1. Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town.

This best illustrates: A) the just-world phenomenon. B) scapegoating. C) the fundamental attribution error. D) the reciprocity norm. E) ingroup bias. 2. In 1942, reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when: A) they fail to realize their actions are morally wrong. B) their victims are distant and depersonalized. C) they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures. D) they derive personal satisfaction from destructive acts. E) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is effective. 3. Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude: A) Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble. B) Patricia's brakes must have failed. C) They need to improve the visibility at that corner. D) Patricia's children probably distracted her. E) The road must have been wet and slippery. 4. After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization, Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of: A) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. B) the mere exposure effect. C) the just-world phenomenon. D) the fundamental attribution error. E) the reciprocity norm. 5. When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of: A) the bystander effect. B) the fundamental attribution error. C) the social responsibility norm. D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. E) deindividuation.

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6. The NASA executive who made the final decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger was shielded from information and dissenting views that might have led to a delay of the tragic launch. This best illustrates the dangers of: A) social facilitation. B) deindividuation. C) the mere exposure effect. D) groupthink. E) the bystander effect. 7. After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, a crowd of fans throws bottles and begins to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of: A) the just-world phenomenon. B) obedience. C) the bystander effect. D) social facilitation. E) deindividuation. 8. The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is known as the: A) mere exposure effect. B) fundamental attribution error. C) reciprocity norm. D) foot-in-the-door phenomenon. E) bystander effect. 9. Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates: A) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. B) social facilitation. C) group polarization. D) the bystander effect. E) the mere exposure effect. 10. Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another? A) developmental psychology B) social psychology C) personality psychology D) experimental psychology E) clinical psychology 11. According to the text, aggression always involves: A) physical damage. B) anger and hostility. C) the intent to hurt. D) a reaction to frustration. E) nonverbal behavior.

12. Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of: A) team membership on social loafing. B) self-disclosure on conciliation. C) frustration on aggression. D) role-playing on attitudes. E) groupthink on social conflict. 13. Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of: A) passionate love. B) deindividuation. C) social facilitation. D) self-disclosure. E) the mere exposure effect. 14. On which of the following tasks would the presence of observers be least likely to lead to better and faster performance? A) raking leaves B) washing dishes C) bicycle racing D) reciting the alphabet E) solving a crossword puzzle 15. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates: A) social loafing. B) the chameleon effect. C) group polarization. D) social facilitation. E) deindividuation. 16. After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Mrs. Greenway's sense of obligation most likely resulted from: A) the ingroup bias. B) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. C) the reciprocity norm. D) the fundamental attribution error. E) the mere exposure effect.

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17. How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance? A) It improves performance on unenjoyable tasks and hinders a person's performance on enjoyable tasks. B) It improves performance on poorly learned tasks and hinders a person's performance on well-learned tasks. C) It improves performance on physical tasks and hinders a person's performance on mental tasks. D) It improves performance on verbal tasks and hinders a person's performance on mathematical tasks. E) It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks. 18. After giving in to her friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Jessica found that she couldn't resist the pressure they exerted on her to try heroin. Her experience best illustrates: A) ingroup bias. B) the mere exposure effect. C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. D) the fundamental attribution error. E) the bystander effect. 19. Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior. A) norms and roles B) superordinate goals C) belief-based feelings D) dispositional attributions E) mirror-image perceptions 20. Montel, a white university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of: A) ingroup bias. B) the mere exposure effect. C) the just-world phenomenon. D) the scapegoat theory. E) the reciprocity norm. 21. The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as: A) deindividuation. B) the bystander effect. C) group polarization. D) social loafing. E) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

22. The fundamental attribution error is most likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed people: A) are victims of discrimination. B) are irresponsible and unmotivated. C) have parents who provided poor models of social responsibility. D) attended schools that provided an inferior education. E) are victims of bad luck. 23. Group polarization refers to: A) the lack of critical thinking that results from a strong desire for harmony within a group. B) a split within a group produced by striking differences of opinion among group members. C) the tendency of individuals to exert more effort when working as part of a group. D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion. E) the failure to give aid in an emergency situation observed by many onlookers. 24. Professors Maksoud, Struthers, and Vasic each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of: A) the fundamental attribution error. B) social facilitation. C) group polarization. D) deindividuation. E) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. 25. Luella publicly agrees with her seventh-grade classmates that parents should allow 13-year-olds to date. Later that day, she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents should prohibit kids from dating until they are at least 15 years old. Luella's public conformity to her classmates' opinion best illustrates the power of: A) deindividuation. B) normative social influence. C) the mere exposure effect. D) informational social influence. E) social facilitation. 26. We are likely to prefer as friends those who are similar to us in: A) attitudes. B) intelligence. C) age. D) economic status. E) any of the above areas. 27. After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates: A) the fundamental attribution error. B) the mere exposure effect. C) mirror-image perceptions. D) the bystander effect. E) the social exchange theory.

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28. Deindividuation refers to: A) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group. B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior. C) the failure to give aid in an emergency situation observed by many onlookers. D) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. E) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion. 29. When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in: A) the mere exposure effect. B) the fundamental attribution error. C) social loafing. D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. E) the bystander effect. 30. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to: A) neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group. B) perform simple tasks more effectively in the presence of others. C) comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request. D) lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity. E) experience an increasing attraction to novel stimuli as they become more familiar. 31. Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of their own: A) fundamental attribution errors. B) deindividuation. C) superordinate goals. D) self-worth. E) social loafing.

32. A sense of social identity is most likely to promote: A) social facilitation. B) the bystander effect. C) ingroup bias. D) deindividuation. E) cognitive dissonance. 33. Prejudice is best defined as: A) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members. B) a fearful suspicion of people one has never met. C) the tendency to favor members of one's own group. D) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals. E) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate.

34. We tend to perceive the members of an ingroup as ________ and the members of an outgroup as ________. A) similar to one another; different from one another B) different from one another; similar to one another C) above average in ability; below average in ability D) below average in ability; above average in ability 35. People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as: A) group polarization. B) social loafing. C) the bystander effect. D) the mere exposure effect. E) social facilitation. 36. Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of: A) social facilitation. B) obedience. C) group polarization. D) deindividuation. E) modeling. 37. Social facilitation refers to the tendency to: A) neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group. B) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. C) experience an increasing attraction to novel stimuli as they become more familiar. D) lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity. E) comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request. 38. The text indicates that the clusters of teenage suicides that occasionally occur in some communities may be the result of: A) suggestibility. B) the bystander effect. C) groupthink. D) deindividuation. E) social facilitation. 39. In which of the following groups is social loafing least likely? A) a highway crew responsible for filling potholes in streets and expressways B) factory workers who are each paid on the basis of the number of bicycles each assembles individually C) girl scouts who must gather wood for a campfire D) a game show audience instructed to applaud when the host appears on stage E) high school students working on a group project for which they will all receive the same grade

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40. The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called: A) the bystander effect. B) the fundamental attribution error. C) deindividuation. D) ingroup bias. E) the mere exposure effect. 41. Carol is restless during class because her professor's distressed facial expressions lead her to believe that he dislikes teaching. The professor, on the other hand, is distressed because he sees Carol's restlessness as an indication that she lacks any motivation to learn. At this point, both student and professor should be informed of the dangers of: A) group polarization. B) the mere exposure effect. C) deindividuation. D) the fundamental attribution error. E) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. 42. Mrs. Pinheiro fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in: A) the fundamental attribution error. B) social loafing. C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. D) the bystander effect. E) the mere exposure effect. 43. Which theory describes how we explain others' behavior as being due to internal dispositions or external situations? A) social exchange theory B) reward theory C) two-factor theory D) attribution theory

44. Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines: A) only when the group was composed of at least six members. B) even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect. C) even when the group seemed uncertain and repeatedly altered its judgment. D) only when members of the group were friends prior to the experiment. E) only when the group was composed exclusively of males.

45. Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of: A) stereotypes. B) mirror-image perceptions. C) sexual discrimination. D) ingroup bias. E) deindividuation. 46. The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called: A) cognitive dissonance. B) implicit prejudice. C) deindividuation. D) social loafing. E) the fundamental attribution error. 47. Professor Maslova attends faculty meetings simply to gain the approval of the college dean. Professor Maslova's behavior exemplifies the importance of: A) ingroup bias. B) informational social influence. C) social facilitation. D) normative social influence. E) deindividuation. 48. Ever since he lost his job because he was constantly late for work, Richard has become increasingly hostile toward the government bureaucrats who are leading the country toward bankruptcy. Richard's increasing prejudice is best explained in terms of: A) the just-world phenomenon. B) the fundamental attribution error. C) ingroup bias. D) social facilitation. E) scapegoat theory. 49. An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of: A) deindividuation. B) ingroup bias. C) the bystander effect. D) the just-world phenomenon. E) the mere exposure effect. 50. An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of: A) social facilitation. B) the mere exposure effect. C) the bystander effect. D) groupthink. E) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

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51. Professor Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards. He personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below-average grades. Professor Jones is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if: A) the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion. B) he stated his personal opinion early in the committee's discussion. C) committee voting is done by private ballot. D) he has a high level of self-esteem. E) he personally dislikes the other committee members and wishes he were on a more prestigious college committee. 52. Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of: A) the bystander effect. B) deindividuation. C) ingroup bias. D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. E) a dispositional attribution. 53. The country of Superlia increased the size of its military force because its leaders inappropriately anticipated that their rival, the country of Piropia, would do the same. The Piropians subsequently felt it was necessary to respond to the Superlian military buildup with a military expansion of their own. The Piropian response best illustrates the danger of: A) social facilitation. B) the mere exposure effect. C) deindividuation. D) self-fulfilling prophecies. E) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. 54. During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude? A) frustration-aggression theory B) attribution theory C) social exchange theory D) cognitive dissonance theory E) the two-factor theory 55. According to cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance is most likely to occur when: A) a person's behavior is not based on strongly held attitudes. B) two people have conflicting attitudes and find themselves in disagreement. C) an individual does something that is personally disagreeable. D) an individual is coerced into doing something that he or she does not want to do.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

E C A E D D E D B B C D D E A C E C C D D B D C B E B D E C D C A B C C B A B B D D D B A A

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

D E D D A E D D C

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