Essential Computational Fluid Dynamics/3,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage Contents/9,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage Preface/17,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 1 What Is CFD?/19,Black,notBold,notItalic,closed,FitPage 1.1. Introduction/19,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 1.2. Brief History of CFD/22,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPag e 1.3.

Outline of the Book/24,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage References and Suggested Reading/25,Black,notBold,notItalic,open ,FitPage I Fundamentals/27,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 2 Governing Equations of Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer/29,Bla ck,notBold,notItalic,closed,FitPage 2.1. Preliminary Concepts/29,Black,notBold,notItalic,ope n,FitPage 2.2. Mass Conservation/32,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,F itPage 2.3. Conservation of Chemical Species/33,Black,notBold,n otItalic,open,FitPage 2.4. Conservation of Momentum/34,Black,notBold,notItalic ,open,FitPage 2.5. Conservation of Energy/37,Black,notBold,notItalic,o pen,FitPage 2.6. Equation of State/39,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,F itPage 2.7. Equations in Integral Form/39,Black,notBold,notItal ic,open,FitPage 2.8. Equations in Conservation Form/42,Black,notBold,not Italic,open,FitPage 2.9. Equations in Vector Form/43,Black,notBold,notItalic ,open,FitPage 2.10. Boundary Conditions/44,Black,notBold,notItalic,ope n,FitPage 2.10.1. Rigid Wall Boundary Conditions/45,Black, notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 2.10.2. Inlet and Exit Boundary Conditions/47,Bl ack,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 2.10.3. Other Boundary Conditions/47,Black,notBo ld,notItalic,open,FitPage References and Suggested Reading/48,Black,notBold,notIta lic,open,FitPage Problems/48,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 3 Partial Differential Equations/50,Black,notBold,notItalic,clos ed,FitPage 3.1. Model Equations; Formulation of a PDE Problem/51,Bl ack,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 3.1.1. Model Equations/51,Black,notBold,notItali c,open,FitPage 3.1.2. Domain, Boundary, and Initial Conditions/ 53,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 3.1.3. Equilibrium and Marching Problems/54,Blac k,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 3.1.4. Examples/55,Black,notBold,notItalic,open, FitPage 3.2. Mathematical Classification of PDE of Second Order/ 58,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 3.2.1. Classification/58,Black,notBold,notItalic ,open,FitPage 3.2.2. Hyperbolic Equations/60,Black,notBold,not Italic,open,FitPage

3.2.3. Parabolic Equations/63,Black,notBold,notI talic,open,FitPage 3.2.4. Elliptic Equations/64,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage 3.3. Numerical Discretization: Different Kinds of CFD/64 ,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 3.3.1. Spectral Methods/65,Black,notBold,notItal ic,open,FitPage 3.3.2. Finite Element Methods/67,Black,notBold,n otItalic,open,FitPage 3.3.3. Finite Difference and Finite Volume Metho ds/67,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage References and Suggested Reading/70,Black,notBold,notIta lic,open,FitPage Problems/70,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 4 Basics of Finite Difference Approximation/73,Black,notBold,not Italic,closed,FitPage 4.1. Computational Grid/73,Black,notBold,notItalic,open, FitPage 4.1.1. Time Discretization/73,Black,notBold,notI talic,open,FitPage 4.1.2. Space Discretization/74,Black,notBold,not Italic,open,FitPage 4.2. Finite Differences and Interpolation/75,Black,notBo ld,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.2.1. Approximation of ?u/?x/75,Black,notBold,n otItalic,open,FitPage 4.2.2. Truncation Error, Consistency, Order of A pproximation/76,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.2.3. Other Formulas for ?u/?x: Evaluation of t he Order of Approximation/78,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.2.4. Schemes of Higher Order for First Derivat ive/80,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.2.5. Higher-Order Derivatives/81,Black,notBold ,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.2.6. Mixed Derivatives/82,Black,notBold,notIta lic,open,FitPage 4.2.7. Truncation Error of Linear Interpolation/ 84,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.3. Approximation of Partial Differential Equations/85, Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.3.1. Approach and Examples/85,Black,notBold,no tItalic,open,FitPage 4.3.2. Interpretation of Truncation Error: Numer ical Dissipation and Dispersion/88,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.3.3. Boundary and Initial Conditions/91,Black, notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.3.4. Consistency of Numerical Approximation/92 ,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.3.5. System of Difference Equations/93,Black,n otBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.3.6. Implicit and Explicit Methods/94,Black,no tBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.4. Development of Finite Difference Schemes/96,Black,n otBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.4.1. Taylor Series Expansions/97,Black,notBold ,notItalic,open,FitPage 4.4.2. Polynomial Fitting/100,Black,notBold,notI talic,open,FitPage References and Suggested Reading/101,Black,notBold,notIt

alic,open,FitPage Problems/101,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 5 Finite Volume Method/104,Black,notBold,notItalic,closed,FitPag e 5.1. Introduction and Integral Formulation/104,Black,not Bold,notItalic,open,FitPage 5.1.1. Finite Volume Grid/105,Black,notBold,notI talic,open,FitPage 5.1.2. Global Conservation Property/107,Black,no tBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 5.2. Approximation of Integrals/109,Black,notBold,notIta lic,open,FitPage 5.2.1. Volume Integrals/109,Black,notBold,notIta lic,open,FitPage 5.2.2. Surface Integrals/110,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage 5.3. Methods of Interpolation/112,Black,notBold,notItali c,open,FitPage 5.3.1. Upwind Interpolation/113,Black,notBold,no tItalic,open,FitPage 5.3.2. Linear Interpolation/114,Black,notBold,no tItalic,open,FitPage 5.3.3. Upwind Interpolation of Higher Order/116, Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 5.3.4. Interpolation on Nonorthogonal Grids/117, Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 5.4. Boundary Conditions/119,Black,notBold,notItalic,ope n,FitPage References and Suggested Reading/120,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage Problems/120,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 6 Stability of Transient Solutions/122,Black,notBold,notItalic,c losed,FitPage 6.1. Introduction and Definition of Stability/122,Black, notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 6.1.1. Discretization and Round-off Error/124,Bl ack,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 6.1.2. Definition/125,Black,notBold,notItalic,op en,FitPage 6.2. Stability Analysis/126,Black,notBold,notItalic,open ,FitPage 6.2.1. Neumann Method/126,Black,notBold,notItali c,open,FitPage 6.2.2. Matrix Method/134,Black,notBold,notItalic ,open,FitPage 6.3. Implicit versus Explicit Schemes Stability and Effici ency Considerations/136,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage References and Suggested Reading/138,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage Problems/138,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 7 Application to Model Equations/139,Black,notBold,notItalic,clo sed,FitPage 7.1. Linear Convection Equation/139,Black,notBold,notIta lic,open,FitPage 7.1.1. Simple Explicit Schemes/141,Black,notBold ,notItalic,open,FitPage 7.1.2. Other Schemes/143,Black,notBold,notItalic ,open,FitPage 7.2. One-Dimensional Heat Equation/146,Black,notBold,not Italic,open,FitPage

7.2.1. Simple Explicit Scheme/147,Black,notBold, notItalic,open,FitPage 7.2.2. Simple Implicit Scheme/148,Black,notBold, notItalic,open,FitPage 7.2.3. Crank-Nicolson Scheme/149,Black,notBold,n otItalic,open,FitPage 7.3. Burgers and Generic Transport Equations/150,Black,n otBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 7.4. Method of Lines Approach/152,Black,notBold,notItali c,open,FitPage 7.4.1. Adams Methods/152,Black,notBold,notItalic ,open,FitPage 7.4.2. Runge-Kutta Methods/153,Black,notBold,not Italic,open,FitPage 7.5. Implicit Schemes: Solution of Tridiagonal Systems b y Thomas Algorithm/154,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage References and Suggested Reading/158,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage Problems/158,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage II Methods/161,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 8 Steady-State Problems/163,Black,notBold,notItalic,closed,FitPa ge 8.1. Problems Reducible to Matrix Equations/163,Black,no tBold,notItalic,closed,FitPage 8.1.1. Elliptic PDE/163,Black,notBold,notItalic, open,FitPage 8.1.2. Implicit Integration of Nonsteady Equatio ns/167,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 8.2. Direct Methods/168,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,Fit Page 8.2.1. Band-Diagonal and Block-Diagonal Matrices /169,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 8.2.2. LU Decomposition/171,Black,notBold,notIta lic,open,FitPage 8.3. Iterative Methods/171,Black,notBold,notItalic,open, FitPage 8.3.1. General Methodology/172,Black,notBold,not Italic,open,FitPage 8.3.2. Jacobi Iterations/173,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage 8.3.3. Gauss-Seidel Algorithm/174,Black,notBold, notItalic,open,FitPage 8.3.4. Successive Over- and Underrelaxation/175, Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 8.3.5. Convergence of Iterative Procedures/176,B lack,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 8.3.6. Multigrid Methods/179,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage 8.3.7. Pseudo-transient Approach/182,Black,notBo ld,notItalic,open,FitPage 8.4. Systems of Nonlinear Equations/182,Black,notBold,no tItalic,open,FitPage 8.4.1. Newton s Algorithm/183,Black,notBold,notIta lic,open,FitPage 8.4.2. Iteration Methods Using Linearization/184 ,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 8.4.3. Sequential Solution/186,Black,notBold,not Italic,open,FitPage References and Suggested Reading/186,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage

Problems/187,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 9 Unsteady Problems of Fluid Flows and Heat Transfer/189,Black,n otBold,notItalic,closed,FitPage 9.1. Introduction/189,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPa ge 9.2. Compressible Flows/190,Black,notBold,notItalic,open ,FitPage 9.2.1. Overview and General Comments/190,Black,n otBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 9.2.2. Explicit MacCormack Method/194,Black,notB old,notItalic,open,FitPage 9.2.3. Beam-Warming Method/196,Black,notBold,not Italic,open,FitPage 9.2.4. Upwinding/200,Black,notBold,notItalic,ope n,FitPage 9.2.5. Methods for Purely Hyperbolic Systems/203 ,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 9.3. Unsteady Conduction Heat Transfer/205,Black,notBold ,notItalic,open,FitPage 9.3.1. Simple Methods for Multidimensional Heat Conduction/206,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 9.3.2. Approximate Factorization/207,Black,notBo ld,notItalic,open,FitPage 9.3.3. ADI Method/209,Black,notBold,notItalic,op en,FitPage References and Suggested Reading/210,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage Problems/211,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 10 Incompressible Flows/214,Black,notBold,notItalic,closed,FitPa ge 10.1. General Considerations/214,Black,notBold,notItalic ,open,FitPage 10.1.1. Introduction/214,Black,notBold,notItalic ,open,FitPage 10.1.2. Role of Pressure/215,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage 10.2. Discretization Approach/216,Black,notBold,notItali c,open,FitPage 10.2.1. Colocated and Staggered Grids/218,Black, notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 10.3. Projection Method for Unsteady Flows/223,Black,not Bold,notItalic,open,FitPage 10.3.1. Explicit Schemes/224,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage 10.3.2. Implicit Schemes/227,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage 10.4. Projection Methods for Steady-State Flows/230,Blac k,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 10.4.1. SIMPLE/232,Black,notBold,notItalic,open, FitPage 10.4.2. SIMPLEC, SIMPLER, and PISO/234,Black,not Bold,notItalic,open,FitPage 10.5. Other Methods/236,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,Fit Page 10.5.1. Vorticity-Streamfunction Formulation for Two-Dimensional Flows/236,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 10.5.2. Artificial Compressibility/240,Black,not Bold,notItalic,open,FitPage References and Suggested Reading/240,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage

Problems/241,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage III Art of CFD/243,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 11 Turbulence/245,Black,notBold,notItalic,closed,FitPage 11.1. Introduction/245,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitP age 11.1.1. A Few Words About Turbulence/245,Black,n otBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 11.1.2. Why Is the Computation of Turbulent Flow s Difficult?/249,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 11.1.3. Overview of Numerical Approaches/250,Bla ck,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 11.2. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS)/252,Black,notBol d,notItalic,open,FitPage 11.2.1. Homogeneous Turbulence/252,Black,notBold ,notItalic,open,FitPage 11.2.2. Inhomogeneous Turbulence/255,Black,notBo ld,notItalic,open,FitPage 11.3. Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Models/256, Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 11.3.1. Reynolds-Averaged Equations/258,Black,no tBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 11.3.2. Eddy Viscosity Hypothesis/259,Black,notB old,notItalic,open,FitPage 11.3.3. Algebraic Models/260,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage 11.3.4. Two-Equation Models/261,Black,notBold,no tItalic,open,FitPage 11.3.5. Numerical Implementation of RANS Models/ 264,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 11.4. Large-Eddy Simulation (LES)/267,Black,notBold,notI talic,open,FitPage 11.4.1. Filtered Equations/268,Black,notBold,not Italic,open,FitPage 11.4.2. Closure Models/271,Black,notBold,notItal ic,open,FitPage 11.4.3. Implementation of LES in CFD Analysis: N umerical Resolution and Near-Wall Treatment/273,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,Fit Page References and Suggested Reading/276,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage Problems/277,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 12 Computational Grids/279,Black,notBold,notItalic,closed,FitPag e 12.1. Introduction: Need for Irregular and Unstructured Grids/279,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 12.2. Irregular Structured Grids/282,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage 12.2.1. Generation by Coordinate Transformation/ 282,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 12.2.2. Examples/284,Black,notBold,notItalic,ope n,FitPage 12.2.3. Grid Quality/286,Black,notBold,notItalic ,open,FitPage 12.3. Unstructured Grids/287,Black,notBold,notItalic,ope n,FitPage 12.3.1. Grid Generation/289,Black,notBold,notIta lic,open,FitPage 12.3.2. Finite Volume Discretization on Unstruct ured Grids/290,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 12.3.3. Cell Topology/292,Black,notBold,notItali

c,open,FitPage 12.3.4. Grid Quality/293,Black,notBold,notItalic ,open,FitPage References and Suggested Reading/296,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage Problems/296,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 13 Conducting CFD Analysis/298,Black,notBold,notItalic,closed,Fi tPage 13.1. Overview: Setting and Solving a CFD Problem/298,Bl ack,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 13.2. Errors and Uncertainty/301,Black,notBold,notItalic ,open,FitPage 13.2.1. Errors in CFD Analysis/301,Black,notBold ,notItalic,open,FitPage 13.2.2. Verification and Validation/308,Black,no tBold,notItalic,open,FitPage 13.3. Adaptive Grids/311,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,Fi tPage References and Suggested Reading/313,Black,notBold,notIt alic,open,FitPage INDEX/315,Black,notBold,notItalic,open,FitPage