Unit Three -113- Chapter eight

Explain each of the following phenomena

School Book:

1. Van Der Wall’s effect(1).

2. Low temperature phenomena(2).

3. Super fluidity of some liquefied gases(3).

4. Superconductivity(4).

Additional Questions:

5. Meissner effect(5).

6. Magnetic resonance(6).

7. High speed (magnetically levitated) train(7).

8. Isothermal process(8).

9. Adiabatic process(9).

Give Reasons

School Book:

1. The use of two Dewar’s flasks to store helium(10).

2. The spacing between the double walls in a Dewar’s flask is evacuated(11).

3. Helium can flow upwards along the walls of its container without stopping(12).

4. A levitated train has been designed with a very high speed (225 km/h)(13)

5. A magnet may remain hanging up above a superconductor regardless of the

polarity(14).

Additional Questions:

6. The decrease of gas temperature than the temperature of precooled matter in

contact with it(15).

Exercises 2008/2009
Unit Three -114- Chapter eight

7. Helium is preferred to water as thermal conductor(16).

8. Helium liquid consider as the best thermal conductor(17)

9. Silver layers in Dewar’s flask(18)

10. Evacuation space in Dewar’s flask(19).

11. Double Dewar’s flask with liquid Nitrogen used to store liquid helium(20).

12. When work done by gas molecules its temperature decrease(21).

13. When work done on the bas molecules its temperature increase(22).

14. Freezing process considered as isothermal process(23).

15. Electric current need no potential difference to flow in the superconductors(24).

16. No electric energy consumed when electric current pass through super

conductors(25).

17. Superconductors are used in electric circuit of satellites(26).

18. Superconductors are used in electric power plants and in transmission line(27).

19. High speed (magnetically levitated) train raise above the rail way lines for few

centimeters(28).

Multiple Choice Questions

Additional Questions:

1. Matter considered as good thermal conductor when (it has high specific heat– it

has low specific heat – it has low latent heat)(29)

2. In the isothermal process the summation of internal energy and work of gas

molecules (less than – equal to – greater than) the thermal energy(30).

3. In the isothermal process the change in the internal energy (negative value – zero

– positive value)(31).

Exercises 2008/2009
Unit Three -115- Chapter eight

4. In the isothermal process the change in the work done by the molecules equal to

the change in (thermal energy gained by the gas – internal energy of the gas – the

increase in gas temperature)(32)

5. Temperature is a measure of (thermal energy – internal energy – work done by gas

molecules)(33)

6. In the adiabatic process the change in summation of internal energy and work of

gas molecules (less than zero – equal to zero – greater than zero)(34)

7. In the adiabatic process the change in the internal energy (negative value – may be

negative or positive value – positive value)(35).

8. In the adiabatic process the change in the work done by the molecules equal to the

change in (thermal energy gained by the gas – internal energy of the gas – the

increase in gas temperature)(36)

Complete

Additional Questions:

1. Heat energy Qth, gained by a gas equals the summation of ……………(37) and …

…………….(38)

2. In the isothermal process the change in the thermal energy equal to ……………(39)

3. In the isothermal process the ………..(40) remains constant, while …………(41)

equals to ……………(42)

4. In the adiabatic process the change in the thermal energy equal to……….(43)

5. In the adiabatic process the change in the internal energy equal to ……(44)

Essay Questions

School Book:

1. State the most important applications for each of the following:

a) Dewar’s flask(45).
Exercises 2008/2009
Unit Three -116- Chapter eight

b) Superconductors(46).

2. Illustrate the difference between:

a) Chemical reaction and Van Der Waal’s reaction(47).

b) The Helium liquid and the Nitrogen liquid(48).

Additional Questions:

1. What is the base idea of achieving very low temperature(49).

2. What is the condition for Van Der Waal’s interaction to take over(50).

3. What is the most benefit application for Van Der Waal’s interaction(51).

Comparison

Additional Questions:

1. Ideal and real gas.

2. Isothermal and adiabatic process.

3. Compare between superconductors and metals.

4. Compare between flow of super fluidity liquids and flow of liquid

What will happen when

Additional Questions:

1. Ideal gas exposed to high pressure at constant temperature.

2. Real gas exposed to high pressure at constant temperature.

What is meant by

Additional Questions:

1. Critical (transitional) temperature.

2. Supper conductor materials.

Exercises 2008/2009
Unit Three -117- Chapter eight

Model Answer

Exercises 2008/2009
1
() At high pressure, the molecules attracted together, and eventually attract more and more of

molecules, until the gas condensed. This mechanism helps to achieve very low temperature near

absolute zero.

2
() The mechanism for achieving very low temperature depends on withdrawing energy from the

material by contact with pre cooled another material. The latent heat for any matter is much greater

than its specific heat energy. Therefore, by contact pre-cooled material (ice or dry ice) to any substance,

that substance will lose its energy and low temperature can be reached.

3
() It is the ability of material to flow without friction force at temperature close to absolute zero.

4
() It is the decreases of the resistance to the flow of electric current, and increase of the

conductivity for some kind of matters at very low temperature.

5
() It is the hanging of permanent magnet in air when it placed over disk of superconductive

material.

6
() It is the radiation of waves from the nucleus of some materials when it affected by alternating

magnetic field with a specific frequency.

7
() The train raised above the rails for a few centimeters, eliminates friction, which lead to

increase its velocity (meissner effect). Superconductors are diamagnetic materials, in which the

total magnetic field inside the matter equals to zero. When a permanent magnet is placed over a

disk of superconducting material, the magnetic field due to the permanent magnet produce

electric current in the superconducting material. The electric current in the supper conductor

produce magnetic field in opposite direction to the external field, to compensate it, therefore the

total magnetic field inside the supper conductor remains constant equals to zero. Due to the

magnetic field of the permanent magnet and the magnetic field produced in the supper

conductor which are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, the permanent magnet

remains hanging in the air.

8
() It is a thermal process at which ∆U=zero, Both of internal energy and temperature of the gas

are constant. Thermal energy Qth gained by the gas convert into work “W” done by the gas
 molecules. Such as condensing the gas into liquid at constant temperature.

9
() It is a thermal process at which ∆Qth=zero. The gas is in thermal isolation from the

surrounding medium. When work done by the gas molecules (+W), it will decrease its internal

energy (-U). Such as liquefied gas when it converted into gas state. When an external work

done on the gas molecules (-W), it will increase its internal energy (+U). Such as compress the

gas to be gas under high pressure of small volume.

10
() For liquid helium (boiling point 4.2°K) double Dewar’s flasks are used with Liquid Nitrogen

filling the space between the two flask, to prevent heat transfer because Helium has very low

specific heat and boiling point.

11
() The spacing between the walls is evacuated to prevent conduction and convection.

12
() Helium liquid has the property of super fluidity where: It loses its viscosity, and it suffers no

friction force with the walls of the container. Therefore It can flow upwards uninterruptedly

against gravity.

13
() The train raised above the rails for a few centimeters, eliminates friction, which lead to

increase its velocity (meissner effect). Superconductors are diamagnetic materials, in which the

total magnetic field inside the matter equals to zero. When a permanent magnet is placed over a

disk of superconducting material, the magnetic field due to the permanent magnet produce

electric current in the superconducting material. The electric current in the supper conductor

produce magnetic field in opposite direction to the external field, to compensate it, therefore the

total magnetic field inside the supper conductor remains constant equals to zero. Due to the

magnetic field of the permanent magnet and the magnetic field produced in the supper

conductor which are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, the permanent magnet

remains hanging in the air.

14
() Due to (meissner effect). Superconductors are diamagnetic materials, in which the total

magnetic field inside the matter equals to zero. When a permanent magnet is placed over a disk

of superconducting material, the magnetic field due to the permanent magnet produce electric
 current in the superconducting material. The electric current in the supper conductor produce

magnetic field in opposite direction to the external field, to compensate it, therefore the total

magnetic field inside the supper conductor remains constant equals to zero. Due to the magnetic

field of the permanent magnet and the magnetic field produced in the supper conductor which

are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, the permanent magnet remains hanging in the

air.

15
() The latent heat for any matter is much greater than its specific heat energy. Therefore, by

contact pre-cooled material (ice or dry ice) to any substance, that substance will lose its energy

and low temperature can be reached.

16
() Because Helium has very low specific heat energy than water, so it consider as one of the best

thermal conductors.

17
() It has very low specific heat energy, so it consider as one of the best thermal conductors.

18
() The walls are plated by silver to minimize heat transfer by radiation.

19
() The spacing between the walls is evacuated to prevent conduction and convection.

20
() For liquid helium (boiling point 4.2°K) double Dewar’s flasks are used with Liquid Nitrogen

filling the space between the two flask, to prevent heat transfer because Helium has very low

specific heat and boiling point.

21
() Due to adiabatic process, where ∆Qth= ∆W + ∆U = zero The gas is in thermal isolation from

the surrounding medium. When work done by the gas molecules (+W), it will decrease its

internal energy (-U). Such as liquefied gas when it converted into gas state.

22
() Due to adiabatic process, Where ∆Qth= ∆W + ∆U = zero, When an external work done on the

gas molecules (-W), it will increase its internal energy (+U). Such as compress the gas to be gas

under high pressure of small volume.

23
() Because no change in temperature takes place while freezing.
24
() The electric resistance of the superconductor materials approximately zero, therefore no heat

energy companied the flow of the electric current and no electric energy consumed. It means

that the electric current will not stop flowing even if the potential difference is removed.

25
() The electric resistance of the superconductor materials approximately zero, therefore no heat

energy companied the flow of the electric current and no electric energy consumed.

26
() Superconductors are used in electric circuit of satellites, because of their ability to pick up

weak wireless signals.

27
() It is used in electric power plants and in transmission line, where no energy consumed due to

the low electric resistance and high conductivity.

28
() Due to (meissner effect). Superconductors are diamagnetic materials, in which the total

magnetic field inside the matter equals to zero. When a permanent magnet is placed over a disk

of superconducting material, the magnetic field due to the permanent magnet produce electric

current in the superconducting material. The electric current in the supper conductor produce

magnetic field in opposite direction to the external field, to compensate it, therefore the total

magnetic field inside the supper conductor remains constant equals to zero. Due to the magnetic

field of the permanent magnet and the magnetic field produced in the supper conductor which

are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, the permanent magnet remains hanging in the

air.

29
() Its specific heat decrees

30
() Equal to

31
() Zero

32
() Thermal energy

33
() Internal energy

34
() Equal to zero

35
() May be negative or positive value
36
() Internal energy of the gas

37
() Internal energy.

38
() Work

39
() Change in work of gas molecules

40
() Internal energy

41
() Thermal energy

42
() Work

43
() Zero

44
() Work

45
() It is used to store liquid Nitrogen (boiling point 77°K), liquid Oxygen (boiling point 90°K),

while for liquid helium (boiling point 4.2°K) double Dewar’s flasks are used with Liquid

Nitrogen filling the space between the two flask, to prevent heat transfer because Helium has

very low specific heat and boiling point.

46
() Superconductors are used in electric circuit of satellites, because of their ability to pick up

weak wireless signals. It is used in electric power plants and in transmission line, where no

energy consumed due to the low electric resistance and high conductivity. It is used in high

speed (magnetically levitated) train, where the train raised above the rails for a few centimeters,

eliminates friction, which lead to increase its velocity (meissner effect).

47
() Van Der Waal’s interaction takes over at high pressure, and the molecules attracted together,

and eventually attract more and more of molecules, until the gas condensed. This mechanism

helps to achieve very low temperature near absolute zero. Chemical reaction takes over at any

pressure, and molecules react to produce chemical compound.

48
() Liquid Nitrogen (boiling point 77°K), It stored in one Dewar’s flask, while for liquid Helium

(boiling point 4.2°K) double Dewar’s flasks are used with Liquid Nitrogen filling the space

between the two flask, to prevent heat transfer because Helium has very low specific heat and
 boiling point.

49
() The mechanism for achieving very low temperature depends on withdrawing energy from the

material by contact with pre cooled another material.

50
() The increase in its density leads to interaction between the molecules due to the

intermolecular force.

51
() At high pressure, Van Der Waal’s interaction takes over, and the molecules attracted together,

and eventually attract more and more of molecules, until the gas condensed. This mechanism

helps to achieve very low temperature near absolute zero.