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Assessment of Reflectance and Color Differences of Wool Fabrics after Abrasion

Halil Rifat Alpay, Behcet Becerir and Mine Akgun Textile Research Journal 2005 75: 607 DOI: 10.1177/0040517505057423 The online version of this article can be found at: http://trj.sagepub.com/content/75/8/607

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AUGUST 2005

607

Assessment of Reectance and Color Differences of Wool Fabrics after Abrasion

HALIL RIFAT ALPAY, BEHCET BECERIR,1
AND

MINE AKGUN

nDepartment of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Uludag University, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the assessment of color differences and percentage reectance changes that occurred in dyed wool fabrics after different cycles of abrasion for different constructional parameters of the fabric. Twelve wool fabrics having different constructional parameters were used. The fabrics differed from each other by their weft yarn counts, weft densities, warp densities and the fabric weaves. The warp yarn type and count and the warp yarn twist were the same for all fabrics. The dyeing of the fabric samples were performed by using a commercial 1 : 2 metal complex dye (Mix Dye). Four different abrasion levels (2500, 5000, 7500 and 10 000) were used. The percentage reectance values of the abraded fabrics were measured and color differences between the original (control fabric, dyed but not abraded) and abraded fabrics were calculated. Percentage reectance values and color difference values are presented in gures for changing fabric constructional properties. The percentage reectance values and color difference values were higher for the wool fabrics having thicker siro-spun weft yarns and having higher weft and warp densities. The effect of increasing abrasion cycles on percentage reectance values and on color differences was more visible for plain woven wool fabrics. Photographs of the abraded fabrics are presented to show the surface of the wool fabrics after 10 000 abrasion cycles. It was observed that the yarn breakages occurred on the fabric surface because of the lower tenacity of the wool bers made the fabric surface smoother as a result of the siro-spun yarn structure. It is concluded that the broken ends of the bers played an important role in surface reectance beyond a certain abrasion level which was observed to be 7500 cycles.

Abrasion is the mechanical deterioration of fabric components by rubbing against another surface. The conguration of the fabric determines the accessibility of the individual yarns to the abrading force, and inuences the pattern of the ber and yarn breakage in the fabric. There are several ways in which a fabric can be abraded. Abrasion can be categorized by the fabric conguration during abrasion. Abrasion ultimately results in the loss of performance characteristics, such as strength, but it also affects the appearance of the fabric. The materials resistance to abrasion depends on its physical properties. In the case of textile fabrics, these factors include a combination of ber, yarn, and fabric constructional characteristics. The most important inuences on the abrasion of a textile woven fabric can be summarized as ber content, ber tenacity, fabric count, yarn size, fabric

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed: e-mail: becerir @uludag.edu.tr

thickness, yarn twist, yarn crimp, and oat length. In addition to the physical structural characteristics of a textile, some types of chemical nishes on a fabric which change the frictional properties of the surface can inuence abrasion resistance. In addition to the properties given above, moisture and the direction of the abrasive force can inuence abrasion of a woven fabric [7]. Fabric rubbing, scraping, and friction against itself or against other abrasive surfaces produce abrasion during wear. As expected, abrasion rst modies the fabric surface and then affects the internal structure of the fabric, damaging it [8]. A number of important points require consideration before abrasion resistance tests are carried out. The choice of the method may be governed by the type of apparatus available, the precision demanded, and so forth. Some of the more important points (condition of specimen, choice of testing instrument, choice of abrasive motion, etc.) are summarized in [4]. The effect of increasing abrasion cycles on reectance values and on color differences at cotton fabrics were
2005 SAGE Publications www.sagepublications.com

Textile Res. J. 75(8), 607 615 (2005) DOI: 10.1177/0040517505057423

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608 presented in one of our earlier papers [2]. It was concluded that the rubbing motion of the Martindale instrument creates a combing effect on the bers of the fabric surface at higher abrasion cycles which makes the surfaces look more regular. The higher tenacity of the cotton bers is believed to play an important role in this behavior [2]. Several papers have reported on cotton fabrics for different experimental studies [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9 11]. In Manich et al. [8], in which abrasion kinetics of wool and blended fabrics were studied, it is pointed out that there is a signicant relationship between ber, yarn, and fabric characteristics and the surface and structural abrasion of the wool and blended fabrics. The higher the fabric mass per square meter and the lower the number of ply threads per yarn, the higher the surface and structural abrasion of the fabric. This means that the abrasion resistance of carded fabrics is lower than that of combed fabrics. It seems that ber characteristics such as wool ratio and neness play a signicant role in surface abrasion, and that yarn and fabric characteristics such as yarn linear density and interlacing coefcient are signicantly related to structural abrasion [8].

TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL conditions and prepared for dyeing. The bers were not carbonized. The properties of the woven wool fabrics are given in Table I. The dyeing of the woven wool fabrics was performed under laboratory conditions in a laboratory-type sample dyeing machine (Termal HT). In the dyeing experiments, the fabric samples weighed 3 g and the liquor ratio was 50:1. The samples were dyed with a 1:2 metal complex dye (Lanaset RED G) (Mix Dye) at 2% owf (on weight of fabric). The dyeing experiments were performed according to the dyeing procedure recommended by the dyestuff manufacturer (CIBA). The dyebaths contained 2% owf dyestuff, 1 g/L wool protecting agent, 1 g/L penetration agent, 1 g/L sodium acetate, 5.0% owf Glaubers salt (anhydrous)., and 1% owf leveling agent. All the chemicals were at commercial purity. The dyeing process started at 50C. After 10 minutes the temperature was raised to 100C at a rate of 1C/minute. The dyeing continued at this temperature for 60 minutes to allow good penetration of the dyes and level dyeing. Later the samples were taken out of the dyeing tubes and posttreated. The post-treatments of the dyed samples were made at a liquor ratio of 100:1. The samples were rinsed with cold water for 20 minutes. After rinsing the samples were left to dry under laboratory conditions. The abrasion tests were performed on a Nu-Martindale Abrasion Tester according to ASTM D 4966. Four different abrasion rates (2500, 5000, 7500 and 10 000 cycles) were used. The color coordinates of control and abraded samples were measured on a Macbeth reectance spectrophotometer (MS 2020 ) coupled to a PC, at wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm under D65/10 illuminant with specular component included (SCI mode). The percentage reectance values at the wavelength of maximum absorption (500 nm) were recorded. The control fabrics were taken as the standards

Materials and Methods

Twelve woven wool fabrics having different constructional properties were used in the experimental part. The fabrics were specially woven under very strictly controlled mill conditions. The yarns (siro-spun) of the fabrics were spun from the same ber batches at the spinning mill. The Nm 64/2 yarns were spun from wool bers having an average neness of 19.5 m and Nm 48/2 yarns were spun from wool bers having an average neness of 21 m. The wool fabrics were woven from two-ply siro-spun warp and weft yarns. After weaving, the woven fabrics were desized and pretreated under mill

TABLE I. Constructional parameters of the wool woven fabrics. Fabric W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 Warp number Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Weft number Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 64/2 Nm 48/2 Nm 48/2 Nm 48/2 Warp density (thread/cm) 34 34 34 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 Weft density (thread/cm) 24 26 27 22 22 22 24 26 27 22 22 22 Warp twist (T/m) 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S Weft twist (T/m) 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 650 S 540 S 540 S 540 S Weave Plain 1/3 Z 2/2 Z Plain 1/3 Z 2/2 Z Plain 1/3 Z 2/2 Z Plain 1/3 Z 2/2 Z Twill Twill Twill Twill Twill Twill Twill Twill

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AUGUST 2005 and the abraded fabrics were taken as the samples when calculating the color differences. The color differences, according to the CIELAB (1976) equation, were obtained from the color measuring software. The abrasion experiments were performed in duplicate. Two samples were separately abraded and color measurements were performed on these samples. Four reectance measurements were made on each sample rotating the samples 90 before each measurement. The average of the measurements of the two samples were recorded as reectance values and used in calculating the color differences. The reectance measurements were made on the samples after abrading with each abrasion cycle. Duplicate

609 samples were used for abrasion cycles and the reectance measurements were made after each abrasion cycle was completed. The results are reported as percentage reectance values and E color differences in Figures 1 4.

Results and Discussion

The effect of weft yarn counts on percentage reectance values and on color differences for the three weave patterns are presented on the left sides of Figures 1 and 2, respectively. The warp densities and weft densities were the same for all fabrics (Table I).

FIGURE 1. Reectances of wool fabrics having different constructional properties.

FIGURE 2. Color differences of wool fabrics having different constructional properties.

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FIGURE 3. Reectances of wool fabrics having different weaves.

FIGURE 4. Color differences of wool fabrics having different weaves.

The percentage reectance values of the plain weave wool fabrics (W4, W10), which had siro-spun weft yarns of different counts, are presented in Figure 1. The percentage reectance values of both fabrics steeply in-

creased as the abrasion cycles increased up to 2500 cycles. The highest changes in percentage reectance were obtained between control fabric and 2500 abrasion cycles. After 2500 cycles, the percentage reectance of

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AUGUST 2005 fabric W10 slightly increased whereas that of W4 slightly decreased. Beyond 7500 cycles, a steep decrease was observed for W4. Color difference values of fabrics W4 and W10 are presented in Figure 2. In Figure 2, the color differences of fabric W10 were much greater than those of fabric W4 for all abrasion cycles. The color difference values of fabric W10 increased as the abrasion increased whereas those of fabric W4 slightly decreased for increasing abrasion. Fabric W10, which had a thicker siro-spun weft yarn, was more affected at all abrasion levels. The percentage reectance values of the 1/3 Z twill weave wool fabrics (W5, W11), which had siro-spun weft yarns of different counts, are presented in Figure 1. The percentage reectance values of fabric W11 were slightly higher than those of fabric W5 for the control fabric and for all the abrasion values. The highest change in percentage reectance values were obtained between the control fabric and 2500 abrasion cycles. After 5000 cycles, the percentage reectance values of fabric W11 stayed almost constant whereas those of fabric W5 rapidly decreased with increasing abrasion. The color difference values of fabrics W5 and W11 are presented in Figure 2. In Figure 2, the color difference values of fabric W11 increased as the abrasion cycles increased up to 5000 cycles and there was little further increase in the values obtained for W11 for values greater than 5000 cycles. The color difference values of fabric W5 decreased as the abrasion cycles increased. The color differences of fabric W11, which had a thicker siro-spun weft yarn, were greater than those of fabric W5 for samples subjected to more than 5000 abrasion cycles. The percentage reectance values of the 2/2 Z twill weave wool fabrics (W6, W12), which had siro-spun weft yarns of different counts, are presented in Figure 1. In Figure 1, the percentage reectance values of fabric W6 increased up to 2500 cycles and beyond 5000 cycles, the values slightly decreased. The greatest changes in percentage reectance values were obtained between the control fabric and the samples subjected to 2500 abrasion cycles. The percentage reectance values of fabric W12 were almost the same up to 7500 cycles and beyond 7500 cycles, the values slightly increased. The color difference values of fabrics W6 and W12 are presented in Figure 2. In Figure 2, the color difference values of both fabrics were almost the same up to 5000 cycles. For abrasion levels beyond 5000 cycles, the color difference values of fabric W12 steeply increased as the abrasion increased whereas those of fabric W6 increased only slightly.

611 Fabric W12, which had a thicker siro-spun weft yarn than fabric W6, was more affected by abrasion beyond 5000 cycles. The effect of weft densities on percentage reectance values and on color differences for the three weave patterns are presented in the middle of Figures 1 and 2, respectively. The warp densities and weft yarn counts were the same for all fabrics (Table I). The percentage reectance values of the plain weave wool fabrics (W4, W7), which had different weft densities, are presented in Figure 1. The percentage reectance values of fabric W7 increased up to 2500 cycles. The greatest change in percentage reectance values was obtained between the control fabric and the sample subjected to 2500 abrasion cycles. From 2500 to 7500 cycles, percentage reectance values remained almost constant and then increased up to 10 000 cycles. The percentage reectance values of fabric W4 increased until 2500 cycles. The greatest change in the percentage reectance values were obtained between the control fabric and samples subjected to 2500 abrasion cycles. After 2500 cycles, the percentage reectance values decreased slightly and after 7500 cycles a steep decrease was observed. The color difference values of fabrics W4 and W7 are presented in Figure 2. In Figure 2, the color differences of fabric W7 were much greater than those of fabric W4 for all the abrasion cycles. The color difference values of fabric W7 increased as the abrasion increased whereas those of fabric W4 slightly decreased for increasing abrasion. Fabric W7, which had a higher weft density, was more affected by abrasion at all abrasion levels when compared with fabric W4 that had a lower weft density. The percentage reectance values of the 1/3 Z twill weave wool fabrics (W5. W8), which had different weft densities, are presented in Figure 1. The percentage reectance values of fabric W8 were much greater than those of fabric W5 for the control fabric and for all the abrasion levels. The greatest change in percentage reectance values was obtained between control fabric and samples subjected to 2500 abrasion cycles. After 2500 cycles, the percentage reectance values of fabric W8 slightly increased whereas those for W5 slightly decreased until 7500 cycles. Beyond 7500 cycles, the percentage reectance values of fabric W8 slightly increased whereas those of fabric W5 sharply decreased. The color difference values of fabrics W5 and W8 are presented in Figure 2. In Figure 2, the color differences of fabric W8 were much greater than those of fabric W5 for all abrasion levels, with the color difference values of fabric W8 increasing and those of fabric W5 decreasing as the abrasion increased.

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612 Fabric W8, which had a higher weft density, was more affected by abrasion at all abrasion levels in comparison with fabric W5 that has a lower weft density. The percentage reectance values of the 2/2 Z twill weave wool fabrics (W6, W9), which had different weft densities, are presented in Figure 1. The percentage reectance values of fabric W9 were higher than those of fabric W6 for the control fabric and for all abrasion levels. The percentage reectance values of fabric W9 slightly increased for increasing abrasion. The greatest change in percentage reectance values of fabric W6 were obtained between the control fabric and samples subjected to 2500 abrasion cycles. After 2500 cycles, the percentage reectance values of fabric W6 slightly decreased as abrasion increased. The color difference values of fabrics W6 and W9 are presented in Figure 2. In Figure 2, the color differences of fabric W9 were higher than those of fabric W6 for all the abrasion levels. The color difference values for both fabrics slightly increased as the abrasion increased. Fabric W9, which had a higher weft density, was more affected by abrasion at all abrasion values when compared with fabric W6, which had a lower weft density. The effect of warp densities on percentage reectance values and on color differences for the three weave patterns are presented on the right sides of Figures 1 and 2 respectively. The weft yarn count was the same for the three fabrics. The weft densities were 24 thread/cm for plain weave, 26 thread/cm for 1/3 Z twill weave and 27 thread/cm for 2/2 Z twill weave. The percentage reectance values of the plain weave wool fabrics (W1, W7), which had different warp densities, are presented in Figure 1. The percentage reectance values for both fabrics were almost the same for the control fabric and for the samples subjected to 2500 abrasion cycles. After 5000 cycles, the percentage reectance values of fabric W7 were slightly higher than those of fabric W1 for the increasing abrasion levels. The color difference values of fabrics W1 and W7 are presented in Figure 2. In Figure 2, the color differences of fabric W1 were slightly higher than those of fabric W7 for all abrasion levels. The color difference values of both fabrics increased as the abrasion increased. Fabric W1, which had a higher warp density, was more affected by abrasion at all abrasion levels when compared with fabric W7 that had a lower warp density. The percentage reectance values of the 1/3 Z twill weave fabrics (W2, W8), which had different warp densities, are presented in Figure 1. The percentage reectance values of both fabrics were almost the same for the control fabric and for all abrasion levels. The highest change in percentage reectance values was obtained between the control fabric and samples subjected to 2500

TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL abrasion cycles. After 5000 cycles, the percentage reectance values for both of the fabrics slightly increased for increasing abrasion. The color difference values of fabrics W2 and W8 are presented in Figure 2. In Figure 2, the color differences of fabric W2 were much greater than those of fabric W8 for all the abrasion cycles. Color difference values of both fabrics increased for increasing abrasion cycles. Fabric W2, which had a higher warp density, was more affected by abrasion at all abrasion levels when compared with fabric W8 that had a lower warp density. The percentage reectance values of the 2/2 Z twill weave fabrics (W3, W9), which had different warp densities are presented in Figure 1. A similar behavior in percentage reectance results was obtained for fabrics W3 and W9 to that for fabrics W2 and W8. The color difference values of fabrics W3 and W9 are presented in Figure 2. In Figure 2, the color differences of fabric W3 were much higher than those of fabric W9 for all the abrasion levels. The color difference values of both fabrics increased as the abrasion increased. Fabric W3, which had a higher warp density, was more affected by abrasion at all abrasion cycles when compared with fabric W9 that has a lower warp density. The effect of different weaves on percentage reectance values and on color differences for wool fabrics having a warp density of 27 thread/cm, and a weft density of 22 thread/cm are presented on the left sides of Figures 3 and 4, respectively. The effect of different weaves on percentage reectance values for wool fabrics (W4, W5, W6) having a weft yarn of count Nm 64/2 are presented in Figure 3. In Figure 3, the highest percentage reectance values were obtained for W6 which was 2/2 Z twill weave. The lowest percentage reectance values were obtained for W5 which was 1/3 Z twill weave and the values of fabric W4 (plain weave) were between those of W6 and W5 for all the abrasion cycles. A slight increase between control fabric and 2500 abrasion cycles and a slight decrease between 7500 and 10 000 abrasion cycles were obtained for all the weave patterns. The effect of different weaves on color differences for wool fabrics (W4, W5, W6) are presented in Figure 4. The highest color difference values were obtained for the plain weave and the lowest were obtained for the 1/3 Z twill weave. The color differences of both plain and 1/3 Z twill weave fabrics decreased as the abrasion increased whereas the color difference values of 2/2 Z twill increased. The effect of different weaves on percentage reectance values for wool fabrics (W10, W11, W12), which had a weft yarn count of Nm 48/2, are presented in Figure 3. In Figure 3, the percentage reectance values

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AUGUST 2005 of W10 (plain weave) and W11 (1/3 Z twill) increased as the abrasion increased whereas the percentage reectance values of W12 (2/2 Z twill) stayed almost constant and then increased. The highest percentage reectance values were obtained for fabric W10 after 5000 abrasion cycles. The effect of different weaves on color differences for wool fabrics (W10, W11, W12) are presented in Figure 4. In Figure 4, the highest color difference values were obtained for fabric W10 (plain weave) for increasing abrasion cycles. The color difference values of fabric W10 gradually increased with increasing abrasion. The color differences of fabric W12 were slightly larger than those of fabric W11 for the increasing abrasion. The color differences of fabric W11 (1/3 Z twill weave) stayed almost constant for increasing abrasion cycles beyond 5000. The effect of different weaves on percentage reectance values and on color differences for wool fabrics having a weft yarn count of Nm 64/2, and weft densities: of 24 26 27 threads/cm are presented on the right sides of Figures 3 and 4, respectively. The effect of different weaves on percentage reectance values for wool fabrics (W1, W2, W3) having a warp density of 34 thread/cm are presented in Figure 3. In Figure 3, the highest percentage reectance values were obtained for W3 (2/2 Z twill weave) and the lowest values were obtained for W1 (plain weave), with the values of fabric W2 (1/3 Z twill weave) being between those of W1 and W3 for all abrasion levels. The highest change in percentage reectance values of these fabrics were obtained between the control fabric and samples subjected to 2500 abrasion cycles. The effect of different weaves on color differences for wool fabrics (W1, W2, W3) are presented in Figure 4. In Figure 4, the greatest color difference values were obtained for W1 (plain weave) and the least color difference values were obtained for W3 (2/2 Z twill weave). The color difference values of fabric W2 (1/3 Z twill weave) were between those of W1 and W3 for all abrasion levels. The effect of different weaves on percentage reectance values for wool fabrics (W7, W8, W9) having a warp density of 27 thread/cm are presented in Figure 3. In Figure 3, the highest percentage reectance values were obtained for W9 (2/2 Z twill weave), the lowest values were obtained for W7 (plain weave) and the values for fabric W8 (1/3 Z twill weave) were between those of W9 and W7 for all the abrasion levels. The highest change in percentage reectance values of fabrics W7 and W8 were obtained between the control fabric and samples subjected to 2500 abrasion cycles.

613 The percentage reectance values of fabric W9 showed slight increases as the abrasion increased. The effect of different weaves on color differences for wool fabrics (W7, W8, W9) are presented in Figure 4. In Figure 4, the highest color difference values were obtained for W7 (plain weave). The color difference values of the three fabrics gradually increased with increasing abrasion. Generally speaking for color differences in Figures 2 and 4, the L* values (differences in lightless (L*) values) are the origins of E color differences. The H* values were much lower when compared with L* values. The photographs of fabrics having different weave patterns are given in Figures 57 (W1: Plain weave; W2: 1/3 Z twill weave; W3: 2/2 Z twill weave). The ruptured ber ends are visible at 10 000 cycles of abrasion. As a result of the lower tenacity of the wool bers, some bers were removed completely from the fabric surface leaving ruptured ends.

FIGURE 5. Fabric W1 (control fabric and 10 000 times abraided fabric) (magnication: 30 ).

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FIGURE 6. Fabric W2 (control fabric and 10 000 times abraided fabric) (magnication: 30 ).

FIGURE 7. Fabric W3 (control fabric and 10 000 times abraided fabric) (magnication: 30 ).

Conclusion
The effect of weft yarn counts on percentage reectance values and on color difference values were considered for different weave patterns. It was found that percentage reectance values and color difference values of weave patterns that have thicker siro-spun weft yarns were more affected by abrasion at all abrasion levels in comparison with the weave patterns that have thinner siro-spun weft yarns. The effect of weft and warp densities on percentage reectance values and on color differences were considered for different weave patterns. It was found that percentage reectance values and color difference values of weave patterns that have higher warp and weft densities were more affected by abrasion at all abrasion levels. When the weave patterns were considered, it was observed that the greatest change in percentage reectance values was obtained at 2/2 Z twill weave and the

greatest change in color difference was obtained at plain weave. The greatest changes in percentage reectance values were obtained between control fabrics and samples subjected to 2500 abrasion cycles. After 2500 cycles, the percentage reectance values were almost the same up to 7500 cycles. Beyond 7500 cycles, decreases in percentage reectance values were observed for fabrics having thinner weft yarns and lower weft densities. The percentage reectance values and color differences were greater for fabrics having thicker weft yarns and higher warp and weft densities. The color differences were greater for plain woven fabrics. The abrasion modied the fabric surface so that a smoother surface was obtained having higher light reectance values. Decreases in percentage reectance values beyond a certain abrasion level suggest that the surfaces of the fabrics lose the smoothness obtained and the light reection properties of the surfaces change due to the ruptured ber ends. The change of light reection characteristics of the surface must be associated with the condition of the bers at the surface

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AUGUST 2005 after abrasion. It is observed from the photographs that the wool bers are ruptured and light is mostly reected by the bers close to the yarn axis. However, the remaining ends of the ruptured bers on the fabric surface may act as light-scattering points so that different reectance behaviors are obtained. It can be seen from the photographs of the fabrics that wool bers were ruptured after 10 000 cycles of abrasion and removed from the fabric surface.

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4. Booth, J.E., Principles of Textile Testing, Butterworths, U.K., 1983, pp. 296 298. 5. Candan, C., Nergis, U. B., and Iridag, Y., Performance of Open-end and Ring Spun Yarns in Weft Knitted Fabrics, Textile Res. J. 70, 177181 (2000). 6. Candan, C., and Onal, L., Dimensional, Pilling, and Abrasion Properties of Weft Knits made from Open-end and Ring Spun Yarns, Textile Res. J. 72, 164 169 (2002). 7. Collier, B. J., and Epps, H. H., Textile Testing & Analysis, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1998, pp. 128 145. 8. Manich, A. M., De Castellar, M. D., and Sauri, R. M., Abrasion Kinetics of Wool and Blended Fabrics, Textile Res. J. 71, 469 474 (2001). 9. Morris, C. E., and Harper, R. J., Abrasion Performance of Cotton Fabric after Etherication and Esterication Crosslinking, Text. Chem. Color. 27 (1), 1722 (1995). 10. Ruppenicker, G. F., Sawhney, A. P. S., Calamari, T. A., and Harper R. J., Cotton Fabrics Produced with Twistless Wrap Spun Yarns, Textile Res. J. 67, 198 203 (1997). 11. Yang, C. Q., Qian, L., and Lickeld, G. C., Mechanical Strength of Durable Press Finished Cotton Fabric Part IV: Abrasion Resistance, Textile Res. J. 71, 543548 (2001).

Literature Cited
1. Ajayi, J. O., Effects of Fabric Structure on Frictional Properties, Textile Res. J. 62, 8793 (1992). 2. Alpay, H. R., Becerir, B., and Akgun, M., Assessment of Reectances and Color Differences at Cotton Fabrics after Abrasion, Textile Res. J. 75, 357361 (2005). 3. Bhortakke, M. K., Nishimura, T., and Matsuo, T., High Speed Yarn Production with Air-jet Spinning: Effect of Some Fiber Parameters, Textile Res. J. 67, 101108 (1997).

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