Bonge 1 Alyssa Bonge Eaker ENGL 1103 2 November 2012 Violence Crimes: An Annotated Bibliography Introduction Part 1 Instead

of researching all norms that Americans should abide by, I decided to narrow it down and research one specific norm that affects people negatively and involves physically harming other people. My inquiry question discusses and explains why Americans do not interfere in violence crimes. I am now focusing on the following question; does America turn a blind eye to violence crimes that can be prevented because we are too afraid of the consequences to save the victim? My research involves different cases in which people are refusing to step up in violence crimes. I have videos, news reports, and articles that show gang violence, hazing crimes, and intentional murders where no one interferes to save the victim. Although my inquiry question is specific, I recognize that there are other perspectives on this situation such as, fear of legal matters, fear of being the next victim, and the mentality that nothing is wrong with the situation at hand. My goal to answering this question is to show society that violence crimes are only worsening and people are going to have to step in on violence crimes or report them immediately, much like one of my sources wants society to realize as well. All of these perspectives will be taken into account when I form my own opinion on the issue of violence crimes.

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Annotated Bibliography Part II "Carson Starkeys Legacy: Scott and Julia Starkey Are Raising Alcohol Awareness among College Students." Carson Starkeys Legacy: Scott and Julia Starkey Are Raising Alcohol Awareness among College Students. N.p., 11 May 2011. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. <http://mustangdaily.net/remembering-carson-starkey/>.

Carson Starkey is a victim of a fraternity event commonly known as hazing. Mustang Daily shows its support against hazing by writing the article Carson Starkeys Legacy that describes how Carsons parents, Scott and Julia Starkey, are trying to prevent and save future alcohol poisoning victims. The Starkeys are creating a nonprofit organization called With Carson that not only informs the community of Austin, Texas, but also the rest of the world about signs and symptoms of alcohol poisoning and what actions should be taken if a peer has these signs and symptoms. Mustang Daily gives details on Carson Starkeys tragic and unexpected death, beginning with the fraternity event and games and ending with Starkey being left on a mattress for dead. Sierra Vista Regional Medical Center, Cal Polys Student Life, and the Starkey family tell Mustang Daily of their goals, expectations, and efforts to prove to students that the hospital is a safe zone. Sean OBrien, a student at Cal Poly, describes the changes in Greek life since this dramatic accident such as, providing information of excessive alcohol consumption and Carsons story; and in turn, there have been less reports of hazing incidents.

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Mustang Daily is a newspaper depending solely on the facts found and reported by students of a University in California. The authors of this article are unknown because there are multiple students contributing to the article. They are somewhat qualified to discuss this topic because it is an issue within their school, and they have better access to the information, yet I have no knowledge of their education background. In this article, opinions are not given or suggested; the information in this article is based solely on facts the authors have obtained from other sources from their school or through interviews with family members and students. Throughout the article, the authors reference and add tags to specific things they quote and words or phrases that people may not understand. Therefore, I would consider the source credible because of the extra effort put in to clarify certain details.

Mustang Daily offers facts and details that one may not consider when thinking about violence crimes and the effects, which makes the information relevant and up to date. This article gives a view that is personal and first hand with the consequences of violence crimes. It also provides evidence of the damage of violence crimes, specifically hazing crimes, as well as the reasons why no one stepped in to save this innocent man.

Gado, Mark. "The Kitty Genovese Murder." A Cry in the Night. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. <http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/predators/kitty_genovese/1.html>.

Bonge 4 Mark Gado writes of the murder of Catherine Genovese, a case that changed Americas outlook on murders and society as well as touching millions in the process. Gado begins this unimaginable story with background information on who Catherine Genovese is and her past life before her unexpected death. He then starts unfolding the murder of Genovese; he reiterates statements that were made later in court and also tells the gruesome details of how Genovese was murdered. Gado dedicates a section of this article to inform readers on how many people witness, observe, or hear the murder of Genovese before the police were called. According to Gado, many news reports, articles, newspapers, and excerpts are written about this specific murder. Winston Moseley is convicted for Genoveses murder, and Gado gives details about other crimes he admits to committing and what measures are taken to prove previous cases. Gado wraps up this long, unfortunate story with the lingering question why and leaves readers thinking about the what ifs and future of Americas ability to interfere.

Mark Gado is a former detective and focuses primarily on murder and crime scenes. He can relate and provide information on situations like the Genovese murder because of his past experiences with crime in general. He is qualified and trained to deal with cases similar to this one and has prior knowledge of serial killers. Gado has written many articles much like this one that involve violence crimes and is able to relate directly to cases because he has witnessed them first hand by investigating them. Gados information can be trusted because of his experience in writing and his first hand encounters with crimes.

Bonge 5 When researching this information, I found Gados insightful article to be relevant and synced with my argument and opinion. The information he provides helps define why the witnesses in the Genovese case did not interfere. He gives many different reasons why, but always gives facts and statements to support his reasoning for the beliefs of why the thirty-seven other witnesses did not step forth to save this innocent woman.

Korry, Elaine. "A Fraternity Hazing Gone Wrong." NPR. NPR, 14 Nov. 2005. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. <http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5012154>.

NPR, National Public Radio, is a news station designed to report incidents that are serious, up to date, and that are trying to change accidents similar to this one around the world. In this specific article, a hazing incident that involved a young man named Matthew Carrington, who died as a result of an irresponsible action of fraternity brothers. Elaine Korry gives background information on Carrington and one of the fraternity brothers that is involved and charged in this case. Korry then goes on to describe the hazing case and tells Carringtons heartbreaking story from the innocence of the games to the end in the hospital. Throughout the article, Korry uses touching statements from both the fraternity brother who is charged and Carringtons confused and upset mother. As well as quotes, Korry gives specific up to date information on the Chi Tau fraternity house and describes the movements and efforts that are being taken since Carringtons incident to prevent further hazing accidents.

Bonge 6 NPR is a radio news station that reports important and traumatic incidents that occur in San Francisco. Elaine Korry, the author of this article, covers social policies, focusing mostly on the lives of the vulnerable citizens. Korry is primarily known as a reporter and writes about struggles that social policies have. She has been awarded many reporting fellowships since her graduation from Rider University in New Jersey. I do not believe there are biases in this article, just strictly information that deals with Carringtons death and ways to prevent future college students from making the wrong decisions.

Carringtons death and unintended violence crime are the consequences of people who refuse to interfere in significant, life-altering moments like these. Korry helps prove, only by stating facts she obtained from the news, witnesses, and family members, my view on why society does not interfere. She does not give her opinion in the article about what she thinks, she merely reports what she has seen, heard, and learned about this specific case.

McNary, Tony, and Mike Paluska. "CBS Atlanta 46Atlanta Police Release Video of Gang Beating." Atlanta Police Release Video of Gang Beating. N.p., 20 Aug. 2012. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. <http://www.cbsatlanta.com/story/19322177/mother-children-attacked-bygang-members-on-way-home-from-school>.

McNary and Paluska, along with CBS Atlanta News, reveal the reality of gang violence and the story of Somemet Beavers and her three children. CBS Atlanta News displays a horrific video of gang violence showing fifteen to twenty boys physically beating Somemet Beavers and her three children on a local, neighborhood sidewalk. McNary and

Bonge 7 Paluska receive detailed information about what happened the day of the violence crime and what measures were taken to protect Somemet Beavers and her children. Beavers tells CBS Atlanta News what she did to prevent the gang violence by requesting an officers help and explaining why she feared for herself and her children. After learning that Beavers requests were ignored, Paluska and McNary report Beavers pondering questions and complaints about the situation at hand and what she plans to do in the future.

CBS Atlanta reports a variety of news such as crimes, updates across the nation, etc. They report information as they receive it, with videos, interviews, and facts. Throughout this article neither McNary nor Paluska give any feedback, opinion, or biases to this specific case. They simply report what they were told to and ask questions to victims directly, again as they were told. CBS Atlanta is a news station therefore; I do believe this source is credible because the news reports real stories and events. The news may be able to alter stories, but after watching the video of the victim being interviewed and reading the article of the gang attack, I trust that the information is true because both stories match up.

Gang violence is a form of a violence crime. Although this article was very emotional and four citizens were seriously injured from the video, the source proves its relevance as soon as the discussion of the cop being informed beforehand comes into play. This does not fully support my inquiry statement because I solely believe, based off of the video and article, that the cop was not afraid; he just refused to involve himself. The

Bonge 8 thought of crying wolf from the Somemet Beavers may have been a big factor in the cops decision to ignore her request.

Pollard, Chris. "Guards Watch as Girl Is Beaten." The Sun. N.p., 12 Jan. 2011. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. <http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/2849956/.html>.

In this article, the Sun News reports a violent attack on a girl in a public area in Seattle. Chris Pollard describes what America sees in this video and describes why America is outraged with this specific gang related violence. In the video recorded by the bus station and according to the Sun News, an innocent girl was beaten unconscious and neither witnesses nor security guards rushed to this unfortunate girls recuse. Pollard reports explanations why certain measures were not taken to save the victim from the gang, according to the policies stated by the spokesmen and owner of Metro Transit.

Much like most of my sources, yet again this is another news station. This specific news station, the Sun News, discusses an attack by a gang, mainly one person, on a girl waiting for the bus in Seattle. This news report was meant to discuss and tell a story of what happened, not necessarily to give opinions or biases on this situation. Chris Pollard, the author of article, writes many articles describing reports that the news station gives him. Although I have found many articles that Pollard has written, I cannot find any background information on Chris Pollards career as a journalist or reporter. I would not describe this article as credible as the others articles I have found.

Bonge 9 The main reason I used this article and news report is because of its relevance. This article describes the main concern in my inquiry question; why didnt anyone interfere, especially the authorities? The article proves what happens when people do not interfere, but it also proves that if something was done this girl might have avoided more than half of her injuries. Although the article does not give a specific social reason why no one interferes, the cops in defense claim it is a legal reason, which does not relate to my question, but it is still a legitimate reason.

Schwontkowski, Donna. Reasons Why People Don't Report Crime. Million Dollar Memory for Names & Faces: Crime-stopping Techniques for Finding Missing Children, Criminals & Terrorists and for Remembering Life's Important Details. [United States]: Million Dollar Memory Publications, 2005. N. pag. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. <http:/www.milliondollarmemory.net/downloads/reportcrimes914.doc>

In a section from the book, Million Dollar Memory for Names and Faces, Donna Schwontkowski shares her knowledge and informs her readers about crime reports in general. As well as giving information about crime reports, Schwontkowski gives alternate reasons why people may not interfere with crime, and also gives facts on why a person should interfere. For each reason, she gives a couple facts why a person would justify that reason, evidence to prove the reality of the situation, and depending on the reason, statistics and statements from police or studies that prove the opposite of reason and why people should interfere. Schwontkowskis main goal in this excerpt is to inform

Bonge 10 people why they should exercise their right to interfere in crime and prove the significance of interfering.

This excerpt from the book, Million Dollar Memory for Names and Faces, gives plenty of reasons why people do not interfere. Donna Schwontkowksi teaches memory and accelerated learning and frequently speaks about crime prevention, health, exercise, herbs, etc. Schwontkowskis knowledge of these subjects gives her ability to write this article and give her opinion as well as statistics to prove her statements. I think her writing is credible because she has an educational background in many different subjects and can write an article or book not only based on her opinions, but facts she has learned over the years in her education.

This passage is the main reason I asked my inquiry question. Schowontkowski gives detailed reasons why people do not interfere with crimes. As well as giving different perspectives, besides the one in my question, she gives an opposing reason for each for why people should interfere. Her opinion relates and mainly agrees with my thoughts on the subject of violence crimes in general.

Carlin, Brendan. "Expert Backs Conservatives on Figures That Show Violent Crime Is Increasing." N.p., 7 Feb. 2010. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. <Expert backs Conservatives on figures that show violent crime is increasing>.

Bonge 11 This specific source gives detail about what an expert thinks about violence crimes and how easy they have become to commit without punishment. Although it tries to persuade the reader of how dark and dangerous violence crimes have become, it also gives facts and reasons why the criminologist believes that violence crimes are worsening. A main reason that Roger Graef, the criminologist, believes that this is true is because most of the violent crimes committed go unheard of and ignored like it is a regular encounter with life, which is not the case. At least fifty percent of violence crimes go unreported and untreated. This article is trying to prove the dangerous dark figure violence crimes have become.

I believe this source is credible because the facts that are being presented to the readers are from experts, such as criminologists. The criminologist I researched after reading this article was Roger Graef because he clearly states his opinions throughout this short article. Graef is a recognized criminologist, a visiting professor for Criminology, and a member of the Metropolitan Police Independent Advisory Group. These abilities give him the authority to state his opinion and give facts that should be trusted because of his education in crimes such as the ones discussed in the article and the ones in my other sources.

This article is relevant to my subject because it helps support the fact that, along with no one stepping in to stop the crime, no one is taking the initiative to report crimes either. Thousands of crimes go unreported and criminals go unpunished each year due to the fact that these simple cases are not reported. I believe that with the help of Graef society may

Bonge 12 be able to change and realize that if we do not do something fast things may worsen faster and become more dangerous.

Discussion Part III My inquiry question is; does America turn a blind eye to violence crimes that can be prevented because we are too afraid of the consequences to save the victim. There are many perspectives on this question that I found interesting so far. Some people may claim that it is not fear; it deals more with legal matters. Those who are afraid may argue that it is not the fear of the consequence, they are more afraid for their life; therefore, they do not interfere when they witness a violence crime. Others may not care enough to say anything, or they may not think twice about it being morally wrong. All of these opinions will be taken into account while I form my own opinion. Each of my sources proves that if someone had interfered in any case that the person may be alive, but I also look at the situation in a different light now. Violence crimes are becoming more dangerous and more common mainly because very few reports are being taken about them. I do believe that each of these cases, as detrimental as they are, are more significant and are making a change in society today, bettering America little by little. There are many different views and perspectives on why someone might no interfere in a violence crime. The reasons that stand out to me most are the consequences of getting in trouble with the law and the consequences of stepping in on a fight between a gang or gang member and the victim. A violence crime, that until recently I had not considered a crime, that shocks me the most and supports the idea of a fear-based reaction in my inquiry question is hazing. Although I did not realize before my research, I now consider hazing a violence crime that may be

Bonge 13 unintentional. When researching cases similar to these, I found that two of my sources relate hand in hand and support my idea of a fear-based reaction. In the cases of Carson Starkey and Mathew Carrington, the unexpected deaths were due to irresponsibility when the illegal action of alcohol consumption was present. The reason these boys are not here today is because of fear. These boys peers were too afraid to step up and assume the responsibility of taking care of their friend to save their life. The peers actions support my inquiry question because they are afraid. They were more afraid of the consequences of getting caught, being arrested, and being thrown in jail. Their selfish actions cost these boys their lives. Debbie Smith, Carringtons mother, only wonders why; why no one did anything, why no one was there when he died, why this happened to her little boy (Korry, par. 16). She sympathizes with the fraternity boys, but her big question is why and I believe mother of Carson Starkey has her reasoning. Julia Starkey is taking a different approach to this situation; instead of grieving, with the help of her husband, she plans to prevent future alcohol poisoning victims to turn her energy somewhere. Julias thoughts relate directly to my inquiry question and support it fully; she believes some sort of fear was instilled in the peers of her son. Julia believes that her son was left for dead because the other fraternity brothers were too afraid of the consequences they were to face (Mustang Daily par. 12). These mothers are struggling with the deaths of their children, but are now inspired to save other sons, or daughters, around the world from accidents as such. The fear of the law let these two young boys die. In summary, students, peers, witnesses, etc. should not be afraid to the point of risking the lives of others and that is exactly what Julia and Scott Starkey are trying to do to prevent further deaths of students in fraternities. Gang violence is no surprise a violence crime. It is unnecessary, inhumane, unwanted, and dangerous, and measures need to be taken to prevent it. These two sources display different

Bonge 14 gang violence and give a new meaning to the rights and expectations of authorities. Somemet Beavers gives a new, underlying perspective on why society does not interfere. Although, these particular sources do not deal with only the public. In these cases authority has a new meaning and it is not in a positive way. Somemet describes to the CBS Atlanta News how she exclaimed her worries and thoughts to nearby police officer and he shrugged her request to be escorted home off (McNary, Paluska par. 10). The perspective in this case would not be fear based, but would fall more along the lines of not caring or the crying wolf effect. Beavers plans to pursue her concern about why she was not protected, but I simply believe the officer thought she was crying wolf. The officer in this case did not see the gang as a threat even though, according to Beavers, they were chanting and screaming (McNary, Paluska par 12). As I researched more sources I found, Guards watched as Girl is Beaten, another gang related violence crime. Unlike my other source no interviews of the victim were attempted and no names were given. Chris Pollard, the journalist, tells the readers of the actions of a gang member violently attacking a young girl waiting for a bus. The importance of this article and video is not that society did not step in; it is the fact that the authorities, which are there to protect and patrol society, were there and did absolutely nothing to save this innocent girl. The authorities in this situation were defended by Srgt John Urquhart, who stated that they were not trained for that kind of situation, but were instead told to call the police and that is all they can do. The big question here is what are they trained for if they are guards? These two situations bring new ideas to my inquiry question. The authorities in these situations are not afraid; they put their lives in danger daily for society because they chose to. These two events show something different than fear; they show lack of care, not their place, or they simply do not believe the person asking for help much like Somemet Beavers attack. These

Bonge 15 situations have given me a new viewpoint on why society does not interfere. Younger people may be afraid, but in these situations no fear was shown it was defended with a not my problem attitude. The thought that the person next to them will do something is a very dangerous thought. According to the witnesses at the Kitty Genovese, they all went back to bed because they figured someone else had already done something (Gado chap. 7). This is also a reason Gado and I believe no one interfered in this murder. This specific situation shocks me because thirty-seven people used the same excuse that they did not interfere or call the police because they thought someone else had. According to Gado, thirty eight people calling the police is better than no one calling the police and this incident occurring again. Gado brings out a new perspective using the statements made by witnesses in the Genovese murder. I believe this perspective is just as strong as my idea about people being afraid to interfere. My opinions and thoughts altered after I read the excerpt Donna Schwontkowski wrote about why people do not interfere in violence crimes. She nails each perspective and gives facts that support each one. Along with facts Schwontkowski bases all of her statistics and facts on statements made by Commander George Wick. With his statements and her beliefs that people should interfere gives a good base of support of my inquiry question, which is fear-based, but it also gives me ways to think about these situations differently. She suggests that there is more than just fear in each situation, which I considered, but did not go into depth with other beliefs. After researching, I found more reasons than even Schwontkowski has and it has changed my mindset altogether. A thought that I want society to realize is that there are way more violent crimes than reported each year. My last source discusses how common violence crimes have become and

Bonge 16 how common it is to ignore them or not report them. Most people would assume that the majority, if not all, of crimes are reported, but Roger Greaf, a criminologist who talks mainly about the issues of violence crimes in this article, and myself disagree. I want to point out that this article gives more factual information, but Greaf also gives his opinion and his facts based off of his education background in criminology. In the article, he tells of studies that have been taken, by him or other experts, and proves that violence crimes are a serious issue in todays world. This source ties with my other sources because in some of the situations an authority did not report the crimes that occurred or were occurring and if they the crime was reported it was not soon enough. The lack of reports can be an unintentional cause to the deaths of innocent people everyday because if a criminal gets away with one violent crimes the chances of him or her striking is very high. Even though I have formed an opinion, this does not change the fact that society refuses to interfere; for society to change, the issue has to be addressed to not only some people, but the majority, if not more, of society. All of these sources show different perspectives than the one discussed in my inquiry question. Each source has altered my thoughts and opinions on whether there is one specific reason why people do not interfere in violence crimes or if it depends on the situation. Now that I have read about some situations, I have reconsidered my opinion about whether or not fear is the main factor when dealing with violence crimes, but I do believe that in all situations, either as they are occurring or after they occur, they should be reported; that is a main reason crimes continue to arise.