Cation (+) K+ EASY TO DISCHARGE + Na (MORE ELECTRO-VE) Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+

Anion (-) FEASY TO DISCHARGE 2SO4 NO3ClBrIOH-

GAS CONFIRMATORY TEST

GAS Oxygen PROPERTIES Colourless gas 1. CHEMICAL TEST Bring glowing wooden splinter near to the mouth of test tube. Glowing wooden splinter relight. Oxygen gas is released. Bring lighted splinter near to the mouth of test tube. Fire extinguish, produce pop sound. Hydrogen gas is released. Put a moist blue litmus paper in the test tube. Blue litmus paper change to red and bleach out (white). Chlorine gas is released. Put a moist blue litmus paper in the test tube. Blue litmus paper change to red. Bromine gas is released.

2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2.

Hydrogen

Colourless gas

** K+, Na+, and Ca+ from cation, F-, SO42-, and NO3- from anion: These are stable ions. They do not discharge in whatever condition. They have a stronger tendency to exist as ions than atoms or molecules.

Chlorine

Pungent yellowish gas

Bromine

Pungent brown gas

3. 1. 2. 3.

Energy change: Chemical energy Electrical energy Anode (-ve terminal): Anode is a terminal where substance releases electrons and the oxidation process takes place. Zinc is more electropositive than copper. (Zinc stated above than copper in ES). Zinc atom will release electrons to form zinc ion. ZnZn2+ + 2eZinc strip: becomes the negative terminal. Electron flows from zinc strip to copper strip. Observation at anode: Zinc strip become thinner. (Because it dissolves, refer to half eq. above) ** The position of two metals is in ES determine the cell voltage. **The further the distance between two metals in ES, the bigger the cell voltage will be Cathode (+ve terminal) Cathode is a terminal where the substance accepts electrons and the reduction process takes place. Electrons flow from zinc strip to copper strip through the external circuit. Electrons are accepted by copper (II) ions. Copper (II) ions are discharged because its position is lower than zinc ion and hydrogen ion in ES. Cu2+ + 2e-Cu Copper strip: becomes the positive terminal. Observation at cathode: Salt bridge: contains inert ions or salt that does not react with the electrolyte, example sodium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium nitrate and dilute sulphuric acid. **Function: To complete the circuit by allows the flow of ions. @ To prevent the two electrolytes from mixing. **Porous pot also functioned like a salt bridge. Porous pot has fine pores to allow ions to flow through but prevent two electrolytes from mixing. Brown solid deposit on the copper strip/ Intensity of blue colour decreases (Because the concentration of Cu2+ is decreased.)

1. Explain why G18 inert and non-reactive. Element in G18 has octet / duplet electron arrangement. The element do not share or transfer (donate or receive) electron Remains as a single atom. 2. Explain the reactivity of G1 when going down the group. When going down the group, proton number in atom increases. Increasing the proton number, increase the number of shell filled with electron. So atomic radius also increase. Strength of electrostatic attraction between nucleus and valence electron decrease. So it is easier to release the electron. Reactivity increase. 3. Explain the reactivity of G17 when going down the group. When going down the group, proton number in atom increases. Increasing the proton number, increase the number of shell filled with electron. So atomic radius also increase. Strength of electrostatic attraction between nucleus and valence electron decrease. So tendency to attract the electron decreases. Reactivity decreases. 4. Explain the change of size in period 3. When across the period 3 number of proton increases. Increasing the proton number cause the number of positive charges in nucleus increases. The strength of attraction between nuclei and valence electron increase. The atomic radius decreases.