader. There are 2 basic types of advertisements and announcements in the modern English newspaper: classified and non-classified(separate). In classified advertisements and announcements various kinds of information are arranged according to subject-matter into sections, each bearing an appropriate name. As for the separate advertisements and announcements, the variety of language form and subject-matter is so great that hardly any essential features common to all be pointed out.
29

d) The editorial Editorials are an intermediate phenomenon bearing the stamp of both the newspaper style and the publistic style. The function of the editorial is to influence the reader by giving an interpretation of certain facts. Emotional coloring in editorial articles is also achieved with the help of various stylistic devices(especially metaphors and epithets), both lexical and syntactical, the use of which is largely traditional. e) Scientific prose style The language of science is governed by the aim of the functional style of scientific prose, which is to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose the internal laws of existence, development, relations between different phenomena, etc. There are following characteristic features of scientific style: 1. the logical sequence of utterances; 2. the use of terms specific to each given branch of science; 3. so-called sentence-patterns. They are of 3 types: postulator, argumentative and formulative. 4. the use of quotations and references; 5. the frequent use of foot-note, of the reference kind, but digressive in character The impersonality of scientific writings can also be considered a typical feature of this style. f) The style of official documents In standard literary English this is the style of official documents. It is not homogeneous and is represented by the following sub styles or variants: 1. the language of business documents; 2. the language of legal documents; 3. that of diplomacy; 4. that of military documents The main aim of this type of communication is to state the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking. The most general function of the style of official
30

documents predetermines the peculiarities of the style. The most noticeable of all syntactical features are the compositional patterns of the variants of this style. The over-all code of the official style falls into a system of sub-codes, each characterized by its own terminological nomenclature, its own compositional form, its own variety of syntactical arrangements. But the integrating features of all these subcodes emanating from the general aim of agreement between parties, remain the following: 1. conventionality of expression; 2. absence of any emotiveness; 3. the encoded character of language; symbols and 4. a general syntactical mode of combining several pronouncements into one sentence20. On the approaches of translation used in Newspaper Style are pragmatic value of publicistic headlines and difficulties of their translation it is grammatical features in English and Russian Headlines. The second half of the 20th century has seen the in-depth study of translation, which is sometimes called Theory of Translation, Science of Translation, Translation Linguistics, or even Translatology. It has been claimed abroad that translation studies began in 1972 with Holmess paper presented at the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics, The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. However, unfortunately, European and American scholars seemed to have been unaware of the achievements of the Russian school of translation studies. Works by V. Komissarov, A. Shveitser, A. Fedorov and many others confirmed the status of translation studies as a discipline of its own even in the 1950s. The main concern of translation theory is to determine appropriate translation methods for the widest possible range of texts and to give insight into the translation process, into the relations between thought and language, culture and speech.
20

Fedorov A. M 1950, p377

31

There are several aspects of this branch of linguistics: General theory of translation, whose object is general notions typical of translation from any language. Specific (or partial, in terms of Holmes) theory of translation that deals with the regularities of translation characteristic of particular languages - for example, translation from English into Russian and vice versa. Special (partial) theory of translation that pays attention to texts of various registers and genres. There are two terms corresponding to the Russian word : translation and interpretation.21 Those who discriminate between the terms refer the term translation to the written text, and the term interpretation to oral speech. However, the terms are polysemantic: to interpret might mean to render or discuss the meaning of the text an outstanding British translation theorist P.Newmark, for example, states that when a part of a text is important to the writers intention, but insufficiently determined semantically, the translator has to interpret. The term to translate is often referred to any (written or oral) manner of expression in another language. We should also differentiate the terms translating and rendering. When we translate, we express in another language not only what is conveyed in the source text but also how it is done. In rendering, we only convey the ideas (the what) of the source text. Several approaches are used for defining translation: in Newspaper Style with pragmatic value of publicistic headlines and difficulties of their translation it is grammatical features in English and Russian Headlines. Difficulties in translation the publicistic headlines Often enough headings of newspapers or news on the Internet in English are difficult enough for understanding. First, they have the grammatical nuances. Secondly, in headlines use the words which are not so often used in colloquial speech. In this post we will stop on grammatical features of headlines.
21

Komissarov V.N. Theory of a translationM 1990,p253

32

1) As a rule, headlines represent incomplete sentences, that is, they consist only of keywords, without articles, auxiliary verbs etc. Four people found guilty in London bomb plot - four people have been found guilty in London bomb plot ( ); Heavy fighting at Lebanese camp ( ) Steegmans too strong for Boonen - Steegmans is too strong for Boonen ( ) 2) In headlines simple times are used: Present Simple used, when event has already occurred or occurs. It can sometimes be used Present Continuous to underline process or change of the present situation. But, besides, it will be used without an auxiliary verb. If in headline says that will occur in future, may be it is the infinitive will be used. (A verb + a participle to) Pakistani soldiers storm mosque ( ); Strong earthquake strikes Mexico - Strong earthquake has struck Mexico ( ); NASA robot to dig on Mars ( ); Actress Collette expecting child Actress Collette is expecting child ( ) 3) the translation must retain the same communicative function as the source text. The description and enumeration of speech functions can be found in the work by R. Jakobson, who pointed out the following:

informative function, i.e. conveying information:

. I am green with envy because of the success of my competitor.

emotive function, i.e. expressing the speakers emotions:

33

? What on earth do I need such a friend for?

poetic function, i.e. aesthetic impact:

Tiger, Tiger, burning bright, In the forests of the night; What immortal hand or eye, Could frame thy fearful symmetry? (W.Blake) , , . ?22 (. .) These sentences have only one thing in common: general intent of communication, communication aim, or function. At first glance, the source and target texts have no obvious logical connection; they usually designate different situations, have no common semes (i.e. smallest components of meaning), and have different grammar structures.

22

Filatova K. Translation theoryM 1996,p223

34

Chapter II. Translability of publicistic headlines 2.1. Pragmatic functions of publicistic headlines This research paper is based on studying 100 headlines, 50 of publicistic headlines analyzing in pragmatic functions and 50 headlines difficulties of their translation from English into Russian. The selected headlines have been divided according to pragmatic functions. Here is given the analysis of Russian and English headlines on the syntactical levels. Metaphor. transference of names based on the associated likeness between two objects, on the similarity of one feature common to two different entities, on possessing one common characteristic, on linguistic semantic nearness, on a common component in their semantic structures. Examples: COSMIC DANCE (Daily Nation, 01.02.10, p.12) The metaphor Cosmic Dance implies unusual dances. The redactor compares cosmic and dance, because in Lime club the dances were unusual, like a cosmic movement. BLANKET OF DARKNESS FROM VOLCANO (Daily Nation, 05.04.10, p.25) Blanket of Darkness is a genuine metaphor, quite unexpected and rather effective. Blanket of Darkness implies a present from volcano or volcano eruption in Iceland.
THE STORM CLOUDS THICKENED OVER UKRAINE

(, 09.08.09, p.15) The storm clouds thickened implies tense struggle between elections. In order to demonstrate the hot atmosphere in Ukraine, the redactor uses the metaphor The storm clouds thickened
35

 A BRIDGE TO THE PAST (Daily Nation, 14.01.10, p.5) A bridge to the past is a symbol of connection between present and the past time. The redactor uses A bridge to the past, to show that the old fashion from the past comes back in the present. A TURBULENT PAST LEONARDO (Daily Nation, 08.02.10, p.43) A turbulent past implies active life in the past. Leonardo de Capri tells in interview about his turbulent life at teenage age. Metonymy. transference of names based on nearness, on axtralinguistic, actually existing relations between the objects, denoted by the words, on common grounds of existence in reality but different semantic. It is based on a different type of relation between the dictionary and contextual meanings, a relation based not on identification, but on some kind of association connecting the two concepts which these meanings represent. Examples:
SPORT IN NASA MISSION CONTROL23

(Daily Nation, 23.03.10, p.32) NASA Mission control is a metonymy and it symbolizes Texas, for which the call sign is "Houston". The author implies that the spot was in Houston, largest city in the state of Texas.
THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH BEGIN TALKS ON NEW LAWS

(Daily Nation, 12.03.10, p.21) The Roman Catholic Church is metonymy which author uses. He implies the pope and Catholic bishops, which met in Nakuru to discuss the draft constitution, among other things. NEW FILM IN AMERICAN FILM & TELEVISION INDUSTRY (Daily Nation, 12.03.10, p.45)
23

Daily Nation 23.03.10,p32

36

The American film and television industry is metonymy which symbolizes a section of Los Angeles. It is Hollywood which makes a new film.
GENEVA EIGHT RED CROSS STAFF KIDNAPPED IN DRC

(Daily Nation, 13.03.10, p.26) Eight red cross staff is eight person, who symbolizes the doctors from Switzerland. They were kidnapped in DRC. DRC is Democratic Republic of Congo, which is also abbreviation. "The White House said: `Yes' FOCUS ON CONSTITUTION " (Daily Nation, 13.03.10, p.9) "The White House said" is a metonym for the president and his staff, because the White House is not part of the president or his staff but is closely associated with them. Irony. - is a stylistic device in which the contextual evaluative meaning of a word is directly opposite to its dictionary meaning - is the contradiction between the said and implied. It must not be confused with humour. Examples: Hard Times Caf close down (Daily Nation, 16.03.10, p.08) "Hard Times Cafe" is irony and implies something bad and sad. The restaurant called "Hard Times Cafe" has closed down because of the recession productions.

37

2.2. Difficulties in translation of publicistic headlines Usually headings share on three categories: 1) headlines in Present simple. They say that someone has made any action. Examples:
Unemployed Man Wins 1M - .

(Daily Nation, 14.03.10, p.16) The tendency to laconic and brevity in headlines has led to that unnecessary, insignificant words from them simply throw out. In particular, it concerns definite and indefinite articles, in headlines very seldom can to meet such words, as a, an and the. Also the auxiliary verbs fallout from headlines. The usual sentence is - unemployed man has won a million pounds.
Forgotten Brother Appears -

(Daily Nation, 14.03.10, p.19) As the usual offer: A forgotten brother has appeared. In headline we have not the article a and the auxiliary verb has.
Violent protests in Jakarta over Islamic tomb -

(Daily Nation, 15.03.10, p.26) As the usual offer: The violent has protested in Jakarta over Islamic tomb. In headline we have not the article the and the auxiliary verb has.
Woman locks up utility worker over unpaid bill -

. (Daily Nation, 15.03.10, p.31) As the usual offer: A women has locked up the utility worker over of the unpaid bill.
Villagers build on glory of school they burnt 57 years ago -

, 57 (Daily Nation, 14.03.10, p.33)

38

As the usual offer: The villagers have built on the glory of school, which they burnt 57 years ago.
Revenue triples after return of displaced families -

(Daily Nation, 14.03.10, p.48) As the usual offer: The revenue has tripled after return of the displaced families.
Adebayor says bye-bye to international soccer -

. (Daily Nation, 14.03.10, p.51) As the usual offer: Adebayor has said bye-bye to the international soccer.
Champion seeks to set new record in London -

(Daily Nation, 16.03.10, p.9) As the usual offer: The champion has sought to set a new record in London.
Amend new laws first, say elders - ,

(Daily Nation, 02.03.10, p.10) As the usual offer: Amend the new laws, have said the elders.
Large team of runners battle for qualification -

(Daily Nation, 16.03.10, p.16) As the usual offer: Large team of the runners have battled for the qualification.
Nuclear Weapons Obama presses for Iran action -

(Daily Nation, 07.03.10, p.34) As the usual offer: The Nuclear Weapons Obama has pressed for Iran action
Chelsea closer to Premier League crown -

(Daily Nation, 01.03.10, p.11)

39

As the usual offer: Chelsea has closered to the Premier League.

Kaunya leaves for Germany - K

(Daily Nation, 07.03.10, p.22) As the usual offer: Kaunya has left for Germany.
Ford Kenya launches pro-draft campaign

(Daily Nation, 05.03.10, p.8) As the usual offer: Ford Kenya has launched the pro-draft campaign.
Councilors vow to block proposed laws -

(Daily Nation, 14.02.10, p.21) As the usual offer: The councilors have vowed to block the proposed laws.
Uhuru pushes for consensus ahead of vote to avert chaos -

, (Daily Nation, 14.02.10, p.24) As the usual offer: Uhuru has pushed for consensus ahead of the vote, that to avert chaos.
CBK

sue

over

seized

papers

CBK

(Daily Nation, 18.02.10, p.55) As the usual offer: CBK have sued over seized papers. 2) Headlines with use of a participle of last time. They say that something has been made in passive voice. Examples:
Six killed in rail accident -

(Daily Nation, 22.01.10, p.15) As the usual offer: Six people have been killed in a rail accident. In headline we have not have been the auxiliary verb, which indicates in the participle of last time and the article a.
40

The headline:
New Shakespeare play discovered-

(Daily Nation, 14.12.08, p.77) As the usual offer would sound so: A new Shakespeare play has been discovered. Also in it we have not articles and auxiliary verbs. In the same way the ordinary offer The White House has been damaged by a bomb turns to laconic headline:
White House damaged by bomb-

. (Daily Nation, 22.11.08, p.55)

Four die in crashes on highway -

(Daily Nation, 24.11.08, p.17) As the usual offer: Four people have been dead in the crashes on highway.
Hawker held after killing of trader

(Daily Nation, 14.09.09, p.67) As the usual offer: The hawker has been held after killing of trader.
Stadium handed over to Zimbabwe after repairs -

(Daily Nation, 01.10.09, p.41) As the usual offer: The stadium has been handed over to Zimbabwe after the repairs.
Hundreds evacuated as volcano erupts in Iceland -

(Daily Nation, 23.08.09, p.19) As the usual offer: Hundreds people have been evacuated as the volcano erupts in Iceland.
Draft Church has made mistakes in past -

(Daily Nation, 17.02.10, p.67)

41

As the usual offer: The Draft of Church has been made mistakes in the past.
Peacekeepers in Darfur kidnapped -

(Daily Nation, 15.02.10, p.90) As the usual offer: The peacekeepers in Darfur have been kidnapped.
Fifteen killed in bomb attacks in Philippines -

(Daily Nation, 24.01.10, p.86) As the usual offer: Fifteen peoples have been killed in the bomb attacks in Philippines.
PNU activist summoned over complaint on Raila -

(Daily Nation, 28.02.10, p.33) As the usual offer: PNU activist has been summoned over the complaint on Raila.
Couple killed in night raid -

(Daily Nation, 17.01.10, p.109) As the usual offer: The couple man and woman have been killed in night raid.
ISIOLO Voter listing official shot dead by bandits - ISIOLO,

, . (Daily Nation, 19.12.09, p.113) As the usual offer: ISIOLO Voter listing official has been shoot by bandits.
The days of double voting numbered under new system -

(Daily Nation, 29.07.09, p.49) As the usual offer: The days of double voting has been numbered under a new system. 3) headlines with an infinitive. They say about the future event, which yet does not happen, but should occur. Examples:
42

 Queen to visit India - .

(Daily Nation, 24.03.07, p.124) As the usual offer: the Queen is going to visit India. In headline we have not the article the and the auxiliary verb to be is plus irregular verb to go going.
Mayor to Open Shopping Mall -

(Daily Nation, 30.06.09, p.53) As the usual offer: The mayor is going to open a new shopping mall.
US to assist Angolan returnees from Congo -

(Daily Nation, 27.03.10, p.51) As the usual offer: The USA is going to assist Angolan returnees from Congo.
Bashir's party to offer opposition posts -

(Daily Nation, 27.02.10, p.87) As the usual offer: Bashir's party is going to offer opposition posts.
Goodluck yet to see Yar'Adua - ,

. (Daily Nation, 25.03.10, p.71) As the usual offer: Goodluck yet is going to see Yar'Adua
EU to monitor Ethiopia elections - ,

(Daily Nation, 02.04.10, p.15) As the usual offer: EU is going to monitor Ethiopia elections.
Harare to press on with local control -

(Daily Nation, 14.04.10, p.116) As the usual offer: Harare is going to press on with local control.
Kenya to play against Ghana in 5-nation tie - e 43

 5 (Daily Nation, 03.04.10, p.64) As the usual offer: Kenya is going to play against Ghana in 5-nation tie.
Rains to cut cost

of electricity -

. (Daily Nation, 09.04.10, p.3) As the usual offer: The rains are going to cut the cost of electricity.
Party in threat to oppose draft

(Daily Nation, 31.05.09, p.8) As the usual offer: The party in threat is going to oppose the draft.
NHIF members to contribute more - NHIF

(Daily Nation, 28.05.09, p.98) As the usual offer: NHIF members are going to contribute more
Kibaki and Raila to tour projects K

(Daily Nation, 12.04.10, p.88) As the usual offer: Kibaki and Raila is going to tour projects. IL to launch regional plan to end child labour
IL to launch regional plan to end child labor -

(Daily Nation, 01.04.10, p.46) As the usual offer: IL is going to launch the regional plan to end the child labor.
New system to catch cheats at the ballot -

(Daily Nation, 27.04.09, p.11) As the usual offer: A new system is going to catch cheats at the ballot.
Starehe votes recount to go on, says judge - 44

, (Daily Nation, 24.08.09, p.34) As the usual offer: Starehe votes recount is going to go on, says judge.
Kiplagat likely to face tribunal - Kiplagat

(Daily Nation, 14.06.09, p.47) As the usual offer: Kiplagat likely is going to face tribunal.
Council workers to get a pay increase -

(Daily Nation, 09.06.09, p.61) As the usual offer: The Council workers are going to get a pay increase.

45

2.3. Translations of newspaper articles and their headlines based on theory : . - . , 20 . 300 , . . . , , , - 300 ?- . , , . , . , 10 000 . , , . , , ; . , . . - , . , . - .
46

Tursunbek Akun: A transparent investigation of the car accident involving a driver of the intelligence agency head should be carried out in Kyrgyzstan 21/09-2011 15:56 , Bishkek , 24.kg news agency , by Ivan MARCHENKO A transparent investigation of the car accident involving a driver of the State National Security Committees (GKNB) head should be carried out in Kyrgyzstan, the Ombudsman Tursunbek Akun stated at todays press conference. He recalled that a citizen Baktybek Sulaimanov was run down fatally in Novo-Pokrovka village on May 20. Taalaibek Adyranov, a driver of the GKNB head is supposed to be privy to the accident. The family of the deceased was paid 300 thousand soms for the applications withdrawal. According to the family members, they were told either they took the money, or the issue would be resolved without their participation in the prosecutors office, said Tursunbek Akun. Can a driver have 300 thousand soms? - the ombudsmen asked. - A journalistic probe into the case was carried out. As the result, it was suggested that the head of the GKNB Keneshbek Dushebayev was driving the car himself. The journalists have the witnesses to prove it. According to correspondents, Taalaibek Adyranov was paid $10 thousand to shield his boss. Personally, I do not have facts of this case, but the journalists address to me and ask to bring up the issue, since no one listens to them. He added that the car involved in the accident was sent to penalty parking; a necessary examination was not carried out and a criminal case was not filed. Wherever the journalists have addressed, all sources were closed. The case should be investigated transparently, and the head of state must assist. If anyone of the officials is involved in this or is under suspicion, he must leave the office. If their guilt is not confirmed after fair and open investigation, they will be returned to their posts. But the culprits must be punished under the law, said Tursunbek Akun.
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 - - . 24 kg 22 ,2011 - . . . . 11 . Kamchy Kolbaev released from the custody in UAE Kamchy Kolbaev was released from the custody in the United Arab Emirates. 24.kg news agency learnt it from own sources. Recall that Kamchy Kolbaev was arrested on July 22, 2011 in the UAE capital - Abu Dhabi. He was suspected of robbing a jewelry boutique. The closed to him Almambet Anapiyaev and Adilet Kasenov were arrested together with him. At the same time the General Administration on organized crime fight of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in KRG charged him in organizing a criminal group in absentia. General Prosecutor's Office sent a request to extradite the detainees on August 11. US to have 'vigorous' Iran talks The new US envoy to the United Nations says Barack Obama's administration will make Iran's nuclear plans a diplomatic priority and pursue direct talks. Susan Rice told reporters she looked forward to "vigorous diplomacy that includes direct diplomacy with Iran". Under George W Bush, there were no direct US nuclear talks with Iran. The UN has urged Tehran to halt uranium enrichment, amid fears it could be used for military purposes. Iran says its nuclear programme is entirely peaceful. In the run-up to his inauguration last week, Mr Obama promised a "new approach" in the dispute.
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Last month he called for "tough but direct diplomacy", offering Iran economic incentives to end its nuclear programme or face tougher sanctions. Iran dismissed the move as "unacceptable". (BBC) , . , , . . , , . , . . , , , . , . UK 'least wanted' list published (Complex transformation) The names of some of the people barred from entering the UK for fostering extremism or hatred have been published for the first time. Islamic extremists, white supremacists and a US radio host are among the 16 of 22 excluded in the five months to March to have been named by the Home Office.
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Since 2005, the UK has been able to ban people who promote hatred, terrorist violence or serious criminal activity. Home Secretary Jacqui Smith said coming to the UK should be a privilege. Ms Smith said "the public interest was against naming" the remaining six, for example on the grounds it could reveal the type of information being held about them. The Muslim Council of Britain says the government should not act against people whatever their views - unless they have broken the law. (CNN) ( : ,) , , . 16 22 , 5 . , . 2005 , , . , . , 6 , , , , . , . : .

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 : . 25 5 5 . 29 . 97 . . , . . Ministry of Internal Affairs of KRG: Iranian is suspected in the brutal murder of a girl An Iranian is suspected in the brutal murder of a girl, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of KRG reports. According to the Department, the foreigner threw a 25-years-old girl out of the window from the five-storey house in Usenbaeva street on the night of September 5. At the present time the suspect has been arrested; it is 29-years-old citizen of Iran. Noted, the staff of the Investigation Office under the Department of Internal Affairs initiated a criminal case under the article 97 Murder of the Criminal Code of KRG. According to preliminary the data, the killed was not his wife, her identity is established. At the present time motive of crime is being learnt : : . , , , .
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 , . 2011, 3 . , . Kyrgyzstans Ministry of Internal Affairs: Son of the mayor of Bishkek is guilty in the fatal car accident Formal expert examination found guilty of the son of the mayor of Bishkek in the car accident, the Ministry of Internal Affairs informed 24.kg news agency. Reportedly, experts found out that the car driven by Azamat Isaev exceeded its speed and drive to the oncoming lane. There are no traces of slowdown at the scene of the accident, they said in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. As noted the son of the mayor will be charged according to the article the car accident with fatal case after he leave the hospital where he undergoes treatment. Recall, the car accident happened in August 2011, three people died. The car driven by the son of Isa Omurkulov broke into flame after car crash. In Kyrgyzstan the murder of the ex-Chief of the Presidents Office of the country Medet Sadyrkulov solved In Kyrgyzstan the murder of the ex-Chief of the Presidents Office of the country Medet Sadyrkulov has been solved. The sources in the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) reported today According to the source, the investigation of one of the most celebrated killings of a political figure has come at the finish line. Reportedly, the contract nature of the crime was confirmed, the investigation knows the name of the customer as well. Apparently in the next days the head of the investigative group, engaged in solving of this murder, the deputy Minister of the MIA Melis Turganbayev will organize a press conference to tell the public about the completed work. According to the interlocutor, it is known about the arrest of the whole group involved in the organization of elimination of Medet Sadyrkulov, including
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members of organized criminal groups, high-ranking officers of the militia and the State Guard Service of the second deposed President of the country. The source refused to name names of arrested referring to prematurity. Journalists will get all information in the nearest time, assured in the MIA of the Kyrgyz Republic. Recall, the ex-Chief of the Presidents Office Medet Sadyrkulov, the former director of the International Institute of Strategic Studies Sergey Slepchenko and the driver Kubat Sulaymanov died on March 13, 2009 in the suburbs of Bishkek in the car accident. They were able to be identified only after almost a month by the DNA analysis. Omurbek Osmonov, unemployed native of the Osh province has been recognized the accused in a car accident with a fatal outcome. Later the court sentenced him to 12 years imprisonment in a colony-settlement. Such a decision was passed by the judge of the Alamudun district mush Asylov. In April, 2010 he was killed under unknown circumstances. Unknown inflicted 11 stab wounds. The former investigation excluded the contract nature of the murder of a highranking official, insisting that this is only a car accident. But in Kyrgyzstan the most of the public was convinced that this was a triple murder. - . - . 24kg . , . , , . , ,
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, ,

 - , . , . , . , - . , - , , , .

13 2009 . . , . 12 -. . 2010 . 11 . , , . , . ( )

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 . , , . 9,7 . . , . 7,4 . . . , , . , , , . , . , , , (, , ) - . , ? 6,9 , 6,1 . , , . , , . , . , . , . , , .

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 . , . , , . , . City hall as eternal applicant (Literal translation) The fourth month the capital lives without the voted budget. It is time to start already housing construction, to repair of roads and an accomplishment and means aren't present. On April 16 201272 Denisenko, Zynaida Sorokinaun defined Preliminary applications for financing from city services and budgetary organizations arrived in September of the past year. Then it was a question about 9,7 billion catfishes. But even in the city hall and understood that hardly Bishkek can count on such sum. By reductions and reductions of expected expenses it was possible to reduce the required sum to 7,4 billion. However and it apprehended in the Ministry of Finance as something other-wordly. Also recommended to local authorities to start with the minimum needs of the capital. That the interbudgetary relations turned long ago in is banal shameful torzhishche, a secret isn't. As well as that the main town of the country in the person of municipal officials and deputies became, in fact, the eternal applicant. Each figure should be coordinated, asked from financiers each kopek several times. Finally leaves that normal, civilized calculations anything, and a friendly arrangement (or, on the contrary, personal hostility) - all. And how differently to understand, what with each next campaign in the Ministry of Finance look-ahead indicators incessantly change towards reduction? At first, it seems, agreed about 6,9 billion catfishes, and already 6,1 billion. And it, judging by a spirit, yet a decrease limit. Though if to understand, in the capital at special preferences don't raise. Besides that taxes in Bishkek collect more than in any other region. It is quite possible to allocate that ten of billions catfishes which ask city services and
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budgetary organizations for the needs. It would make less, than a third of all tax and non-tax revenues in a year. On what, as a matter of fact, capital deputate also insist. Here only at minfinovets absolutely other point of view. Is given, for them it is most important to leave to the capital of money as little as possible. Enough supposedly will be also six billions. It is a pity, but in that case of any development of Bishkek now Defense Official Charged With Giving Classified Data to China A Defense Department official has been charged in an espionage conspiracy with providing classified information to a Chinese government agent, including a report on Chinese military power and details about a joint U.S.-Chinese naval exercise, prosecutors announced yesterday. James Fondren Jr., 62, worked at the Pentagon and is deputy director for the Washington Liaison Office of the U.S. Pacific Command. He was charged in a criminal complaint unsealed in U.S. District Court in Alexandria with conspiracy to communicate classified information to a foreign agent. (Washington Post) . , , , - . , 62- , , . , , . Fear and Loathing in Athens The ancient Greek tradition of hospitality to strangers is dying out. Twenty years ago Greeks welcomed more than 600,000 Albanians who walked over the border to start a new life. These days Albanian families have credit cards,
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mortgages and residency permits. Smaller numbers of Bulgarians, Romanians, Moldovans, Ukrainians, Georgians and Russians also have a toehold in Greece. But a new wave of immigrants from places like Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, Sudan and Somalia has met indifference or even outright hostility. On May 9th far-right protesters tried to storm a former court building in Athens that is a squalid home for 600 immigrants. One resident, Moncef, a mechanic from Morocco, says: The police stood there and did nothing. (Economist) . 600000 , , . , . , , , , . , , , , . , 600 . , , , : , . Salt in their wounds Citizens of the disaster zone are marching towards a new life, proclaimed Chinas president, Hu Jintao, on May 12th, a year after an earthquake in Sichuan Province left more than 86,000 dead or missing and millions homeless. But for all Mr Hus talk of the victory won by Chinas colossal relief efforts, some survivors are deeply unhappy Chinas immediate response to the earthquake won international praise for its speed and openness. Journalists, who are often kept away from disaster scenes, were given largely unfettered access. But officials soon began trying to limit their access to the angry relatives of the thousands of children crushed to death by
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collapsing school buildings. While Mr Hu spoke at a ceremony attended by foreign diplomats police around the zone were on heightened alert to prevent parents from airing their grievances (Economist) , - 12- , , 86000 , . , , , . . , , . , . , , , , . Woman arrested in Saudi Arabia for driving (Rearrangement) Police in the Saudi Arabian city of Mecca Wednesday arrested a woman for violating the country's ban on women driving, according to the Saudi Englishlanguage daily Arab News. The woman, whose nationality and name were not released but who was described as being in her 20s, attempted to flee when she realized police had spotted her
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Women are barred from driving in most of Saudi Arabia, with rural areas being the exception. It is not known how frequent such arrests are in Saudi Arabia, and arrest statistics are not released. The issue has become one of the more controversial ones for Saudi Arabia in recent years. While women's rights activists in the country have been openly campaigning for the right to drive, many high ranking officials maintain it is a societal issue and will be resolved only when Saudis feel the time is right. (CNN) () Arab News , . , , , , 20 - , , , , . , . , , . . , , , , , , .

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Europe to be Obama's first overseas trip President Barack Obama will make his first overseas trip since taking office at the end of this month, visiting England, France, Germany and the Czech Republic, the White House said Thursday. The trip is scheduled from March 31-April 5. Obama, who will be joined by first lady Michelle Obama, will first visit London, where he will attend a summit with other world leaders. He is to meet with French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel on April 3. Obama will also attend NATO summit meetings in Strasbourg, France, and Kehl, Germany, then travel to Prague, Czech Republic, to meet with Czech leaders and leaders of other European Union nations. His first trip outside the United States was to Canada last month. (CNN) - , ; , , , . 31- 5- . , , , . 3- . , , . , , . Mechanical mother comforts monkey
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(Literal translation) A hand-reared monkey has been given a mechanical surrogate mother to help keep her company. After the birth of the female DeBrazza's monkey by caesarean at Port Lympne Wild Animal Park in Kent her mother was too weak to look after her. To help keep her company, the three-week-old primate has been given a toy monkey with a mechanical heart. The zoo's head of primates, Simon Jeffery, said they hoped to re-unite the infant with her parents soon. It is hoped the mechanical heartbeat, which is triggered when the monkey squeezes the toy, will help replicate her mother. (BBC) ( ) , . , , . - , . , , , . , , , , . Carla Bruni says 'may adopt' baby France's first lady Carla Bruni says she wants to have more children, adding that she will adopt if she cannot have a baby with President Nicolas Sarkozy.
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"I'd love to have a child, but I'm not going to fight against nature," the 41-yearold model-turned-singer told the French weekly, Madame Figaro. "If it is not possible biologically, I'll adopt one," she told the magazine. The interview, to be published Saturday, comes one year into her marriage to President Sarkozy. "I'm not obsessed by blood ties... I think you can build a powerful bond without that," she told Le Figaro, explaining her attitude to adoption. "We can't say that we need children," said Ms Bruni, who has a seven-year-old son from a previous relationship, while Mr Sarkozy has three boys from two earlier marriages. The interview was carried out during Ms Bruni's trip to West Africa last week to promote Aids projects. She has also announced plans to create a foundation aimed at developing education, reading and culture among youth. (BBC) , , , , , . , , - 41- , , Madame Figaro. , , . , , . . , , - Le Figaro, .

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 , , - , 7- ; . , . Button gaffe embarrasses Clinton (Complex transformation) Russian media have been poking fun at the US secretary of state over a translation error on a gift she presented to her Russian counterpart. Hillary Clinton gave Sergei Lavrov a mock "reset" button, symbolising US hopes to mend frayed ties with Moscow. But he said the word the Americans chose, "peregruzka", meant "overloaded" or "overcharged", rather than "reset". Daily newspaper Kommersant declared on its front page: "Sergei Lavrov and Hillary Clinton push the wrong button." Relations between Washington and Moscow have cooled in recent years over Russia's role in the war in Georgia, US support for the entry of Georgia and Ukraine to Nato, and the planned US missile shield based in central Europe. (BBC) ( : ,) - , . ,

. , , , reset ().
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 : . - , .

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Conclusion In this research we analyzed the publicistic headline from difficulties in translation of publicistic headlines and their pragmatic aspect: - we have defined publicistic headline and their classification and structure. - we have revealed linguistic peculiarities of publicistic headlines. - we have explained ways of translation the publicistic headlines and difficulties in translation the publicistic headlines. - we analyzed the pragmatic functions and difficulties in translation of publicistic headlines. We have begun with the definition of the publicistic headlines and their classification and structure. It is difficult evidence because of inhomogeneous tasks and conditions of communication and in general of peculiarities of extra linguistic base. Although about language and style of publicistic is written a lot of special functional stylistic investigation of this style have began not long ago. Publicistic is a literature on actual, social, political themes. Publicistic style has spoken varieties, in particular the oratorical sub-style. The new spoken varieties are the radio commentary, the essay and articles. Publicistic style is also characterized by brevity of expression. Galperin states that the publicistic style became discernible as a separate style in the middle of the 18th century. The basic aim of the publicistic style is to exert an influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or speaker is correct and to make them accept his or her views though logical argumentation and emotional appeal. The style of newspaper headlines studied as a restricted language. Headline is the title of a newspaper article printed in letters especially at the top of the front page. The general definition of headline is a short summary of the most important items of news read at the beginning of a news programme on the radio or television. Headlines very often contain emotionally colored words and phrases. The characteristic features of headlines are the most condensed piece of information on minimum of space. Headline is the most basic text organizing tool used to invite the reader to become involved with
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the publication. English headlines are short and catching. Thus, this research has given us the idea of headlines. Headline is a dependent form of news paper writing. It is in fact a part of a larger whole. The specific functional and linguistic features of the headline provide sufficient ground for isolating and analyzing it as a specific genre of journalism. It was also analyzed the following basic newspaper features - brief news items - advertisements and announcements - the headline - the editorial Syntactical Features - coherent and logical syntactical structure
- careful paragraphing

- simple rather than complex sentences - expanded system of connectives

-

brevity of expression

- abundant use of modifiers (adjectives, adverbs)

Lexical Features
-

emphasis on accessibility and easy understanding > paraphrases rather than

special terms - only established and generally understood terms (e.g. Cold War)
- -evaluating adjectives (e.g. the strongest pressure, growing menace,

elementary blunder)
-

euphemisms24 (e.g. defence = war, special purpose weapons = mass

destruction weapons, development areas = poor areas) - traditional, unoriginal metaphors and similes
-

newspaper clichs

- words with emotive meaning - numerals, abbreviations, symbols

24

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Grammatical peculiarities - 1. complex sentences with a developed system of clauses; - 2. verbal constructions; - 3. syntactical complexes; - 4. attributive noun groups; - 5. specific word order. Syntactical patterns 1. full declarative sentences; 2. interrogative sentences; 3. nominative sentences; 4. elliptical sentences; 5. sentences with articles omitted; 6. phrases with verbals; 7. questions in the forms of statements; 8. complex sentences; 9. headlines including direct speech. In Practical Chapter we have independently translated informative newspaper headlines. In this diploma paper we discussed about difficulties in translation newspaper headlines from English into Russian and from Russian into English. In the process of researching we also considered grammatical, lexical-cemantic, syntactical and other features of both languages. and analyzed

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Bibliography 1. Adam Makkai Idiom structure in English 1972 2. Arnold I.V. , 1979 3. Barkhudarov L.S. ( ). - .: , 1975. 240 . 4. Brandes M.P., Provorotorov.V.I. .,2001 5. Charles Hockett A coarse in modern linguistics 1958 6. Fedorov A.V. ( ). .: -, 2002. 416 . 7. Galperin I.R. Stylistics 1977 8.Ginsburg R. S. A coarse in modern English Lexicology 1979 9. Kachaev D.A. - ( 2000-2006 .): . . . . . --, 2007. 25 . 10. Komissarov V.N. ( ). .: , 1990. -.,2002 11. Latushev L.K. . .: , 2001. 304 . 12. Miram G. : -.,20 13. Nozdrina L.A. . .: , 2008. 336 . 14. Raymond W. Gibbs Idioms and formulaic language 1994 15. Shakhmatov A.A. . .: , 2007. 624 . 16. Stephen Gramley A survey in modern English 1992 17. Smirnitsky A. I . 1956 18. Telen E.F. -.,2000 19. Turaeva Z.M. : . .: , 1986. 126 .

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Practical part from newspapers 20. The daily Mail2008 21. Financial Times2009 22. The Guardian 2009 23. The Los Angeles News 2009 24. The Observer 2008 25. The New York times2007 26. The Times 2008 27. Vechernui Bishkek 2011 28. The Wall street Journal 2007 Practical part from internet sites 29. http://www.24kg.kg 30. http://www.webmaster@vb.kg 31. http://www.wikipedia.ru

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