BLUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY

CONTENTS:

1. ABSTRACT

2. INTRODUCTION

3. COMPARISION

4.FUNCTIONALITY

5. WORKING

6. APPLICATIONS

7. ADVANTAGES

8. CONCLUSION

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 ABSTRACT

Blue tooth is a well-known, short-range technology for Wireless Personal Area Networks
(WPAN). Starting from a headset cable replacement it has been extended to support
flexible ad-hoc networks. To extend from low bit rate data to streaming multimedia,
Quality of Service (QoS) is required. Blue tooth specification defines strong
interoperability demands between all Blue tooth devices. The interoperability
requirements demand a lot from application developers. For making the developers’ work
easier it has been produced different Blue tooth development platforms. These
development platforms have different purposes and capabilities. The purpose of this
thesis was to demonstrate and study Blue tooth technology and Blue tooth application
development. The study consists of development platforms with Blue tooth hardware,
Bluetooth protocol stacks, and applications on top of protocol stacks. The thesis includes
Bluetooth technology overview, and designs, protocol models and implementations of
two applications. Moreover, several Bluetooth development platforms and tools have
been evaluated. At end of the thesis, the performance analysis of a video application is
presented. Both theoretical and measured values are given for delay, delay variance,
throughput, and image quality for different packet types and distances between Bluetooth
devices.

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 INTRODUCTION

Bluetooth technology is an industry wireless specification standard for use in various

devices for short-range communications. As a radio-based technology it allows devices to
share information over a maximum range of 10 meters. Bluetooth enables mobile
computers, mobile phones, portable handhelds, and the Internet to “talk the talk” without
cables. With bluetooth, devices don't need to be 'looking' at each unlike other wireless
technologies (i.e. infrared). As long as two bluetooth devices are close enough to each
other, it’s possible to make a connection. With bluetooth technology getting connected
takes on a whole new meaning.
Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs).
Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices like
personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, iaptops,PCs,printers and digital
cameras via a secure, low-cost, globally available short range radio frequency.
Bluetooth lets these devices talk to each other when they come in range, even if they are
not in the same room, as long as they are within up to 100 metres (328 feet) of each other,
dependent on the power class of the product. Products are available in one of three power
classes:
• Class 3 (1 mW) is the rarest and allows transmission of 10 centimetres (3.9
inches), with a maximum of 1 metre (3.2 feet)
• Class 2 (2.5 mW) is most common and allows a quoted transmission distance of
10 metres (32 ft)
• Class 1 (100 mW) has the longest range at up to 100 metres. This class of product
is readily available.
The specification was first developed by Ericsson, and was later formalized by the
Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The SIG was formally announced on May
20,1999. It was established by Sony Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia, and later
joined by many other companies as Associate or Adopter members.

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The system is named after a Danish king Harald Blåtand (Harold Bluetooth in English),
King of Denmark and Norway from 935 and 936 respectively, to 940 known for his
unification of previously warring tribes from Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Bluetooth
likewise was intended to unify different technologies like computers and mobile phones.
In April, 1998, Intel and Microsoft formed a consortium between themselves and IBM,
Ericsson, Nokia, Toshiba and Puma Technology and adopted the code name Bluetooth for
their proposed open specification.

Some of the key features of the current Bluetooth specification are:

• Transmission Distance — Real world range between 10 and 42 meters.

• Transmission Speed — Provides throughput comparable to modems and DSL.
• Security — Bluetooth integrates security mechanisms in several layers of its
protocol. Connections are generally configured to use authentication and 128-bit
encryption. Applications can build their own security on top of Bluetooth
connections to make communications even more secure.
• Radio power output — as little as 1% of the power output of Wi-Fi.

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 COMPARISION
We don’t know what is right for you, but we do know that Bluetooth wireless technology
is the leading networking technology for enabling connectivity across a wide range of
information appliances. Although the performance capabilities of Bluetooth wireless
technology are somewhat modest (in comparison to the other technologies – see Table 1),
they are acceptable for almost every networking application you need except high-quality
video. At 720 Kbps over a range of 10 meters, the quality of voice and data transmission
are equivalent to hard-wired networks. Furthermore, the unique functional capabilities,
low cost, and support of Bluetooth wireless technology by more than 2,490 companies
worldwide make this wireless networking system one of the highest volume home-
networking applica-tions available today.
Table 1 - Bluetooth specifications compared to competing wireless local area network
technologies
Technology
Bluetooth HomeRF 802.11b HiperLAN 802.11a HiperLAN2
Frequency
2.4GHz 2.4GHz 2.4GHz 2.4GHz 5GHz 5GHz
Band
Frequency Frequency Direct Guassian Orthogonal
Orthogonal Freq.
Hopping Hopping Sequence Minimum Freq.
Technology Division
Spread Spread Spread Shift Division
Multiplexing
Spectrum Spectrum Spectrum Keying Multiplexing
Performance 720 Kbps 1.6 Mbps 11 Mbps 23 Mbps ~50 Mbps ~50 Mbps
Range <10 meters 50 meters 150 meters 150 meters 50 meters 50 meters
Power Very Low Medium Medium Medium Medium High? Medium High?
Low/ VeryMedium/Lo
Relative Cost Medium Medium High High
Low w
Target Cable Wireless Wireless Wireless Wireless Data Wireless Data
Applications Replacement Data Data Data
Wireless Wireless
Data Voice
Wireless
Voice
Personal
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 Networks
Fixed N/WPPP, DECT, Ethernet, PPP,Ethernet, IP,
Ethernet Ethernet
Support Ethernet” Ethernet 1394, UMTS ATM
Very Low
Power
Voice andVoice and
Good Good
Data Data High
Key Features Performanc Performanc High Performance
Roaming Moderate Performance
e e
Low CostCost
Good noise
immunity
Promoters 2000+ <50 ~100 <50 ~100 <50
Regional
Worldwide US US/Asia Europe US Europe
Support
Shipping Now Now Now Now 2001 2001
The three main objectives of the Bluetooth wireless technology are:
• To eliminate the connecting wires associated with most consumer elec-tronics and
computer equipment
• To allow a collection of products to function as an intelligent whole
• To make personal area networking (PAN) seamless.
Personal area networking is a new connecivity paradigm supported by Bluetooth brand
products. Bluetooth wireless technology and PANs will change the future of computing
and consumer
electronics. Using Bluetooth wireless technology, you can create dynamic, ad hoc PANs
at home, at work, on the road, and almost anywhere else you choose.

FUNCTIONALITY

Instead of having devices connected by a plethora of cables and wires, each Bluetooth-
enabled component has a small radio transceiver, similar to the one shown in Figure 1.
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These transceiver modules use protocols developed by the Bluetooth Special Interest
Group, of which Xilinx is a member.

Figure 1: Ericsson Bluetooth Receiver Module

The Bluetooth Architecture is composed of a layering of functional modules. These are

summarized below:
• Application Program Interface (API) libraries - These are software modules
which connect the host application program to the Bluetooth communications
system. As such they reside and execute on the same processing resource as the
host system application.
• Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) - The L2CAP is the
big picture brains of a Bluetooth system. It manages the high level aspects of each
connection (who is connected to who, whether to use encryption or not, what
level of performance is required, etc.). In addition it is responsible for converting
the format of data as necessary between the APIs and the lower level Bluetooth
protocols. The L2CAP is implemented in software and can execute either on the
host system processor or on a local processor in the Bluetooth system.
• Link Manager - The Link Manager is responsible for managing the physical
details for Bluetooth connections. It is responsible for creating the links,
monitoring their health, and terminating them gracefully upon command or
failure. The link manager is implemented in a mix of hardware and software.
• Baseband - The baseband is the digital engine of a Bluetooth system. It is
responsible for constructing and decoding packets, encoding and managing error
correction, encrypting and decrypting for secure communications, calculating
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 radio transmission frequency patterns, maintaining synchronization, controlling
the radio, and all of the other low level details necessary to realize Bluetooth
communications.
• Radio - The Bluetooth radio converts the digital baseband data to and from a
2.4GHz analog signal using Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK)
modulation.

WORKING

Bluetooth devices connect into piconets – small networks comprised of a master device
connected to anywhere from one to seven active slave devices. When multiple piconets
are interconnect-ed, they create wireless networks called scatternets. Figure 3 illustrates a
piconet made of nodes A, K, L, M, and G interacting with yet another piconet comprised
of nodes H, E, C, K, and L. These two piconets share nodes K and L, and collectively,
form a scatternet.

Figure 3: Two Bluetooth piconets participating in a scatternet

Bluetooth devices have four basic states. They can be any of the following:
• Master – In control of a piconet (nodes A and H in Figure 3)
• Active slave – Connected and actively monitoring/participating on a piconet
• Passive slave – Still logically part of a piconet but in a low power mode;
occasionally monitoring, and still synchro-nized in an inactive state
• Standby – Not connected to a piconet, occasionally monitoring for inquiries from
other devices, but not synchronized with any other devices (nodes B, J, I, and F).
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Standby Mode: Initially, all Bluetooth devices are not synchronized or coordinated in
any way. They are all listening at different times and on different frequencies. Bluetooth
devices know only about themselves, and in this state, they are in standby mode. Standby
is a passive mode where a Bluetooth device listens on an occasional basis, performing
what are called inquiry and page scans (for 10 milliseconds out of every 1.28 seconds) to
see if any other Bluetooth devices are looking to communicate. Passive behavior is
inherent to half of Bluetooth states (standby and passive slave), and is a key mechanism
for achieving very low power consumption. In standby mode, the Bluetooth device’s
occasional scans reduce power consumption by more than 98%.
Paging Paging is how a Bluetooth device learns about other devices that are within its
range. Node A in Figure 3 executes a page command and receives replies from devices
within range. Through these replies, device A learns the explicit identity of these other
devices (such as their unique Bluetooth device ID).
Piconets In its general form, a page command establishes a formal device-to-device link
between a master (the originator) and a slave. Master/slave connections in Bluetooth are
referred to as a piconet. To create the piconet, Device A broadcasts the page command
with the explicit device ID of the target slave (Device D in Figure 3). All Bluetooth
devices except Device D will ignore this command, because it is not addressed to them.
When the Device D replies, Device A will assign it an Active Member Address in the
piconet. As an active slave, Device D will begin continu-ously monitoring for further
commands from Device A, in synchronization with Device A’s hopping pattern and clock
offset. Furthermore, standard piconet activity continuously updates the clock-offset data,
keeping the synchronization extremely accurate. Through successive page commands, a
Bluetooth master can attach up to seven active slaves.
Scatternets Each Bluetooth node is capable of maintaining multiple states
simultaneously. This allows multiple piconets to combine into a structure called a
scatternet. In Figure 3, two piconets combine into a scatternet through the common slaves
K and L. Scatternets can evolve into extremely complex structures. Note that a node can
potentially be a master, an active slave, and a “parked” slave on three different piconets,
all at the same time.

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The only hard limitation on scatternet configurations is that each Bluetooth node can only
be the master of one piconet at any given time. A critical feature making such
configurations practicable is the support for Quality of Service (QoS) in the L2CAP.
Through this mechanism in the L2CAP, Bluetooth devices are able to determine that the
connections they are establishing are feasible and sustainable. Thus, a node would not
agree to an additional connection if it would require bandwidth that it is unable to
support. It may, however, negotiate to establish another connection, but at a more modest
data rate that it can support.

APPLICATIONS

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Bluetooth's first main application will undoubtedly be the elimination of the tangle of
cables that litter floors near computers and hi-fis. Yet its potential even in this arena goes
beyond just eradicating clutter. Unreliable connections will no longer be a problem, nor
will the reconfiguration of units when connections are changed. Switches will no longer
be necessary, and we won't have to tear our hair out when wires can almost, but not quite,
reach their destination. Bluetooth will provide for a completely hassle free computing
environment.
A few other possible applications are as follows:
1.Data synchronisation need never again be a problem as your Bluetooth enabled PDA,
PC or laptop all talk to each other and update their respective files to the most recent
ones.
2.Travelling in a plane, a person may write but not send e-mail. When the plane touches
down the Bluetooth enabled laptop will communicate with the user's phone and will
automatically send them.
3.Mice and keyboards will identify themselves to the computer without intervention, or
could also be used to command TVs, videos or hi-fis at the touch.
4.Use e-mail while your laptop is still in the briefcase! When your laptop receives e-mail,
you'll get an alert on your mobile phone. You can also browse all incoming e-mails and
read those you select in the mobile phone's display.
5.A travelling businessperson could ask his laptop computer to locate a suitable printer as
soon as he enters a hotel lobby, and send a printout to that printer when it has been found.

ADVANTAGES

Depending on your needs and the bluetooth enabled device, you can hope to gain several
benefits from using bluetooth technology in your environment. Some of the benefits are:
• Enhances users experience
• Connecting devices without the need for cables

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 • Becoming more integrated within laptops, mobile phones, handhelds, and many
other devices
• Reduced power consumption
• Industry wireless communications standard
• Becoming more affordable for everyone
These are just several benefits that you may achieve by using bluetooth technology. As
bluetooth technology becomes more main stream, go ahead and take it for a whirl and
enjoy a cable less and hands-free environment.

CONCLUSION

So, the Bluetooth technology works well. All the devices tested communicated with one
another , and no compatibility problems in hardware which couldn't be solved were
noticed.
The tests also revealed that the Bluetooth works best of all in independent products such
as a phone or a printer. The fact that they are finished products and need software support
anyway can probably be one of the reasons, and the Bluetooth is one more stage in their
development. The functions for them are determined in advance. And the PC software
turned out to be a victim of programmers who got used to test their products on end-
users.
The main reason why the Bluetooth is not spreading so rapidly is the adapters' high price.
But this is a standard stage of development - until new products are few, they are
expensive, and when they start mushrooming, their prices fall down. Another reason
(maybe, it's connected with the first one) is the necessity to use relatively expensive
software for realization of a large range of functions. For PDA and other mobile devices
it is the only technology which has a big chance to succeed.
So, the Bluetooth is a workable technology for those who used to keep step with the
progress and who can afford this type of equipment

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 BUETOOTH TECHNOLOGY

PRESENTED BY:
NAME: Y.B.CHAITANAYA
EMAIL: chaitu_kiet@yahoo.com
PH NO: 0884-3090392
POSTAL ADDRESS: FLAT NO: F5,
GULLAPUDI
APARTMENTS,
RAMANYAPETA,
KAKINADA.

NAME: K.PRAVALLIKA
EMAIL: pravallika_blossoms@yahoo.com
PH NO: 9948473542
POSTAL ADDRESS: SAME AS ABOVE

FROM: KAKINADA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

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