KCP-EEN-BLR-DPR-0002 Rev.

: 03 Project Title: Document Title: Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project Steam System Design Philosophy Page 1 of 9

Steam System Design Philosophy

Table of Contents 1. Scope and Functional Requirements 2. Assumptions 3. Design Requirements 3.1. General 3.2. Boiler 3.2.1. Economiser System 3.2.2. Furnace Waterwalls 3.2.3 Superheater System 3.2.4. Reheater System 3.2.5. Materials Selection for High Temperature Components 3.3. Turbine 3.3.1. Steam Turbine Generator 3.3.2. Steam Turbine Bypass 3.3.3. Clean Drains System 3.3.4. HP Feedwater System 3.3.5. Selection of Materials 3.4. Carbon Capture Plant 4. Mandatory References 5. Supporting References

Kingsnorth CCS De monstration Pro ject The information contained in this document (the Infor ma tion) is provided in good faith. E.ON UK plc, its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers, and the Depart ment of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) make no representation or war ranty as to the accuracy, reliability or co mpleteness of the Infor ma tion and neither E.ON UK plc nor any of its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers or DECC shall have any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect loss howsoever arising fro m the use of the Infor mation by any party.

KCP-EEN-BLR-DPR-0002 Rev.: 03 Project Title: Document Title: Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project Steam System Design Philosophy Page 2 of 9

1. Scope and Functional Requirements This Design Philosophy identifies the requirements for the steam system. Furthermore this design report ensures a consistent approach to the design of the steam system in the power plant and the CCS plant. 2. Assumptions The current design of boiler (2-pass boiler design), water/steam system and turbine of the old Carbon-Capture-Ready (CCR) Project is used in this Design Philosophy since further developments and investigations are foreseen not till FEED 2. Nevertheless this Design Philosophy is supplier independent and describes both the tower boiler as well as the 2-pass boiler design. The whole water/steam system can be operated with or without the CCS plant in operation. 3. Design Requirements 3.1 General The steam system of the power plant consists of the boiler, the turbine with its internal IP and LP pressure system and the relevant parts of the CCS plant. For start-up purposes and as long as the main boiler is out of operation auxiliary steam is produced by the auxiliary steam generators. The whole steam system is designed to achieve maximum possible efficiency over the whole process chain. The most effective measure to increase plant efficiency is the increase in steam pressure and temperature. In general, the pressure will have less influence on the total plant efficiency than the temperature. According to the evaluations carried out by leading power plant suppliers, steam temperatures of 600 C and 620 C at the superheater and reheater outlets with operating pressures greater than 280 bar for the superheater and 60 bar for the reheater can be achieved with currently available materials. The Kingsnorth project will utilise this approach within its design thus making it possible to realise an increase in efficiency by operation at these elevated parameters. Increased reheater pressure can be utilised as an optimising parameter only to a limited extent as if the reheater pressure is too high it will have a negative effect on the
Kingsnorth CCS De monstration Pro ject The information contained in this document (the Infor ma tion) is provided in good faith. E.ON UK plc, its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers, and the Depart ment of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) make no representation or war ranty as to the accuracy, reliability or co mpleteness of the Infor ma tion and neither E.ON UK plc nor any of its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers or DECC shall have any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect loss howsoever arising fro m the use of the Infor mation by any party.

KCP-EEN-BLR-DPR-0002 Rev.: 03 Project Title: Document Title: Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project Steam System Design Philosophy Page 3 of 9

optimisation process at the exhaust end of the system (turbine wetness, condenser pressure). 3.2 Boiler To achieve the above mentioned steam parameters, it is necessary to install a supercritical once-through steam generator. In principle, the water-steam system of the boiler consists of the following parts: 3.2.1 Economiser System Economiser banks are installed as the last heating surface in direction of the flue gas flow but as first of the water-steam system of the boiler. The feedwater coming from the HP feed heater section is heated to a temperature well below the boiling temperature. This adequate margin between economiser outlet temperature and saturation temperature is kept to avoid two-phase flow at sub-critical pressures and the possibility of flows of substantially different amount and enthalpy entering the individual furnace spiral tubes. The water leaving the economiser flows down to the furnace water walls which act as an evaporator. 3.2.2 Furnace Waterwalls The furnace waterwalls are of membrane panel construction. High pressure water from the economizer is passed down a single largebore downcomer to the bottom of the boiler. From there, interconnecting pipes run, one to the front of the boiler and one to the rear of the boiler. Each of the inter-connecting pipes has further pipes through which water is passed to the two inlet headers supplying the furnace spiral tubes, one at the front and one at the rear of the boiler. Compared with a natural circulation boiler, the flow area required for a once-through boiler is less. A suitably high mass flux is achieved by small diameter tubes arranged in a spiral around the perimeter of the furnace. The higher the mass flux, the lower the elevation in metal temperature due to boiling transition. The spiral arrangement enables close pitching of adjacent tubes for effective heat removal with a relatively small number of tubes around the perimeter of the furnace. The spiral arrangement also encourages an even distribution of heat pick-up in each tube. 3.2.3 Superheater System The superheater is usually arranged in a number of stages, i.e. as a primary, secondary, tertiary and a final superheater.
Kingsnorth CCS De monstration Pro ject The information contained in this document (the Infor ma tion) is provided in good faith. E.ON UK plc, its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers, and the Depart ment of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) make no representation or war ranty as to the accuracy, reliability or co mpleteness of the Infor ma tion and neither E.ON UK plc nor any of its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers or DECC shall have any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect loss howsoever arising fro m the use of the Infor mation by any party.

KCP-EEN-BLR-DPR-0002 Rev.: 03 Project Title: Document Title: Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project Steam System Design Philosophy Page 4 of 9

Dry steam flows from the separator vessels to the primary superheater which is often designed as support tubes for other convection heating surfaces and, in case of a two-pass boiler, they also form the walls of the rear gas pass. The steam leaves the primary superheater outlet headers in four streams which pass through their respective first stage attemperators and cross over to the other side of the boiler to feed the secondary superheater. The secondary superheater, as well as the final superheater, can be designed as platen pendant heating surface (in case of 2-pass design) or as tube bundles (for a tower boiler), subject of final supplier design chosen. The steam leaves the outlet manifolds of the secondary superheater in four streams independent of supplier design, each of which passes through its own second stage attemperator and crosses to the other side of the boiler to feed the final superheater inlet manifolds. The steam passes through the final superheater in a parallel flow arrangement. Austenitic steel is used for the high temperature superheater tubes to provide adequate resistance to scaling. Steam leaves the final superheater outlet manifolds as four streams and enters the high-pressure main steam pipework. The temperature of the superheater steam in once-through mode is a function of the fuel/water flow ratio and the attemperator flow is normally set at a fixed percentage of the steam flow. The attemperators provide rapid trimming control of steam temperature during load changes. Water is injected through nozzles and evaporates due to the temperature in the surrounding steam thus cooling down the whole to produce the desired steam temperature. The spraywater is extracted from a point between the final HP heater and the economiser inlet. The temperature of the spraywater is therefore equal to the economiser inlet water temperature. 3.2.4 Reheater System The reheater is arranged in two stages comprising a final stage pendant section located in the vestibule area and primary stage horizontal serpentine banks located in the rear gas pass in case of a 2-pass boiler. In case of a tower boiler both reheater stages are horizontal serpentine banks located in the first pass. A cross-over is incorporated between the primary and final stages. The final stage reheater surface is in parallel flow to the gas so that the section with the hottest steam is in the cooler gas stream, thereby helping to minimise tube metal temperatures. The banks of the first
Kingsnorth CCS De monstration Pro ject The information contained in this document (the Infor ma tion) is provided in good faith. E.ON UK plc, its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers, and the Depart ment of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) make no representation or war ranty as to the accuracy, reliability or co mpleteness of the Infor ma tion and neither E.ON UK plc nor any of its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers or DECC shall have any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect loss howsoever arising fro m the use of the Infor mation by any party.

KCP-EEN-BLR-DPR-0002 Rev.: 03 Project Title: Document Title: Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project Steam System Design Philosophy Page 5 of 9

reheater stage are in counterflow for maximum heat transfer efficiency. Reheat outlet temperature control can be carried out by four different measures, subject to supplier design chosen: Spray attemperation, where the attemperator is located between the first and the second stage of the reheater. Divided flue gas pass (either in a tower boiler or a 2-pass boiler), where the first stage of the reheater is located in a separate part of the gas pass. The reheat outlet temperature is controlled by the flue gas flow through that pass which is adjusted using control dampers. Tilting burners which direct the flame of the burners to a lower or higher position depending on the reheat outlet temperature. Flue gas recirculation from downstream of the Electrostatic Precipitator The current design is a divided flue gas pass. 3.2.5 Materials Selection for High Temperature Components Modified 9% chrome material X10CrMoVNb9-1 & X10CrWMoVNb9-2 with its high strength and relatively low coefficient of thermal expansion is used for the stub headers, interconnecting pipework and manifolds of the high temperature superheater and reheater stages, independent of supplier design. Independent of supplier design austenitic material (e.g. Super304H & HR3C and their equals) is used in the high temperature tubes in the gas pass of the secondary and final superheaters and final stage reheater, where extra resistance to scaling is required. The austenitic grades with moderate <20% chrome content will be supplied with shot-peened bores to limit steamside oxide growth and minimize the risk of oxide spalling and consequent tube blockage. HR3C (or DMV 310N) is used in the highest temperature sections for resistance to fireside corrosion. 3.3 Turbine The evolving design for the unit with CCS is defined as follows in this section. Design of a unit without CCS has not been considered in this philosophy and will be considered in the later stage of FEED. 3.3.1 Steam Turbine Generator
Kingsnorth CCS De monstration Pro ject The information contained in this document (the Infor ma tion) is provided in good faith. E.ON UK plc, its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers, and the Depart ment of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) make no representation or war ranty as to the accuracy, reliability or co mpleteness of the Infor ma tion and neither E.ON UK plc nor any of its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers or DECC shall have any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect loss howsoever arising fro m the use of the Infor mation by any party.

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The turbine is designed to be a tandem-compound reheat machine with a single shaft system comprising 3 pressure sections: HP (high pressure), IP double flow (intermediate pressure) and LP double flow (low pressure) sections all directly coupled to a generator with excitation system. Main steam at 600C is admitted to the HP turbine by combined stop and control valves. After passing through the HP turbine the steam is returned to the boiler re-heater where it is re-heated to 620C before being admitted to the IP turbine through combined reheat stop and intercept valves. The steam after leaving the IP section passes through an external crossover pipe which connects to the LP turbine sections. The steam after passing through the LP sections is exhausted to the condenser. Shaft end sealing is provided to prevent leakage of pressurised steam from the turbine rotor shafts and casing ends and prevents the ingress of air to the LP turbines. The turbine rotors are supported by pressure lubricated bearings and positioned axially by a thrust bearing. A lubricating oil system supplies filtered and cooled oil to the bearings during all modes of operation including start-up, shut down and turning gear operating with standby capacity of system components. If the main lubricating oil supply fails, an emergency centrifugal oil pump permits safe shut down of the unit. Each of the LP turbines has its own condenser from which the condensate is drawn by condensate extraction pumps (CEP) from the hotwell through the gland steam condenser and the series of low pressure preheaters into the feed water tank after any necessary cleaning. The surface type condenser is designed to achieve required back pressure whilst the turbine operates at a rated output. Condensate Two main Condensate Extraction Pumps (CEP) are designed to operate from 25 to 100 % load and sized sufficiently large to allow for LP-bypass desuperheating spray water requirements and increased mass flow following the Condensate Stop operation. Loss of condensate during operation is compensated by spraying make-up water into the condenser. Condensate quality is controlled by a two stream condensate polishing plant. Condensate from the hotwells is drawn by the
Kingsnorth CCS De monstration Pro ject The information contained in this document (the Infor ma tion) is provided in good faith. E.ON UK plc, its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers, and the Depart ment of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) make no representation or war ranty as to the accuracy, reliability or co mpleteness of the Infor ma tion and neither E.ON UK plc nor any of its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers or DECC shall have any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect loss howsoever arising fro m the use of the Infor mation by any party.

KCP-EEN-BLR-DPR-0002 Rev.: 03 Project Title: Document Title: Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project Steam System Design Philosophy Page 7 of 9

polishing streams and fed back to the condensate system via the common manifold supplying the CEPs. This configuration avoids mixing of clean and potentially contaminated condensate. 3.3.2 Steam Turbine Bypass The plant will be equipped with a suitably sized HP and LP bypasses for load rejection, start-up and plant tripping scenarios. The HP bypass transfers spray attemporated live steam to the cold reheat line and also acts as a boiler pressure relief system. The LP-bypass transfers spray attemporated steam from the re-heater to the condenser. The bypass system provides the facility to redirect steam produced by the boiler from entry to the turbine and pass it to the condenser via a series of valves.

3.3.3 Clean Drains System Drains are provided as required at the turbine, its major steam valves and all associated bled steam lines to remove condensate formed during start-ups and shut-downs and to facilitate warming of the components. The system also protects the turbine from damage through water ingress.

3.3.4 HP Feedwater System The HP feed water system delivers feed water from the deaerator to the economizer through HP preheaters by motor driven Boiler Feedwater Pumps (BFP). The system also provides attemporating spray water to the HP turbine bypass system, reheater sprays and super heater spray systems. The BFPs take feed water from the deaerator and deliver it to the ecomoniser through the HP preheaters at the required pressure and flow rate. BFP recirculation lines are connected to the deaerator. Feed water is heated in the HP preheaters and the HP desuperheater to the required temperature at the HP desuperheater outlet when the steam turbine is operating at full load. Extraction steam from the HP and IP turbines is used to heat feed water in the HP preheaters.
Kingsnorth CCS De monstration Pro ject The information contained in this document (the Infor ma tion) is provided in good faith. E.ON UK plc, its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers, and the Depart ment of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) make no representation or war ranty as to the accuracy, reliability or co mpleteness of the Infor ma tion and neither E.ON UK plc nor any of its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers or DECC shall have any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect loss howsoever arising fro m the use of the Infor mation by any party.

KCP-EEN-BLR-DPR-0002 Rev.: 03 Project Title: Document Title: Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project Steam System Design Philosophy Page 8 of 9

3.3.5 Selection of Materials High chrome steels (typically 10-12%) with appropriate mechanical properties for supercritical operation will be used to manufacture turbine components operating at high temperatures. 3.4 Carbon Capture Plant The capture plant will import extraction steam from the steam turbine in order to meet heat and power requirements of the process. Depending on the required quantity and quality, this steam can be delivered from several extraction points listed as follows: 1. Low pressure (LP) steam from the cross-over line between the intermediated pressure (IP) turbine and the LP turbines. In a typical power plant without carbon capture this steam would be available under full load conditions at typically 3 to 6 bara pressure and 250C to 280C temperature (~120C superheat) depending on the steam turbine supplier. However, for a power plant equipped with capture demonstration plant from the outset, the steam conditions at this point may be tailored to meet the requirements of the capture plant reboiler (including allowance for the pressure drop in the pipeline). This steam may be used to provide heating duty for the amine reboiler (the primary steam consumer) and other process heaters, such as the triethylene glycol (TEG) regenerator in the dehydration unit, should this technology be selected. Since the actual line pressure will be reduced in proportion to the amount of steam diverted from the steam turbine and with reducing power plant load, it is recommended that a modulating throttle valve is installed on the IP/LP cross-over line downstream of the extraction point which will enable control of the the steam extraction pressure to the capture plant across the entire load range. 2. Extraction steam from the line feeding steam to the Deaerator will be available under full load conditions at 13.4 bara and 393C (196C superheat). This steam may be used for heating duties at higher temperatures than those available from the LP steam line, such as the amine reclaimer in the capture plant and the CO2 reheater in the molecular sieve dehydration unit. As the design steam flow for this line is relatively small, there will be a limit on the
Kingsnorth CCS De monstration Pro ject The information contained in this document (the Infor ma tion) is provided in good faith. E.ON UK plc, its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers, and the Depart ment of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) make no representation or war ranty as to the accuracy, reliability or co mpleteness of the Infor ma tion and neither E.ON UK plc nor any of its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers or DECC shall have any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect loss howsoever arising fro m the use of the Infor mation by any party.

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available amount of IP steam which can be extracted to carbon capture plant without impairing safe operation of the IP turbine. It should be also born in mind that the reclaimer operation will be of intermittent nature, currently projected as two weeks per every three months. 3. Hot reheat steam from the inlet IP turbine and available under full load conditions at nominal 56 bara and 619C (348C superheat). This steam may be used to provide heat duty for process requirements listed in section 2, in case the available steam flow from the deareator line will not be sufficient to meet process requirements. It is however not currently anticipated that this steam will be used by the capture plant. In addition to these requirements, the capture plant will need auxiliary steam supply during controlled shut-down phases ahead of longer off-line periods to ensure that the amine solvent is stored in a fully regenerated state. It is anticipated that the capture plant will also require steam supply to warm up the system ahead of bringing the capture plant in to service. It is, therefore, anticipated that the capture plant will only come into service once the main power plant is stabilised and adequate steam conditions are available at the extraction points. The details of the start-up and shut-down requirements will be developed in FEED 2.

4. Mandatory References None 5. Supporting References None

Kingsnorth CCS De monstration Pro ject The information contained in this document (the Infor ma tion) is provided in good faith. E.ON UK plc, its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers, and the Depart ment of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) make no representation or war ranty as to the accuracy, reliability or co mpleteness of the Infor ma tion and neither E.ON UK plc nor any of its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, e mployees, advisers or DECC shall have any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect loss howsoever arising fro m the use of the Infor mation by any party.