Steam Turbine Steam turbine consists of fixed blade and moving blade enclosed in a strong casing.

The fixed blades are also called nozzle or diaphragm or guide blade and are attached with the casing of turbine. The function of nozzle is to convert pressure energy/ thermal energy / enthalpy in to high velocity jet. The moving blade converts high velocity jet in to mechanical work. Thus overall function of turbine is to convert pressure energy or energy associated with steam into mechanical work.
1 Lattached with casing G Fixed Blade Fixed Blade WT = h1 h 2 Converts Kinetic energy into shaft work (i.e. work) Rotor blade/Buchet blade/Moving blade (attached with rotor)

Diaphragm blade/ Station blade

Casing

They used to conuert thermal energy associated with steam into kinetic energy Potential energy in case of hydro turbines

Flow through Nozzle : They used to convert thermal energy associated with steam into kinetic energy.
1 Nozzle 2

Generalized steady state energy equation for an open system

S.S.E.E. h1 + V2 V12 + gz1 + q = h2 + 2 + gz 2 + W 2 2

For nozzle, heat (q) and work (w) interactions =0, and z1 = z 2 results in S.S.E.E. for nozzle
h1 + V12 V2 = h2 + 2 2 2

Or total enthalpy at inlet, h01 = total enthalpy at inlet, h02) If velocity of approach, V1 negligible compared to V2. h1 = V2 in terms of m/s V2 =
V22 + h2 2 2(h1 h2 )

V2(m/s) = 2 1000 (h ) , enthalpy is in kJ/kg V2 = 44.72 h Total enthalpy, h0 = h2 + d(h0) =

V22 2 2V dh2 + 2 dV 2

d(h0) = dh + V2dV h01 = h02 = constant

d(h0) = 0 0 = dh + VdV
dh = VdV

This equation depicts that change in enthalpy is always related with change in velocity by opposite sign, i.e. drop in enthalpy increase velocity and vice-versa. As per the 1st law of thermodynamics dQ = dU + pdV and Since, h = u + pv dh = du + pdv + vdp dQ = dh - vdp as per the 2nd law of thermodynamics dQ = T dS
TdS = dh vdp

The flow through nozzle is assumed to be isentropic, then ds = 0 0 = dh Vdp

dh = Vdp

This equation depicts that change in enthalpy is always related with change in pressure same sign, i.e. drop in enthalpy also decreases pressure and vice-versa. From above, dh= vdp=-VdV VdV = vdp, Specific volume (vol/kg), v = , is density 1 dV 1 VdV = dp or = dp V V 2 Here is seen that change in pressure is always related with change in velocity by opposite sign, i.e. drop in pressure results in increases in velocity and vice-versa. The equation Ideal gas
V22 2 1

= (h0 h) is equally hold good for gases also

V22 2

= Cp(T0 T)
0

(Superheated) Steam is also assumed to be ideal gas)

V22 2 V22 2

= r 1 (T0 T ) =
rRT T0 1 r 1 T

Rr

C = rRT C Speed of sound

T0 T

V22 (r 1) +1 C2 2
Velocity of fluid

Mach No. = Velocity of sound in same indium or fluid

T0 (r 2 1) =M2 +1 T 2

T0 T

= P0
P

r 1 r

= 0 v

1 r

for isentropic process

r /r 1

P0 r 1 2 = M +1 P 2

Mass conservation or Continuity equation along nozzle The mass flow at each section of the nozzle remain the same, i.e. whatever flow comes inside passes through each section and leaves the nozzle and there is any accumulation of mass at any section.
1 m1 m2 2

= AV W mass/unit time

Taking log of the continuity equation ln W = ln r + ln A + ln V

dW W dA A dA dV

= + A+ V
d

= + V
d

dV

d dV VdV = = V 2 V dA A dA A

= + 2 V =
d d 2 1 V 2 dP V
dp

C2 = d

dA A

= = =

dp V 2 1 2 V 2 C

dA A dA A

dp V
2

(1 M 2 )

dV ( M 2 1) V

For Sub sonic flow (M< 1) change in area is related with change in velocity by opposite sign, i.e. decrease in area increases velocity of flow. As the function of nozzle is to increase velocity, the nozzle area should converge from inlet to outlet and nozzle is said to be converging nozzle. Configuration with diverging area is said to be diffuser where pressure increases with increase in area.

Nozzle (Converging)

Similarly for Supersonic flow, i.e. M>1, change in area is related with change in velocity by same sign, i.e. increase in area increases velocity of flow. As the function of nozzle is to increase velocity, the nozzle area should diverge from inlet to outlet and nozzle is said to be diverging nozzle. Here, the rate of decrease is density (increase in specific volume) is more than change in area and hence more space is required to accommodate the flow as it proceeds towards the exit and hence area has to be increased. Configuration with converging area is said to be diffuser where pressure increases with decrease in area.

Diverging nozzle

In case the velocity of the flow is to be increased from subsonic to supersonic velocity, the nozzle section for subsonic region has to be converging and then as velocity reaches to supersonic velocity the change in area should be converging, thus in such case the nozzle is converging-diverging (C-D) type.
Subsonic Nozzle Air 20 m/s M=1 C D 500 m/s Supersonic

dA A

dp V 2

(1 M 2 )

Pressure distribution in ConvergingDiverging nozzle (C D Nozzle): Initially, the valve is closed and there is no flow and pressure at inlet and outlet is same. We get straight line pressure throughout the length of nozzle. As the valve is gradually opened the pressure drops in the converging section and increases in the diverging part. Once the flow becomes sonic at the throat (minimum area section), pressure variation remain the same in the converging section. Further decrease in pressure at outlet, in the diverging part the flow tries to keep the supersonic flow but due to insufficient energy, it becomes subsonic and during the transition shockwave is generated. With more drop in pressure, location of shockwave move towards exit. The nozzle is designed to have shockwave free flow in the nozzle. In the diverging section, just to avoid any separation of flow from the boundaries resulting in loss of energy, the divergence angle is limited to 4-8o.

loss due to eddyies

Area = constant (Throat) m=1 P

(Value is closed) P M=1

Shock wave

Now just to find out the condition for maximum flow through the nozzle, we assume that mass of fluid which enters into nozzle passes through each section and comes out at exit and flow remains constant at each section Mass flow, W = AV Mass flow per unit area,
W A

= V, = CM =

M= V/C

P M RT RT

=M

P T

2 T 1 M 2 ( 1) From o = 1 + and po = 1 + M ( 1) T 2 p 2

2 ( 1) p0 1 =M ( 1) M 2 A R T0 1+ 2 Since Po and To, R, A and are the constants, the flow is the function of M and to determine the optimum value of M for maximization flow, differentiate the above function with respect to M d A = 0 for max flowM = 1 dM p0 , a constant Just to make the differential easy, let us assume C = R T0

+1

( 1) M 2 y =1+
2

+1 dy = ( 1) M and x = 2( 1) dM

W A W A M

= C(M yx) = C[yx + M(x)y(-x 1) ( 1)M]

Cyx[1 M2xy1( 1)] = 0 1 M2xy1( 1) = 0 M2xy1( 1) = 1 M2x( 1) = y 2 +1 M2 ( 1) = 1 + ( 1) M 2( 1) 2 +1 ( 1) M 2 M 2( ) =1 + 2 2 2 M =1 M = 1 Flow will be maximum

2 1 Putting M=1 in po = 1 + M ( 1) , gives p = ( + 1) 1 p 2 p* 2

From

dA A

dp V 2

(1 M 2 )

M = 1 gives dA = 0 A = constant, i.e. at the point where change in area is zero, if M becomes 1 flow through nozzle reaches to its maximum value and nozzle is said to chocked.
Chocked(Nozzle) Pt = P* W A P* Point/P 0 At M = 1 (Mass flow is maximum) Flow cannot be red beyond that value O

Nozzle efficiency
h

2S

Ideally flow through nozzle is taken as isentropic (Reversible adiabatic) but in real practice entropy increases when the flow takes place. The actual enthalpy drop is lower than the ideal enthalpy drop. Nozzle efficiency = Actual Enthalpy Drop/ Ideal or isentropic enthalpy drop

= h h S 1 2 h actual is lower than h isentropic V2 = 44.7 h will be lower for actual n = If V1 is negligible, n =
V22 V12 V2 S 2 V12

h1 h2

V22 V2 S 2

Super saturated flow in nozzle

T 1 Superheated a R P2 2 S R P3

Water

b Wet

1 a R

When flow passes through nozzle, as it crosses the saturation curve at point a condensation should start. But the flow is so fast that it could not condense at a and it is delayed and takes place at R. The flow between point aR is called supersaturated flow. Since the condition of the steam between point aR is superheated, the slope of the pressure lines inside the saturation dome remain the same as in superheated region unlike the wet steam. Because of delay in condensation up to point R, temperature at point R is TR which would have been Tb for the same pressure if the process would have been slow. The actual temperature TR with supersaturated flow is lower temperature Tb with slow process. Degree of super-cooling = Tb TR Degree of super-saturation = P 3 PR pressure at R with supersaturated flow P3 saturation pressure corresponding to TR As the water content at point R is higher than at point b, Specific volume vR < va. As AV mass flow, m= AV= , mass flow in supersaturated flow is higher than the normal flow v without super-saturation.
PR