Budapest

Budapest
Budapest
City

From top, left to right: view of the city with the Danube River, lion guarding the Chain Bridge, Heroes' Square, the Parliament Building, Fisherman's Bastion, St. Stephen's Basilica, and a panorama from Gellrt Hill with Buda Castle on the left.

Flag

Coat of arms

Nickname(s): Heart of Europe, Pearl of Danube, Capital of Freedom, Capital of Spas and Thermal Baths, Capital of Festivals

Budapest
Coordinates: 472819N 190301E Country Region Subregion Unification of Buda, Pest and buda Boroughs Government Mayor Area Istvn Tarls (Fidesz-KDNP) Hungary Central Hungary Budapesti 17 November 1873

Budapest

City Urban Metro Highestelevation Lowestelevation Population (2011) City Rank Urban Metro Demonym Time zone Summer(DST) Postal code(s) Area code ISO 3166 code Website

525.16km2 (202.77sqmi) 2538km2 (980sqmi) 7626km2 (2,944sqmi) 527m (1,729ft) 96m (315ft)

1,741,041 1st 2,551,247 3,284,110 budapesti CET (UTC+1) CEST (UTC+2) 10111239 1 HU-BU [1] budapest.hu touristinfo: [2]

Budapest ( /budpst/, /budpt/ or /bdpst/; Hungarian pronunciation:[budpt]( listen); names in other [3] languages) is the capital and the largest city of Hungary, the largest in East-Central Europe and the seventh largest in the European Union. It is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre,[4] sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary.[5] According to 2011 Census, Budapest had 1.74 million inhabitants,[6] down from its 1989 peak of 2.1 million[7] due to suburbanization.[8] The Budapest Commuter Area is home to 3.3 million people.[9][10] The city covers an area of 525 square kilometres (202.7sqmi)[11] within the city limits. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the river Danube with a unification on 17 November 1873 of west-bank Buda and buda with east-bank Pest.[11][12] The history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement[13][14] that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia.[13] Hungarians arrived in the territory[15] in the 9th century. Their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42.[16] The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture[17] in the 15th century.[18] Following the Battle of Mohcs and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule,[19] development of the region entered a new age of prosperity in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Budapest became a global city after the 1873 unification.[20] It also became the second capital of Austria-Hungary, a great power that dissolved in 1918. After the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, when Hungary lost 72% of its former territory, culturally and economically the country became wholly Budapest-dominated. The capital dominates the country both by the size of its populationwhich dwarfs those of Hungary's other cities[21] Budapest was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, Operation Panzerfaust in 1944, the Battle of Budapest of 1945, and the Revolution of 1956. Cited as one of the most beautiful cities in Europe,[3][22][23] its extensive World Heritage Sites includes the banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter, Andrssy Avenue, Heroes' Square and the Millennium Underground Railway, the second oldest in the world.[22][24] Other highlights include a total of 80 geothermal springs,[25] the world's largest thermal water cave system,[26] second largest synagogue, and third largest Parliament building. The city attracts about 2.7 million tourists a year, making it the 37th most popular city in the world according to Euromonitor.[27]

Budapest Considered a financial hub in Central Europe,[28] the city ranked 3rd (out of 65 cities) on Mastercard's Emerging Markets Index,[29] and ranked as the most livable Central/Eastern European city on EIU's quality of life index.[30][31] It is also ranked as "Europe's 7th most idyllic place to live" by Forbes,[32] and as the 9th most beautiful city in the world by UCityGuides.[33] It is the highest ranked Central/Eastern European city on Innovation Cities' Top 100 index.[34][35] Budapest is home to the headquarters of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT),[36] and the first foreign office of the China Investment Promotion Agency (CIPA).[37]

The view

Panorama at night photographed from Gellrt Hill, showing from left to right the Matthias Church, Buda Castle, Szchenyi Chain Bridge, Danube Promenade and the Parliament

Etymology
The name "Budapest" is the composition of the city names "Buda" and "Pest", since they were united (together with buda) to become a single city in 1873. One of the first occurrences of the combined name "Buda-Pest" was in 1831 in the book "Vilg" ("World" / "Light"), written by Count Istvn Szchenyi.[38] The origins of the words "Buda" and "Pest" are obscure. According to chronicles from the Middle Ages the name "Buda" comes from the name of its founder, Bleda (Buda), the brother of the Hunnic ruler Attila. The theory that "Buda" was named after a person is also supported by modern scholars.[39] An alternative explanation suggests that "Buda" derives from the Slavic word ", voda" ("water"), a translation of the Latin name "Aquincum", which was the main Roman settlement in the region.[40] There are also several theories about the origin of the name "Pest". One of the theories[41] claims that the word "Pest" comes from the Roman times, since there was a fortress "Contra-Aquincum" in this region which was referred to as "Pession" ("", iii.7.2) by Ptolemaios.[42] According to another theory, "Pest" originates from the Slavic word for cave ", peshtera" or from the word for oven ", pesht", in reference to a cave where fires burned or to a local limekiln.[43] In the old-Hungarian language there was a similar word meaning oven/cave and the original old-German name of this region was also "Ofen". Later, the German "Ofen" referred to the Buda side.

Budapest

History
The first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts[13] before 1 AD. It was later occupied by the Romans. The Roman settlement - Aquincum became the main city of Lower Pannonia[13] in 106 AD.[13] The Romans constructed roads, amphitheaters, baths and houses with heated floors in this fortified military camp.[44] The peace treaty of 829 added Pannonia to Bulgaria Buda Castle during the Middle Ages. due to the victory of Bulgarian army of Omurtag over the Holy Roman Empire of Louis the Pious. Budapest arose out of two Bulgarian military frontiers, fortresses Buda and Pest, situated on the two banks of Danube.[45] Hungarians led by rpd settled in the territory at the end of the 9th century,[15][46] and a century later officially founded the Kingdom of Hungary.[15] Research places the probable residence of the rpds as an early place of central power near what became Budapest.[47] The Tatar invasion in the 13th century quickly proved that defence is difficult on a plain.[11][15] King Bla IV of Hungary therefore ordered the construction of reinforced stone walls around the towns[15] and set his own royal palace[16] on the top of the protecting hills of Buda. In 1361[16] it became the capital of Hungary.[11] The cultural role of Buda was particularly significant during the reign of King Matthias Corvinus.[11] The Italian Renaissance had a great influence on the city.[11] His library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana,[11] was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles and philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century, and second only in size to the Vatican Library.[11] After the foundation of the first Hungarian university in Pcs in 1367,[48] the second one was established in buda in 1395.[48] The first Hungarian book was printed in Buda in 1473.[49] Buda had about 5,000 inhabitants around 1500.[50] The Ottomans pillaged Buda in 1526, besieged it in 1529, and finally occupied it in 1541. The Turkish occupation lasted for more than 140 years.[11] The Turks constructed many fine bathing facilities within the city.[15] Under Ottoman rule many Christians became Muslim. By 1547 the number of Christians was down to about a thousand, and by 1647 it had fallen to only about seventy.[50] The unoccupied western part of the country became part of the Habsburg Empire as Royal Hungary. In 1686, two years after the unsuccessful siege of Buda, a renewed campaign was started to enter the Hungarian capital. This time, the Holy League's army was twice as large, containing over 74,000 men, including German, Croat, Dutch, Hungarian, English, Spanish, Czech, Italian, French, Burgundian, Danish and Swedish soldiers, along with other Europeans as volunteers, artilleryman, and officers, the Christian forces reconquered Buda, and in the next few years, all of the former Hungarian lands, except areas near Timioara (Temesvr), were taken from the Turks. In the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz these territorial changes were officially recognized, and in 1718 the entire Kingdom of Hungary was removed from Ottoman rule. The city was destroyed during the battle.[11] Hungary was then incorporated into the Habsburg Empire.[11] The 19th century was dominated by the Hungarian struggle for independence[11] and modernization. The national insurrection against the Habsburgs began in the Hungarian capital in 1848 and was defeated a little more than a year later.

Budapest

1867 was the year of Reconciliation that brought about the birth of Austria-Hungary.

The Hungarian State Opera House, built in the time of Austria-Hungary.

Cutaway Drawing of Millennium Underground in Budapest (18941896) which was the second underground in the world.

This made Budapest the twin capital of a dual monarchy. It was this compromise which opened the second great phase of development in the history of Budapest, lasting until World War I. In 1873 Buda and Pest were officially merged with the third part, buda (Ancient Buda), thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest. The dynamic Pest grew into the country's administrative, political, economic, trade and cultural hub. Ethnic Hungarians overtook Germans in the second half of the 19th century due to mass migration from the overpopulated rural Transdanubia and Great Hungarian Plain. Between 1851 and 1910 proportion of Hungarians increased from 35.6% to 85.9%, Hungarian became the dominant language, German was crowded out. Proportion of Jews peaked in 1900 with 23.6%.[51][52][53] Due to the prosperity and the large Jewish community of the city at the start of the 20th century, Budapest was often called the "Jewish Mecca"[54] In 1918 Austria-Hungary lost the war and collapsed; Hungary declared itself an independent republic. In 1920 the Treaty of Trianon finalized the country's partition, as a result, Hungary lost over two-thirds of its territory, about two-thirds of its inhabitants under the treaty including 3.3 million out of 10 million ethnic Hungarians.[55][56] In 1944, towards the end of World War II, Budapest was partly destroyed by British and American air raids. From 24 December 1944 to 13 February 1945, the city was besieged during the Battle of Budapest. Budapest suffered major damage caused by the

Hungarian Royal Palace in 1930.

Budapest

attacking Soviet and Romanian troops and the defending German and Hungarian troops. All bridges were destroyed by the Germans. More than 38,000 civilians lost their lives during the conflict.

During the Hungarian Republic of Councils in 1919, the Heroes' Square was completely covered by red textile and a statue of Marx was erected.

Between 20% and 40% of Greater Budapest's 250,000 Jewish inhabitants died through Nazi and Arrow Cross Party genocide during 1944 and early 1945.[57] The Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg managed to save the lives of tens of thousands of Jews in Budapest by giving them Swedish passports and taking them under his consular protection.[58] In 1949, Hungary was declared a communist People's Republic. The new Communist government considered the buildings like the Buda Castle symbols of the former regime, and during the 1950s the palace was gutted and all the interiors were destroyed.

Hungarian Jewish WWII Memorial

In 1956, peaceful demonstrations in Budapest led to the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution. The Leadership collapsed after mass demonstrations began on 23 October, but Soviet tanks entered Budapest to crush the revolt. Fighting continued until early November, leaving more than 3000 dead. From the 1960s to the late 1980s Hungary was often satirically referred to as "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc, and much of the wartime damage to the city was finally repaired. Work on Erzsbet Bridge, the last to be rebuilt, was finished in 1964. In the early 1970s, Budapest Metro's East-West M2 line was first opened, followed by the M3 line in 1982. In 1987, Buda Castle and the banks of the Danube were included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Andrassy Avenue (including the Millennium Underground Railway, Hsk tere and Vrosliget) was added to the UNESCO list in 2002. In the 1980s the city's population reached 2.1 million. In recent times a significant decrease in population occurred mainly due to a massive movement to the neighbouring agglomeration in Pest county. In the last decades of the 20th century the political changes of 1989-90 concealed changes in civil society and along the streets of Budapest. The monuments of the dictatorship were taken down from public places, into Memento Park. In the first 20 years of the new democracy the development of the city was managed by Gbor Demszky.

Budapest

Timeline of the history of Budapest

Aquincum Museum (Aquincum was the capital of Pannonia.)

The tomb of the Turkish dervish Gl Baba in Budapest

The Recapture of Buda Castle (1686)

Buda and Pest (c. 1850)

Budapest view from observatory (c. 1840), Drawing by W.H. Bartlett

Andrssy Avenue (1875)

Budapest

Buda Castle

Parliament Building

Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Gresham Palace

Gerbeaud Confectionery

Year BC 1st century

Event Neolithic, Chalcolithic-, bronze and iron age cultures, Celtic and Eravisci settlements on present day Budapest. Romans found the settlements known as Aquincum, Contra-Aquincum and Campona. Aquincum becomes the largest town of the Danubian region and one of the capitals of Pannonia. The Age of Huns. King Attila builds a city for himself here according to later chronicles. After his death, the sons of his brother Mundzuk (Hungarian: Bendegz, Turkish: Boncuk), Attila and Bleda (Hungarian:Buda), in control of the united Hun tribes. Following the foundation of Hungary, rpd, leader of the Magyars from the east (present day Hungarians), settles in the "Town of Attila", usually identified as Aquincum. Bishop Gellrt dies at the hands of pagans on present-day Gellrt Hill. Tatar (Mongol) invasions destroy both towns. King Bla IV builds the first royal castle on Castle Hill, Buda in 1248. The new town adopts the name of Buda from the earlier one (present day buda). Pest is surrounded by city walls. Saint Margaret of Hungary dies in a cloister on the Isle of Rabbits (present day Margaret Island). The noblemen of Hungary elect Matthias Corvinus (in Latin) or Hunyadi Mtys (in Hungarian) as king on the ice of the Danube. Under his reign Buda becomes a main hub of European Renaissance. He dies in 1490, after capturing Vienna in 1485. The beginning of Ottoman occupation. The Turkish Pashas build multiple mosques and baths in Buda.

5th century

896

1046 1241

1270 1458

1541

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9
An unsuccessful assault on Budapest under Feldmarschall Christof Hermann Graf von Ruworm (2 October - 15 November 1602). Buda and Pest are reconquered from the Turks with Habsburg leadership. Both towns are destroyed completely in the battles. Resettlement of Hungary, initially only a few hundred German settlers. Election of the first Mayor of Pest. Maria Theresa of Austria moves Nagyszombat University to Castle Hill. Joseph II places the acting government (Helytarttancs) and Magyar Kamara on Buda. Ignc Martinovics and other Jacobin leaders are executed on Vrmez or 'The Field of Blood'. A fire in the Tabn district. Commencement of the Reform Era. Pest becomes the cultural and economic centre of the country. The first National Theatre is built, along with the Hungarian National Museum. The biggest flood in recent memory in March completely inundates Pest. Start of the Revolution and War of Independence of 1848-49. Pest replaces Pozsony/Pressburg (Bratislava) as the new capital of Hungary and seat of the Batthyny government and the Parliament. The Austrians occupy the city in early January, but the Hungarian Honvdsereg (Army of National Defense) reclaims it in April, taking the fortress of Buda on 21 May after an 18-day siege. In July, the Habsburg army again captures the two towns. Lajos Batthyny, the first Hungarian Prime Minister is executed on the present-day Szabadsg tr. Szchenyi Lnchd, or Szchenyi Chain Bridge, the first permanent bridge across the Danube in Budapest was opened linking Buda (West bank) and Pest (East bank). Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, followed by unprecedented civic development, resulting in the style of present day Budapest. The former cities: Pest, Buda and buda are united, and with that the Hungarian capital is established with the name of Budapest. The Budapest Cog-wheel Railway service is inaugurated. Electric public lighting was installed in all streets of the city centre. The first telephone exchange was installed in Budapest. Electrification of Budapest finished Millennium celebrations, the Millennium Underground is inaugurated, and the Ferenc Jzsef hd (today's Freedom Bridge) is opened. Electric public lighting expanded to the suburbs, the nearby towns villages had Electric public lighting. The census finds 880,000 people in Budapest and 55,000 in the largest suburb of jpest (now part of Budapest). Following the conclusion of World War I, the Hungarian Republic of Councils is founded and 133 days later overthrown by the Romanian army which then makes excessive requisitions in Budapest. They regarded this as gathering war reparations, while [59][60] others classify it as looting. Hungarian National Bank is founded. Hungarian Radio commences broadcasting. Disassembly of the Tabn commences. The Germans occupy Budapest. At the time of the occupation, there were 184,000 Jews and between 65,000 and 80,000 Christians of Jewish descent in the town. The Arrow Cross collaborated with the Germans in murdering Jews. Fewer than half of Budapest's Jews (approximately 119,000) survived the following 11 months. Soviet and Romanian troops besiege Budapest from 15 to 18 January. The retreating Germans destroy all Danube bridges. On 18 January, the Soviets complete the occupation of Pest. The Buda castle falls on 13 February. World War II took the lives of close to 200,000 Budapest residents and caused widespread damage to nearly all of the buildings in the city.

1602

1686 1690s 1773 1777 1783 1795 20 May 1810 1825

1838 1848 15 March

1849

1849 6 October 1849

1867

1873

1874 1878 1893 1896

19091910 1910 19181919

1924 1925 1933 1944 19 March

1944 26 December - 13 February

1956 23 October - The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 breaks out, ending in the invasion of a large Soviet force. 4 November

Budapest

10
Wartime damage is largely repaired. Work on the final bridge to be repaired, the Elizabeth Bridge is finished in 1964. The first phase of the East-Western Metro begins. The first phase of the North-Southern Metro begins. Castle Hill and the banks of the Danube are included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. 19 August. Hundreds of East German citizens escape to West at the western frontier of Hungary with the help of the Hungarian Democratic Forum. The city is home to 2,016,100 residents. Andrssy Avenue is added to the list of World heritage Sites, along with the Millennium Underground railway and Heroes' Square. 2006 Hungarian protests. 200km of the 1000km road in capital level local government handling is reconstructed after 80km in the former year. The world's longest trams, Siemens Combino Supras start service on Great Boulevard. By the end of the year, 150 Volvo 7700 buses take part in replacing the aging BKV fleet. Reconstruction of metro line 2 finishes. The Eastern part of the M0 motorway around the city with Megyeri Bridge is finished and opened to the public. So is the new Northern Railway Bridge. [61] By this year 400km road have been reconstructed due to the road reconstruction program paired with pipe (heating and water) replacements to modern, narrow and heat-conserving ones, and where needed sewer system expansion or replacement. The 2007-2009 complete reconstruction of Liberty Bridge [62] finishes.

1960s 19701972 1982 1987 1989

1990 2002

2006 2006

2008

2008

2009 2010

The Central Wastewater Treatment Plant starts its normal operation. This increases biologically treated sewage from 51% to 100%. The tunnel of Metro line 4 is finished. The 2009-2011 complete and historical reconstruction of Margaret Bridge [63] finishes.

2010 2011

Geography
The 525km2 area of Budapest lies in central Hungary surrounded by settlements of the agglomeration in Pest county. The capital extends 25 and 29 kilometers in the north-south, east-west direction respectively. The Danube enters the city from the north; later it encircles two islands, buda Island and Margaret Island.[11] The third island Csepel Island is the largest of the Budapest Danube islands, however only its northernmost tip is within city limits. The river that separates the two parts of the city is only 230m (755ft) wide at its narrowest point in Budapest. Pest lies on the flat terrain of the Great Plain while Buda is rather hilly.[11] Pest's terrain rises with a slight eastward gradient, so the easternmost parts of the city lie at the same altitude as Buda's smallest hills, notably Gellrt Hill and Castle Hill. The Buda hills consist mainly of limestone and dolomite, the water created speleothems, the most famous ones being the Plvlgyi cave and the Szemlhegyi cave.

Budapest as seen from SPOT satellite.

Budapest The hills were formed in the Triassic Era. The highest point of the hills and of Budapest is Jnos hill, at 527 metres (1,729ft) above sea level. The lowest point is the line of the Danube which is 96 metres (315ft) above sea level. The forests of Buda hills are environmentally protected.

11

Climate
The city has a humid continental, transitional climate - somewhere between the mild, snowy weather of Transdanubia, the variable continental climate of the flat and open Great Plain to the east and the almost sub-Mediterranean weather of the south.[64]
Climate data for Budapest Month Record high C (F) Average high C (F) Daily mean C (F) Average low C (F) Record low C (F) Jan
18.1 (64.6) 1.2 (34.2) 1.6 (29.1) 4 (24.8) 25.6

Feb
19.7 (67.5) 4.5 (40.1) 1.1 (34) 1.7 (28.9) 23.4

Mar
25.4 (77.7) 10.2 (50.4) 5.6 (42.1) 1.7 (35.1) 15.1 (4.8)

Apr
30.2 (86.4) 16.3 (61.3) 11.1 (52) 6.3 (43.3) 4.6 (23.7)

May
34.0 (93.2) 21.4 (70.5) 15.9 (60.6) 10.8 (51.4) 1.6 (29.1)

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep
35.2 (95.4) 22.1 (71.8) 16.4 (61.5) 11.5 (52.7) 3.1 (26.4)

Oct
30.8 (87.4) 16.1 (61) 11.0 (51.8) 6.7 (44.1) 9.5 (14.9)

Nov
22.6 (72.7) 8.1 (46.6) 4.8 (40.6) 2.1 (35.8) 16.4 (2.5)

Dec
19.3 (66.7) 3.1 (37.6) 0.4 (32.7) 1.8 (28.8) 20.8

Year
40.7 (105.3) 15 (59) 10.4 (50.7) 6.3 (43.3) 25.6

39.5 40.7 39.4 (103.1) (105.3) (102.9) 24.4 (75.9) 19.0 (66.2) 13.9 (57) 3.0 (37.4) 26.5 (79.7) 20.8 (69.4) 15.4 (59.7) 5.9 (42.6) 26.0 (78.8) 20.2 (68.4) 14.9 (58.8) 5.0 (41)

36.7 37.4 47.2 64.5 69.8 50.4 49.5 42.7 46.9 59.9 49.3 592.8 Precipitation 38.5 mm (inches) (1.516) (1.445) (1.472) (1.858) (2.539) (2.748) (1.984) (1.949) (1.681) (1.846) (2.358) (1.941) (23.339)

Avg. precipitation days Mean monthly sunshine hours

78

55

84

137

182

230

248

274

255

197

156

67

48

1,933

Source: www.met.hu

[65]

Sports
City Park (Vrosliget) and Margit Island are perfect places to find some green area in the city. In the City Park in winter you can enjoy ice skating on one of the largest artificial ice surfaces in the world. Margaret Island offers a wide range of sports from running and cycling to tennis or swimming in the Alfrd Hajs Swimming Center where Budapest proudly hosted the LEN European Aquatics Championships in 2006 and 2010. Budapest was the host for the ITU Triathlon World Championships 2010, too. The 2011 IIHF World Championship (Division I, Group A) and Athletics - 2012 European Cross Country Championships will be held there. The city is the proud home for many Olympic, World, and Europen Championship winners and medalists. The city's largest football stadium is named after the world famous Ferenc Pusks; top class player of Real Madrid and the Hungarian National Team, who was recognized as the top scorer of the 20th century and who the FIFA's Pusks Award[66] (Ballon d'Or) was named after. (read more about the award {[66]|here}) The city is also home to Hungarian bandy. The Bandy World Championship for women 2007[67] and the Bandy World Championship 2004 /B-group/ were held here.[68]

Budapest The Hungarian Grand Prix in Formula 1 is a recurring event since 1986, being held at the Hungaroring just outside the city.

12

Population
[53]

Historical population
Year 1873 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1941 1944 1945 1947 Pop. 296,867 370,767 506,384 733,358 880,371 928,996 1,006,184 1,164,963 1,235,920 832,800 1,073,444 % +24.9% +36.6% +44.8% +20.0% +5.5% +8.3% +15.8% +6.1% 32.6% +28.9%

1873-1949 (Little Budapest)

Historical population
Year 1950 1956 1958 1960 1970 1980 1990 2001 2005 2011 Pop. 1,629,000 1,848,000 1,764,000 1,804,606 2,001,083 2,059,226 2,016,681 1,777,921 1,695,814 1,737,000 % +13.4% 4.5% +2.3% +10.9% +2.9% 2.1% 11.8% 4.6% +2.4%

1950-present (Greater Budapest)

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Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups Hungarians Germans Roma Slovaks Others Population % of total 1,631,043 18,097 14,019 4,929 16,762 91.2 1 ~0.8 ~0.3 ~0.9 5.2 100

No answer, unknown 93,071 Total [70] [69] 1,777,921

A KSH report showed that the proportion of Roma in Budapest increased from 2% in 1990 to 4.6% in 2009 due to moving of middle class and upper middle class ethnic Hungarians to the suburbs.[8][71] Whilst only 1.7% of the population of Hungary in 2009 were foreigners,[71] 43% of them lived in Budapest,[71] making them 4.4% of the city's population.[71] Nearly two-thirds of foreigners living in Hungary were under 40. The primary motivation for this age group living in Hungary was employment.[71]

Religions
Denominations Christian Roman Catholic Calvinist Lutheran Greek Catholic Other Population % of total 1,128,502 808,460 224,169 46,449 28,901 20,523 63.5 45.5 12.6 2.6 1.6 1.2 ~0.9 ~0.5 ~0.3 19.5 16.1 100

Non-Christian religious 15,439 Jewish Other Without denomination No answer, unknown Total [72] 9,468 5,971 347,209 286,584 1,777,921

Districts

Budapest Full panorama of Budapest Originally Budapest had 10 districts after coming into existence upon the unification of the three cities in 1873. On 1 January 1950 Budapest was united with several neighboring towns and the number of its districts was raised to 22 (Greater Budapest). At that time there were changes both in the order of districts and in their sizes. Now there are 23 districts, 6 in Buda, 16 in Pest and 1 on Csepel Island between them. Each district can be associated with one or more city parts named after former towns within Budapest. The city centre itself in a broader sense comprises the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 13th districts on the Pest side, and the 1st, 2nd, 11th and 12th on the Buda side of the city.[73]

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Economy
Budapest became a global city due to industrialization. In 1910, 45.2% of the total population were factory workers. The Hungarian capital was one of the largest industrial cities in Europe with 600,000 factory workers in the 1960s. Between 1920 and the 1970s more than half of Hungary's total industrial output was made in Budapest. Metalworking (FG), textile industry and automobile industry (Ikarus) were the main sectors before the structural changes.[74] Now nearly all branches of industry can be found in Budapest. Main products are communication engineering and computer appliances, electric machines, incandescent lamps (General Electric). Pharmaceutical industry is also important, well-known Egis, Gedeon Richter Ltd. and Chinoin companies are Hungarian, Teva also has a division here.

ING headquarters in Budapest

Industry is rather in the suburbs, the centre is place for the main national and international service and financial companies like Hungarian Telekom, General Electric, Vodafone, Telenor, Erste Bank, CIB Bank, K&H Bank&Insurance, UniCredit, Budapest Bank, Generali Providencia Insurance, ING, Aegon Insurance, Allianz. Regional base of Volvo Co., Saab, Ford, GE, IBM, TATA Consultancy Services Limited are in Budapest. MOL Hungarian Oil and Gas Richter research and development building Company which with its Subsidiaries, is a leading integrated oil and gas company in Central & Eastern Europe, and OTP Bank which is the biggest Hungarian bank, with branches in 8 other countries as well, are based in the capital. Budapest is the centre of services, financial counselling, money transactions, commercial and estate services. Trade and logistic services are well-developed. Tourism and catering also deserve mention, the capital being home to thousands of restaurants, bars, coffee houses and party places.

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15

Main sights

Hungarian Parliament Building

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrssy Avenue
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
[75]

Country Type Criteria Reference

Hungary Cultural i, ii, vi 400 [77] [76]

UNESCO region

Europe and North America

Inscription history
Inscription 1987 (11th Session)

The neo-Gothic Parliament, containing amongst other things the Hungarian Crown Jewels. Saint Stephen's Basilica, where the Holy Right Hand of the founder of Hungary, King Saint Stephen is on display. The Hungarian cuisine and caf culture: for example, Gerbeaud Caf, and the Szzves, Biarritz, Fortuna, Alabrdos, Arany Szarvas, Krptia and the world famous Mtys Pince Restaurants. There are Roman remains at the Aquincum Museum, and historic furniture at the Nagyttny Castle Museum, just 2 out of 223 museums in Budapest.

Budapest The Castle Hill, the River Danube embankments and the whole of Andrssy t have been officially recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Castle Hill and the Castle District; there are three churches here, six museums, and a host of interesting buildings, streets and squares. The former Royal Palace is one of the symbols of Hungary and has been the scene of battles and wars ever since the 13th century. Nowadays it houses two impressive museums and the National Szchenyi Library. The nearby Sndor Palace contains the offices and official residence of the President of Hungary. The seven-hundred year-old Matthias Church is one of the jewels of Budapest. Next to it is an equestrian statue of the first king of Hungary, King Saint Stephen, and behind that is the Fisherman's Bastion, from where opens out a panoramic view of the whole city. Statues of the Turul, the mythical guardian bird of Hungary, can be found in both the Castle District and the Twelfth District. In Pest, arguably the most important sight is Andrssy t. As far as Kodly Krnd and Oktogon both sides are lined with large shops and flats built close together. Between there and Heroes Square the houses are detached and altogether grander. Under the whole runs continental Europes oldest Underground railway, most of whose stations retain their original appearance. Heroes Square is dominated by the Millenary Monument, with the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in front. To the sides are the Museum of Fine Arts and the Kunsthalle Budapest, The Holy Crown, a key symbol of Hungary and behind City Park opens out, with Vajdahunyad Castle. One of the jewels of Andrssy t is the Hungarian State Opera House. Statue Park, a theme park with striking statues of the Communist era, is located just outside the main city and is accessible by public transport. The city is home to the largest synagogue in Europe (Dohny Street Synagogue),[78] and second largest working in the World .[79] The synagogue is located in the Jewish district taking up several blocks in central Budapest bordered by Kirly utca, Wesselnyi utca, Grand Boulevard (Budapest) and Bajcsy Zsilinszky road. The city is also proud at the largest medicinal bath in Europe (Szchenyi Medicinal Bath) and the third largest Parliament building in the world, once the largest in the world. The third largest church in Europe (Esztergom Basilica) and the second largest Baroque castle in the world (Gdll) are in the vicinity. The world's largest panorama photograph was created in (and of) Budapest in 2010.[80]

16

Islands
Seven islands can be found on the Danube: Shipyard Island, Margaret Island, Csepel Island, Palotai-sziget (now a peninsula), Npsziget, Hros-sziget, and Molnr-sziget. Notable islands include: Margaret Island is a 2.5km (1.6mi) long island and 0.965 square kilometres (238acres) in area. The island mostly consists of a park and is a popular recreational area for tourists and locals alike. The island lies between bridges Margaret Bridge (south) and rpd Bridge (north). Dance clubs, Swimming pools, an Aqua park, athletic and fitness Aerial panorama with the Margaret Island centres, bicycle and running tracks can be found around the Island. During the day the island is occupied by people doing sports, or just resting. In the summer (generally on the weekends) mostly young people go to the island at night to party in its terraces, or to recreate with a bottle of alcohol on a bench or on the grass (this form of entertainment is sometimes referred to as bench-partying).

Budapest Csepel Island (Hungarian pronunciation:[tplsit]) is the largest island of the River Danube in Hungary. It is 48km (30mi) long; its width is 68km (3.755mi) and its area comprises 257km2 (99sqmi), whereas only the northern tip is inside the city limits. Hajgyri-sziget (Hungarian pronunciation:[hjoari sit], or budai-sziget) is a man built island, located in the third district. This island hosts many activities such as: wake-boarding, jet-skiing during the day, and dance clubs during the night. This is the island where the famous Sziget Festival takes place, hosting hundreds of performances per year and now around 400,000 visitors in its last edition. Many building projects are taking place to make this island into one of the biggest entertainment centres of Europe, the plan is to build Apartment buildings, hotels, casinos and a marina. Luppa-sziget is the smallest island of Budapest, located in the north region. Rock of nsg can be found in the river Danube under the Gellrt mountain, it can be seen just in a drought period when the river level is very low and this is a bad signal for a crop.

17

Spas
One of the reasons the Romans first colonized the area immediately to the west of the River Danube and established their regional capital at Aquincum (now part of buda, in northern Budapest) is so that they could utilize and enjoy the thermal springs. There are still ruins visible today of the enormous baths that were built during that period. The new baths that were constructed during the Turkish period (15411686) served both bathing and medicinal purposes, and some of these are still in use to this day. Budapest gained its reputation as a city of spas in the 1920s, following the first realization of the economic Rudas Baths is a thermal and medicinal bath that potential of the thermal waters in drawing in visitors. Indeed, in 1934 was first built in 1550 Budapest was officially ranked as a "City of Spas". Today, the baths are mostly frequented by the older generation, as, with the exception of the Magic Bath and "Cinetrip" water discos, young people tend to prefer the lidos which are open in the summer. Construction of the Kirly Baths started in 1565, and most of the present-day building dates from the Turkish period, including most notably the fine cupola-topped pool. The Rudas Baths are centrally placed in the narrow strip of land between Gellrt Hill and the River Danube and also an outstanding example of architecture dating from the Turkish period. The central feature is an octagonal pool over which light shines from a 10m diameter cupola, supported by eight pillars. The Gellrt Baths and Hotel were built in 1918, although there had once been Turkish baths on the site, and in the Middle Ages a hospital. In 1927 the Baths were extended to include the wave pool, and the effervescent bath was added in 1934. The well-preserved Art Nouveau interior includes colourful mosaics, marble columns, stained glass windows and statues. The Lukcs Baths are also in Buda and are also Turkish in origin, although they were only revived at the end of the 19th century. This was also when the spa and treatment centre were founded. There is still Szchenyi Thermal Bath. something of an atmosphere of fin-de-sicle about the place, and all around the inner courtyard there are marble tablets recalling the thanks of patrons who were cured there. Since the 1950s it has been regarded as a centre for intellectuals and artists.

Budapest The Szchenyi Baths are one of the largest bathing complexes in all Europe, and the only old medicinal baths to be found in the Pest side of the city. The indoor medicinal baths date from 1913 and the outdoor pools from 1927. There is an atmosphere of grandeur about the whole place with the bright, largest pools resembling aspects associated with Roman baths, the smaller bath tubs reminding one of the bathing culture of the Greeks, and the saunas and diving pools borrowed from traditions emanating in northern Europe. The three outdoor pools (one of which is a fun pool) are open all year, including winter. Indoors there are over ten separate pools, and a whole host of medical treatments is also available.

18

Transport
Airport
Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport, formerly called Budapest Ferihegy International Airport, which has only one passenger terminal: Ferihegy 2/A and Ferihegy 2/B connected with the Sky Court building. The airport is located to the east of the centre in the XVIII. district in Pestszentlrinc. In March 2011, the Hungarian Government announced that the name of the Airport is to be changed from "Budapest Ferihegy International Airport" to "Budapest Liszt Ferenc International Airport".
Ferenc Liszt International Airport

Map of the Budapest Metro

Outside Budapest, there are alternative international airports in Debrecen, Srmellk, Gyr-Pr and Pcs-Pogny, all of which can all be reached within three hours by train or bus.

Roads
Budapest is the most important Hungarian road terminus; most of the major highways end near the city-limits. The road system in the city is designed in a similar manner to that of Paris, with several ring roads, and avenues radiating out from the center.

Megyeri Bridge, M0 motorway

Budapest

19

Ring road (beltway) M0 around Budapest is nearly completed, with only one section missing on the west side due to local disputes. Currently the beltway is around 80 kilometers in length, and once finished it will be near 100 kilometers of highway in length.

Public transport
Budapest public transport is provided by BKV,[81] the company operates buses, trolleybuses, trams, suburban railway lines, the metro, a boat service, a cogwheel railway, a funicular, and a chairlift, called Libeg. Budapest's tram network is extensive, and reliable despite poor track infrastructure and an ageing fleet. Routes 4 and 6 combined form the busiest traditional city tram line in the world, with the world's longest passenger trams (54-metre (177ft) long Siemens Combino) running at 60 to 90 second intervals at peak time and 34 minutes off-peak and usually packed with people. Day services operate from 4:30am until 11:30pm each day. Night traffic (a reduced overnight service) has a reputation for being excellent. There are three metro lines and a fourth is currently under construction. The Yellow line, built in 1896, is one of the oldest subway lines in the world, following the London Underground built in 1863.

Budapest Castle Hill Funicular

Railways
Hungarian main-line railways are operated by MV. There are three main railway termini in Budapest, Keleti (eastbound), Nyugati (westbound), and Dli (southbound), operating both domestic and international rail services. Budapest is one of the main stops of the Orient Express on its Central and Eastern European route.[82] There is also a suburban rail service in and around Budapest, operated under the name HV.

Budapest Western railway station (Hungarian: Budapest Nyugati plyaudvar)

Budapest East railway station (Hungarian: Budapest Keleti plyaudvar) [83]

Venice Simplon Orient Express (16 April 2012). "Orient Express Website" April 2012..

. Destinations. VSOE. Retrieved 16

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20

Waterways
The river Danube flows through Budapest on its way to the Black Sea. The river is easily navigable and so Budapest has historically been a major commercial port (at Csepel). In the summer months a scheduled hydrofoil service operates up the Danube to Vienna.

Special vehicles
Beside metros, suburban rails, buses, trams and boats, there are a couple of less usual vehicles in Budapest: trolleybus on several lines in Pest the Castle Hill Funicular between the Chain Bridge and Buda Castle cyclecar for rent in Margaret Island chairlift the Budapest Cog-wheel Railway children's railway[81]

The latter three vehicles run among Buda hills.

Culture
The dance tradition of the Carpathian Basin is the unique area of the European dance culture, which is also a special transition between the Balkans and Western Europe regions. Several authentic Hungarian folk dance ensembles work in Budapest, some of them professional. Budapest is one of the only few cities in the world where a high school for folk dance learning exists. In Budapest there are currently 837 different monuments, which represent the most of the European artistic style. The classical and unique Hungarian Art Nouveau buildings are prominent. The city glories in 223 museums and galleries, which presents several memories, not only the Hungarian historical, art and science ones, but also the memories of universal and European culture and science. Here are the greatest examples among them: the Hungarian National Museum, the Hungarian National Gallery, the Museum of Fine Arts, the Budapest Historical Museum, the Memento Park and the Museum of Applied Arts. In Budapest there are forty theaters, seven concert halls and an opera Hungarian Academy of Sciences house. Outdoor festivals, concerts and lectures enrich the cultural offer of summer, which are often held in historical buildings. The largest theater facilities: the Budapest Operetta and Musical Theatre, the Jzsef Attila Theatre, the Katona Jzsef Theatre, the Madch Theatre, the Hungarian State Opera House, the National Theatre, the Vigad, Radnti Mikls Theatre and the Comedy Theatre. A lot of libraries have unique collection in Budapest, such as the National Szchenyi Library, which keeps historical relics from the age before the printing of books. The Metropolitan Szab Ervin Library plays an important role in the general education of the capitals population. Other libraries: The Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Etvs University Library, the Parliamentary Library and the National Library of Foreign Literature. If we mention cultural events, Hungarys the largest outdoor festival is the Sziget Festival, which is really popular in all over Europe, as well. Other major events: Budapest Spring Festival, Budapest Autumn Festival, the Budapest

Hungarian State Opera House

Budapest Wine Festival and the Budapest Plinka Festival. Tourists visiting Budapest are provided with free maps and information about "points of interest" by BTDM at its info-points.[84] 24 h and 72 h Budapest card is available for visitors. During the card's validity public transport is free, and discount is available in lots of museums, restaurants, and other places of interest.[85]

21

In fiction
The 1906 novel The Paul Street Boys, the 1937 novel Journey by Moonlight, the 1957 book The Bridge at Andau, the 1975 novel Fateless, the 1977 novel The End of a Family Story, the 1986 book Between the Woods and the Water, the 1992 novel Under the Frog, the 1987 novel The Door, the 2002 novel Prague, the 2003 book Budapeste, the 2004 novel Ballad of the Whisky Robber, the 2005 novels Parallel Stories and The Historian, the 2012 novel Budapest Noir are set, amongst others, partly or entirely in Budapest. Some of the better known feature films set in Budapest are Kontroll, The District!, Ein Lied von Liebe und Tod, Sunshine, An American Rhapsody, As You Desire Me, The Good Fairy, Hanna's War, The Journey, Ladies in Love, Mehbooba, Music Box, The Shop Around the Corner, Zoo in Budapest, and Mission: Impossible Ghost Protocol.

Education
Budapest is Hungary's main centre of education and home to numerous universities: Etvs Lornd University Budapest Business School Central European University Budapest University of Technology and Economics Corvinus University of Budapest Semmelweis University (medical university) Szent Istvn University buda University Pzmny Pter Catholic University Kroli Gspr University of the Hungarian Reformed Church Jewish Theological Seminary University of Jewish Studies International Business School, Budapest Andrssy Gyula German Language University of Budapest Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music

Main Building of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics in 1909. It is one of the oldest Institutes of Technology in the world (founded in 1782)

International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Budapest is twinned with:
[86][87][88] Corvinus University of Budapest

Budapest

22

Country Turkey Austria Istanbul Vienna

City

County / District / Region / State Istanbul Province Vienna Sarajevo Canton La Paz Department Izmir Province Sofia Beijing Zagreb le-de-France Berlin

Date 1985 1990 1995 2009 1985

Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bolivia Turkey Bulgaria China (PRC) Croatia France Germany Germany Indonesia Israel Italy Poland Lithuania Portugal Romania Slovakia South Korea Thailand Ukraine United States Turkey United States La Paz Izmir Sofia Beijing Zagreb Paris Berlin

2005 1994 1956 1992 1990 2009 1989 2008 2005

[89] [90]

[91]

Frankfurt am Main Hessen Jakarta Tel Aviv Florence Warsaw Vilnius Lisbon Bucharest Koice Daejeon Bangkok Lviv Fort Worth Gaziantep New York City Jakarta Tel Aviv District Tuscany Masovian Voivodeship Vilnius County Lisbon district Bucharest Koice Region Daejeon Bangkok Lviv Oblast Texas Gaziantep Province New York

[92] [93] [94] [95]

1992 1991 1997 1994 2007 1993 1990 2010 1992 [100] [98] [99] [96] [97]

Some of the city's districts are also twinned to small cities or districts of other big cities, for details see the article List of districts and towns in Budapest.

Budapest

23

Partnerships
Krakw, Poland [101]

Gallery

Buda Castle

Museum of Fine Arts

Saint Stephen's Basilica

Matthias Church

Szchenyi Chain Bridge

Heroes' Square with the Millenary Monument

Vigad Concert Hall

Vajdahunyad Castle

Saint Elisabeth Church

The Great Synagogue

Museum of Applied Arts

New York Caf

Hungarian National Museum

Fisherman's Bastion

Holy Trinity's square

Buda, Castle Hill

Andrssy Avenue, it was recognised as a World Heritage Site

"Fashion Street"

Vci Street is one of the main shopping streets in Budapest.

Castle Theatre

Budapest

24

National Theatre

Buda Castle

Heroes' Square

Liberty Bridge

City of Budapest seen from Saint Stephen's Basilica

References
Sources
DK Publishing, Budapest: Eyewitness Travel Guildes (2007). DK Travel. ISBN978-0-7566-2435-4. Barber, Annabel (2004). Visible Cities Budapest: A City Guide. Somerset. ISBN978-963-212-986-0. Ungvary, Krisztian (2006). The Siege of Budapest: One Hundred Days in World War II. Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-11985-5. Molnar, Miklos (2001). A Concise History of Hungary. Cambridge Concise Histories (Fifth printing 2008 ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-66736-4.

Notes
[1] http:/ / english. budapest. hu/ [2] http:/ / budapest. com [3] Bachmann, Helena (18 March 2002). "Beauty and the Feast" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,901020325-218419,00. html). Time. . Retrieved 2008-05-22. [4] "Budapest" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9106098/ Budapest). Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc.. 2008. . Retrieved 2008-01-30. [5] Tuna Tasan-Kok: Budapest, Istanbul and Warsaw: Institutional and spatial change, p.41 (http:/ / books. google. hu/ books?id=gssYJXHQO7gC& pg=PA41& lpg=PA41& dq=primate+ city+ budapest& source=bl& ots=3KfQHuOT7C& sig=s6GFxxV3WsiazWneD8ZOA8TY-3U& hl=hu& ei=1-2YS_f4FZqGnQODzPC_Cw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=9& ved=0CCkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage& q=& f=true) [6] "2011 Hungarian Census" (http:/ / www. nepszamlalas2011. hu/ files/ sharedUploads/ Anyagok/ 2012/ 03_ho/ Nepsz_1elozetes_egybe_int. pdf). Hungary Central Statistical Office. 27 March 2012. . Retrieved 2012-03-27. [7] "Interactive population pyramids of Budapest (1980-2010)" (http:/ / www. ksh. hu/ interaktiv/ korfa/ terulet. html). Hungary Central Statistical Office. . Retrieved 2011-05-10. [8] "Dvnyi Zoltn-Kovcs Zoltn: A szuburbanizci trbeni-trsadalmi jellemzi Budapest krnykn (Spatial and societal parameters of the suburbanization in Budapest)" (http:/ / www. mtafki. hu/ konyvtar/ kiadv/ FE1999/ FE19991-2_33-57. pdf). Fldrajzi rtest (Geographical Report). . Retrieved 2011-08-29. [9] History of the Budapest Commuter Association (English)) (http:/ / www. bksz. hu/ en. html) [10] Settlements of the Budapest Commuter Area (Hungarian) (http:/ / www. bksz. hu/ pdf/ telep_lista. pdf) [11] Trk, Andrs. "Budapest" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5kwQS7I2L). Encarta. Archived from the original (http:/ / encarta. msn. com/ encyclopedia_761572648/ Budapest. html) on 31 October 2009. . Retrieved 2008-04-06. [12] Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, Chronology pp. 15. [13] "Aquincum" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 31272/ Aquincum). Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc.. 2008. . Retrieved 2008-05-22. [14] Sugar, Peter F.; Pter Hank, Tibor Frank (1990). "Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC& printsec=frontcover). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. p.3. ISBN0-253-20867-X. . Retrieved 2008-05-19. [15] "Budapest" (http:/ / guides. travelchannel. com/ budapest/ city-guides/ historical-background). Travel Channel. . Retrieved 2008-05-22. [16] "Budapest" (http:/ / en. wikisource. org/ wiki/ 1911_Encyclopdia_Britannica/ Budapest). 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica Eleventh Edition. . Retrieved 2008-01-30.

Budapest
[17] Drake, Miriam A. (2003). "Eastern Europe, England and Spain" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=w1Xtjiyh9XYC& pg=PA2494#PPA2498,M1). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. CRC Press. pp.2498. ISBN0-8247-2080-6. . Retrieved 2008-05-22. [18] Casmir, Fred L. (1995). "Hungarian culture in communication" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=be2UW6NyposC& pg=PA115). Communication in Eastern Europe: The Role of History, Culture, and media in contemporary conflicts. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p.122. ISBN0-8058-1625-9. . Retrieved 2008-05-21. [19] Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, Chronology pp. 15 [20] Beaverstock, J. V.; R. J. Smith, P. J. Taylor (1999). A Roster of World Cities (http:/ / www. lboro. ac. uk/ gawc/ rb/ rb5. html). Loughborough University. . Retrieved 2008-05-22. 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Tvnz.co.nz. 19 November 2008. . Retrieved 2009-07-07. [27] "Euromonitor Internationals top city destinations ranking" (http:/ / www. euromonitor. com/ euromonitor-internationals-top-city-destinations-ranking/ article). Euromonitor. . Retrieved 2011-02-23. [28] "Doing Business : Budapest, the soul of Central Europe" (http:/ / www. iht. com/ articles/ 2004/ 08/ 04/ trbuda_ed3_. php). International Herald Tribune. 4 August 2004. . Retrieved 2008-01-29. [29] "New MasterCard Research Ranks 65 Cities in Emerging Markets Poised to Drive Long-Term Global Economic Growth" (http:/ / www. mastercard. com/ us/ company/ en/ newsroom/ pr_new_mastercard_research_ranks_65_Cities_in_emerging_markets. html). MasterCard. 22 October 2008. . Retrieved 2009-07-07. [30] "Index - Klfld - Budapest a leglhetbb eurpai nagyvros" (http:/ / index. hu/ kulfold/ 2009/ 06/ 08/ budapest_a_legelhetobb_europai_nagyvaros/ ). Index.hu. 7 July 2008. . Retrieved 2009-07-07. [31] "Gazdasg: EIU: Budapest, London s New York kztt a legjobban lhet vrosok listjn" (http:/ / hvg. hu/ gazdasag/ 20100211_eiu_legelhetobb_varosok_listaja_2010_vanc). HVG.hu. 1 January 1970. . Retrieved 2011-09-15. [32] Beckett, Edward; Olson, Parmy. "In Pictures: Europe's Most Idyllic Places To Live" (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ 2008/ 11/ 18/ europe-homes-dollar-forbeslife-cx_po_1118realestate_slide_5. html). Forbes. . [33] http:/ / www. ucityguides. com/ cities/ top-10-most-beautiful-cities. html [34] "Innovation Cities Top 100 Index Innovation Cities Index & Program City data training events from 2THINKNOW for USA Canada America Europe Asia Mid-East Australia" (http:/ / www. innovation-cities. com/ innovation-cities-top-100-index-top-cities/ ). Innovation-cities.com. 1 September 2010. . Retrieved 2011-09-15. 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[40] Gyrffy Gyrgy, Pest-Buda kialakulsa: Budapest trtnete a honfoglalstl az rpd-kor vgi szkvross alakulsig, Budapest, Akadmiai, 1997, 242. [41] Gudmund Schtte, Ptolemy's Maps of Northern Europe (The Royal Danish Geographical Society: Copenhagen, 1917). p. 101 [42] William Smith (ed.), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (London : I.B. Tauris, 2006) [Facsim. of ed. published: London : John Murray, 1872.] [43] Adrian Room (2006). Placenames of the World (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C). McFarland & Company. p.70. . [44] Sugar, Peter F. (1990). "Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC& pg=PR9& dq=The+ Romans+ roads,+ amphitheaters+ Aquincum+ buda). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. p.5. ISBN978-0-253-20867-5. . Retrieved 2008-06-03. [45] B. Dimitrov, Bulgarians- Civilizers of the slavs, p.48 [46] Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, Chronology pp. 12 [47] Molnar, A Concise History of Hungary, p. 14

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[48] Sugar, Peter F. (1990). "The Angevine State" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC& pg=PR9& dq=Hungarian+ university+ 1395+ Buda). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. p.48. ISBN978-0-253-20867-5. . Retrieved 2008-06-03. [49] Mona, Ilona (1974). "Hungarian Music Publication 17741867". Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (Akadmiai Kiad) 16 (1/4): 261275. doi:10.2307/901850. JSTOR901850. [50] Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354-1804, Peter F. 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27

External links
Official homepage (http://english.budapest.hu/) Budapest Tourism Office (http://www.budapestinfo.hu/index.php?id=home_en) Public transport in Budapest (http://www.bkv.hu/en/) MV-Start Railway Passenger Transport Co. (http://www.mav-start.hu/english/index.php) Budapest Info (http://www.budapestagent.com/) Budapest on Facebook (http://www.facebook.com/BudapestHungary/) Beautiful Budapest: Vintage Photos (http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/42812/ beautiful-budapest-vintage-photos) - slideshow by Life magazine 70 gigapixel photo of Budapest (http://70gigapixel.cloudapp.net/index_en.html) Budapest All in One Guide (http://thebudapesthelp.com/) Personalised Budapest (http://www.budapestsightseeing.net/) Budapest Guide (http://budapesthelp.com/) Budapest in Brief: from History to Culture (http://www.budapest.org.hu/) Most Up-To-Date Guide to Budapest (http://www.funzine.hu/) Budapest, Visit To The Capital Of Hungary (http://onlinetravelmagazines.com/2012/08/05/ budapest-visit-to-the-capital-of-hungary/) (http://demokrata.hu/ujsagcikk/jeles_napok_a_fovaros_vedoszentje/)

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28

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Budapest bridge c1850.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapest_bridge_c1850.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Antissimo, McLeod, Pe-Jo, Raymond, Tohma File:Budapest view from observatory c1840.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapest_view_from_observatory_c1840.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: McLeod File:Budapest andrassy ut 1875.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapest_andrassy_ut_1875.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was User:Shivatal at hu.wikipedia File:Budacastle.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budacastle.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: uzo19 File:Parliament-Hungary.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Parliament-Hungary.jpg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: Lisy File:Budapest Hungarian Academy of Sciences.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapest_Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:Csrfly D File:Budapest four seasons.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapest_four_seasons.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dd-ang2s File:Vrsmarty Square, snowy winter, Budapest.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vrsmarty_Square,_snowy_winter,_Budapest.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Takkk File:Budapest SPOT 1022.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapest_SPOT_1022.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Cnes Spot Image File:Full panorama skyline of Budapest.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Full_panorama_skyline_of_Budapest.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Bopennings File:ING-Bank-szekhaz-P2030395-lev-1000.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ING-Bank-szekhaz-P2030395-lev-1000.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Original uploader was Misibacsi at hu.wikipedia File:Richter-Gedeon-Nyrt-P5010610.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Richter-Gedeon-Nyrt-P5010610.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Original uploader was Misibacsi at hu.wikipedia File:Parlement van Boedapest gelegen aan de Donau.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Parlement_van_Boedapest_gelegen_aan_de_Donau.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Jozefff at nl.wikipedia (Original text : jozefff) File:Volt Kirlyi palota (138. szm memlk) 3.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Volt_Kirlyi_palota_(138._szm_memlk)_3.jpg License: unknown Contributors: hunszabi File:Crown, Sword and Globus Cruciger of Hungary2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Crown,_Sword_and_Globus_Cruciger_of_Hungary2.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Crown,_Sword_and_Globus_Cruciger_of_Hungary.jpg: Qorilla Schopenhauer derivative work: CSvBibra (talk) File:Dunapartlatkep4.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dunapartlatkep4.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Civertan File:Budapestturkishbath100.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapestturkishbath100.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: uzo19 File:Budapest Szchenyi frd.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapest_Szchenyi_frd.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Adam78, Lepeltier.ludovic, 1 anonymous edits File:Budapestairport.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapestairport.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Herbie File:Budapest Metro map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapest_Metro_map.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Sewa, Mysid File:Civertanmegyeri4.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Civertanmegyeri4.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Civertan File:Funiculaire Budapest.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Funiculaire_Budapest.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Michoko File:Western Ralway Station Budapest.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Western_Ralway_Station_Budapest.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: uzo19 File:Budapest East Station 2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapest_East_Station_2.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Markv File:Hungarian State Opera House(PDXdj).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hungarian_State_Opera_House(PDXdj).jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Castafior, Csandy, Dim Grits, Kilom691, Magog the Ogre, Sprok File:MTA-Szarvas Gbor.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MTA-Szarvas_Gbor.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Original uploader was Takkk at hu.wikipedia File:BME 1909.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BME_1909.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: postcard File:Corvinus foepulet.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Corvinus_foepulet.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Szilveszter Farkas File:Flag of Turkey.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: David Benbennick (original author) File:Flag of Austria.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Kseferovic File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: SKopp File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors) File:Flag of Croatia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman, R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370, MaGa (based on Decision of the Parliament) File:Flag of France.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_France.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Germany.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe File:Flag of Israel.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. The color of the Magen David and the stripes of the Israeli flag is not precisely specified by the above legislation. The color depicted in the current version of the image is typical of flags used in Israel today, although individual flags can and do vary. The flag legislation officially specifies dimensions of 220 cm 160 cm. However, the sizes of actual flags vary (although the aspect ratio is usually retained). File:Flag of Italy.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Italy.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Poland.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of Portugal.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specific vector set: see sources) File:Flag of Romania.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: AdiJapan File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: SKopp File:Flag of South Korea.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Various File:Flag of Thailand.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370 File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Created by: Jon Harald Sby, colors by Zscout370 File:Flag of the United States.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Budapest castle night 5.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapest_castle_night_5.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Karelj File:Museum Fine Arts01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Museum_Fine_Arts01.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Vadaro

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Basilique Saint-tienne de Pest.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Basilique_Saint-tienne_de_Pest.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Yelkrokoyade File:Buda Castles-Matthias Church.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Buda_Castles-Matthias_Church.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Adam78, Civertan, Csandy, Pe-Jo, 1 anonymous edits File:Sunset over the Danube - Budapest - joiseyshowaa.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sunset_over_the_Danube_-_Budapest_-_joiseyshowaa.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: b k from Freehold, NJ, USA ( www.joiseyshowaa.com) File:03hsk tere.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:03hsk_tere.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: uzo19 File:04Pesti vigado.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:04Pesti_vigado.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: uzo19 File:Mujegpalya Ice Rink.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mujegpalya_Ice_Rink.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: User:Themightyquill File:Szent Erzsebet-templom 01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Szent_Erzsebet-templom_01.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Pasztilla aka Attila Terbcs File:Synagogue-Budapest.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Synagogue-Budapest.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Original uploader was OsvtA at hu.wikipedia File:Museum of Applied Arts (Budapest).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Museum_of_Applied_Arts_(Budapest).jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: misibacsi File:01New-York palota Budapest.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:01New-York_palota_Budapest.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: uzo19 File:Hungariannationalmuseum100.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hungariannationalmuseum100.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Csandy, Fransvannes, Thisisbossi, Uzo19, 3 anonymous edits File:Halszbstya Budapest.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Halszbstya_Budapest.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Sprok File:Buda castle quarte.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Buda_castle_quarte.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: uzo19 File:Budapestbudacastle100.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapestbudacastle100.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: uzo19 File:Budapest opera house.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapest_opera_house.JPG License: unknown Contributors: File:Budapest deak palota.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budapest_deak_palota.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: uzo19 File:07vci utca.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:07vci_utca.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: uzo19 File:Burgtheater Budapest Varszinhaz 2009 august.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Burgtheater_Budapest_Varszinhaz_2009_august.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Takkk File:Hungarian National Theater Budapest.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hungarian_National_Theater_Budapest.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Takkk File:Estibp18.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Estibp18.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Civertan File:Estibp37.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Estibp37.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Civertan File:Szabadsaghideeste3.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Szabadsaghideeste3.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Civertan File:Budape, Belvros, pohled na centrum msta.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Budape,_Belvros,_pohled_na_centrum_msta.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Aktron, Antissimo

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