Building Illumination with LED Lighting Energy & Cost Saving Analysis

BITS ZC423T: Thesis

By

V.Sasivarathan
(2007 18 TS 889)

Project Work carried at

COWI-Larsen Joint Venture, Muscat COWI

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of BITS ZC423T: Thesis

Under the Supervision of

Mr.Shahul Hameed
Resident Engineer, COWI COWI-Larsen JV, Muscat

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE PILANI, RAJASTHAN RAJASTHAN-333031 MARCH 2012

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, PILANI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify the dissertation entitled, "Building Illumination with LED Lighting; Energy & Cost Saving Analysis" Submitted by V.Sasivarathan (2007 18 TS 889) in the partial fulfilment of the requirements of BITS ZC423T Thesis, embodies the work done by him under my supervision.

Signature of the Supervisor

Shahul Hameed
Resident Engineer COWI-Larsen JV Muscat Sultanate Of Oman

Date: 01/04/2012

Abstract
Dissertation Title Supervisor Name Of Student Semester ID No. : Building Illumination with LED Lighting; Energy & Cost Saving Analysis : Mr Shahul Hameed : V.Sasivarathan : Second : 2007 18 TS 889

There has been an enormous increase in the global demand for energy in recent years as a result of industrial development and population growth. Supply of energy is, therefore far less than the actual demand. Lighting energy use makes a significant contribution to the total energy consumption of building. Energy audits of existing buildings demonstrate that the lighting component of residential, commercial and industrial uses consumes about 2040% of those land uses, variable with region and land use. This thesis work analysed the consumption of energy by lighting load in a building with the available traditional light sources and the potential of reducing the energy consumption by using new innovative LED lighting technology. 'Staff Amenities Building' one of the on going projects of our office has been taken for the thesis. The building was lighting designed, with the available light sources like CFL, Linear Flourescent Lamp. Then the building was designed with new high power white LED luminaires of various manufacturers. Comparison of the calculated values tabled and found about 50% of saving energy and consequent running cost savings in using the LED lighting technology compared with the existing lighting technology sources. In additional the thesis analysed the various merits of using LED technology such as environment pollution, heat emission and solid waste handling challenges. The thesis describes the above work in detail. Signature of Student Signature of the Supervisor

V.Sasivarathan

Date: 01/04/2012

Shahul Hameed Resident Engineer COWI-Larsen JV Muscat, Oman

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Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge and thank several people and a few organisations who supported and encouraged during the thesis work. First and foremost I offer my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Mr.Shahul Hameed who has supported me throughout my thesis with his patience and knowledge whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way. This work would not have been possible without his help and generous support. Many thanks to M/s Cooper Lighting industries of UAE, M/s JCC Lighting Ltd of UK, M/s Philips Lighting and their local agents for their extended support on offering the latest technical catalogue, luminaire data files and technical updates. I am grateful to Mr.Flemming Levin Jenson my Electrical Discipline Leader and Mr.Jeff Millward, MEP Manger, COWI-Larsen JV, Muscat for their help and encouragement throughout my courses and this thesis work as well. I record with appreciation the help rendered by Mr.Philip Blumson, Electrical Group Leader, COWI-Larsen JV, Muscat Finally and most importantly, I want to express my gratitude to my parents, my wife, my daughter and my siblings for their constant support directly and indirectly.

V.Sasivarathan

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List of Symbols & Abbreviations

JV: CFL: LED: FTL: TNEB: IEA: SSL: GaN: DC: m2 : BS EN: CIBSE: LG: lm: Em: Eavg: W: h: kW: kWh: U.S: mg: EPA:

Joint venture Compact Fluorescent Lamp Light Emitting Diode Fluorescent Tube linear (Philips lighting term) Tamil Nadu Electricity Board International Energy Agency Solid State Lighting Gallium Nitrate Direct Current Square meter British Standards European Norms Charted Institute of Building Services Engineers Lighting Guide Lumen Minimum Illumination Average Illumination Watt Hour Kilo Watt Kilo Watt hour United States Milli gram Environment Protection Agency

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List of Figures

Figure-1 Figure-2 Figure-3 Figure-4

Down light LED Lamp 2 Linear LED Lamp.... 2 Staff Amenities Building Layout.3 Green Design Logo...11

List of Tables

Table-1 Table-2 Table-3 Table-4 Table-5 Table-6

Fluorescent Light fittings schedule . 5 LED lights schedule.. 5 Load schedule comparison ...6-7 Energy calculation with CFL & FTL lamps.8 Energy calculation with LED lamps. 8 TNEB Electricity tariff schedule.. 9

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Contents

Certificate.. i Abstract. ii Acknowledgements....... iii Abbreviations iv List of Figures... v List of Tables. vi Contents.vii Chapter 1 Introduction.. 1 1.1. Background. 1 1.2. Objective.. 1 1.3. Introduction of LED lighting technology 2 Chapter 2 Lighting Design exercises. 3 2.1. Staff Amenities Building overview. 3 2.2. Lighting Design approach for the building .4 2.3. Luminaires schedule.. . 5 2.4. Load comparison schedule.. 6-7 Chapter 3 Energy Management and Running Cost study.. 8 3.1. Energy saving analysis 8 3.2. Saving on Electricity bills9 3.3. Saving on Lamp replacement.. 9 Chapter 4 Light for tomorrow... 10 4.1. Environment challenges.. 10 4.2. Green Light solution 11 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Conclusion. 12 References..13 Checklist 14

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1 Introduction
1.1. Background The world's demand for energy is constantly growing with technological and industrial development and urbanisation. The increase in energy consumption in 2010 is over 5% growth. The rapid growth of energy consumption has raised concerns about the energy security and environment impact of the use of energy worldwide. The acceleration of the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has caused the warming of the globe by more than half a degree Celsius during the last century and it will lead to warming of atleast a half a degree move over the next few decades. Energy is the main factor in climate change, contributing the major portion of green gas emission. Developed nations are the source of most greenhouse gas emission, but this may change in the future as developing countries drive their economic developments with Energy. Lighting is a large and rapidly growing source of energy demand. Lighting is a substantial energy consumer, and a major component of the service costs in many buildings. The International Energy Agency (IEA), which is the energy forum for 27 developed countries, conducts a broad programme of energy research, data compilation, and publications. Currently, more than 50% of the electricity used for lighting is consumed in IEA member countries, but it is expected that this will change in the near future because of an increase in the use of electricity for lighting in non-IEA countries. The demand for electric lighting in developing countries is increasing as a result of rising average illuminance levels, as a result of increasing household income in those countries, and also because of the new electrification of regions with no electric lighting at the moment. There are various technologies available to achieve energy saving in Electric lighting such as dimming control, Automatic lighting control system, using more efficient lamps and ballast, high efficacy luminaires, utilizing sunlight etc. 1.2. Objectives Objective of the thesis work was to examine the new opportunities provided by LED technology in lighting in the 'Staff Amenities Building' and to compare LED lighting with the existing lighting technology sources. This included an analysis of Energy savings for the building, running costs of the lighting installations. Besides, the thesis is to discuss the lighting systems contribution to environment.

1.3. Introduction of LED lighting Technology For the past 150years, lighting technology was mainly limited to Incandescence and fluorescence. With the arrival of commercial LEDs in the 1960s, the door for the most exciting form of lighting technology had opened. Initial LEDs were Red in colour, with Yellow and Orange variants following soon thereafter. To produce a white SSL device, however, a blue LED was needed, which was later discovered through extensive research and development. In 90s of last Century, they came up with a blue LED. With this invention, it was now possible to create white light by combining the light of separate LEDs (Red, Green and Blue). LEDs are degraded or damaged by operating at high temperatures, so LED lamps typically include heat dissipation elements such as heat sinks and cooling fins. Initially in 90s LEDs were red in color, with yellow and orange variants following soon thereafter. To produce a white SSL device, however, a blue LED was needed. Advances in materials science Figure 1 and extensive research and development on the subject did just that. Down light LED Lamp In 1993, Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Chemical Industries came up with a blue LED using gallium nitride (GaN). With this invention, it was now possible to create white light by combining the light of separate LEDs (red, green, and blue), or by creating white LEDs themselves by means of doping. SSL could now become a commercial viability. Diodes use direct current (DC) electrical power. To use them from standard AC power they are operated with internal or external rectifier circuits that provide a regulated current output at low voltage. One high power LED chip used in LED lights can emit up to 10,000 lumens for an electrical power consumption of only 100 watts (100 lumens per watt). Efficiency of these devices continues to improve with some chips able to emit > 100 lumens per watt. LEDs do not emit light in all directions, and their directional characteristics affect the design of lamps. The efficiency of conversion from electric power to light is generally higher than with incandescent lamps. LED lamps offer long service life and high energy efficiency, but initial costs are higher than those of fluorescent and incandescent lamps. Life cycle of LED lamps is multiple compared to incandescent lamps and florescent lamps however, degradation of LED chips reduces luminous flux over life cycle as with conventional lamps.

Figure 2

Linear LED Lamp

Now innovative high power LED lights with appropriate luminaires are available in market. Many LED manufactures like Cree Inc, Osram, Philips (Colour Kinetics) are investing significant amount on researches on further developments on LED lights.

2 Lighting Design exercises

2.1. Staff Amenities Building overview Staff Amenities Building is one of our one going projects for M/s. Ministry of Transport and Telecommunication of Sultanate of Oman. The particular building has been chosen for the thesis because of the building is designed for continues operation 24x7 for the Muscat International Airport staffs facilities all the day and night. The building is single level and approximately 1300 m2 area. Designed for Airport operation/maintenance staff facilities and will be operated continuously. Almost all the rooms in the building has constructed with false ceiling at 3 m height with gypsum or 600x600 mm standard tiles.

Figure 3

Staff Amenities Building Layout

2.2. Lighting Design Approach for the Building 'DIALUX' the premier lighting software was used for lighting calculations. The building is fully Air conditioned and clean rooms therefore the maintenance factor index of 0.8 had been considered for the lighting calculation. All the walls, ceilings and floors are white or light colour finishes. Hence the surface reflection factors index of 0.8, 0.5 & 0.3 were taken into the account for Ceiling, Wall and Floor respectively. The illumination levels for each room as per the BS EN 12464 and CIBSE standards were achieved. The illumination uniformity ratio was targeted as close as to 0.6. No wall offset was considered for the individual room layouts. Other than the technical rooms, the mounting height of 3 m was considered for the luminaries where there any kind of false ceiling arrangements. All rooms were individually calculated in DIALUX software twice ie, with CFL/FTL lamps and then with LED lights. Results obtained in summary sheet with the results includes but not limited to: (a) Average illumination level in Lux. (b) Illumination Uniformity Ratio (Em/Eavg) (c) Lumens output per Luminaire & Total Lumen output (d) Power consumed per Luminaire & Total Consumed power in watt (e) Luminaire quantity and layout arrangement

The results were plotted and the Lux levels and corresponding wattages for the rooms were tabled separately for Flourescent and LED lights as shown in the table-3.

2.3. Luminaires Schedule First the building was designed in DIALUX with the florescent lamps and LED lamps separately with various appropriate luminaires. The luminaires used for the designs are given in the table-1and 2. The luminaire photometric files were collected from the respected manufactures websites to enable to carry out the calculations. All the design calculations were made in line with the relevant standards like BS EN 12464 and CIBSE LGs.
Type Recessed mounted Down light Make Philips Model FBS 120 Lamp CFL Wattage 2x26W Lumen 2400 lm Picture

Recessed mounted 600x600 luminaire

Philips

IMPALA

FTL

4x14W

4800 lm

Surface/Suspended mounted

Philips

TCW215

FTL

2x36W

6700 lm

Table-1 Fluorescent light fittings schedule

Type Recessed mounted Downlight

Make Cooper

Model Portfolio

Lamp LED

Wattage 24.4W

Lumen 1216 lm

Picture

Recessed mounted 600x600 luminare

JCC Ltd

Breera JC71198

LED

28W

1720 lm

Surface/Suspended mounted

JCC Ltd

Breera JC71199

LED

45W

2520 lm

Table-2 LED lights schedule

2.4. Load comparison schedule The achieved lighting levels and corresponding power consumption from the DIALUX summary pages results are tabled as below for both for CFL& FTL ranges and LED lamps for a comparison glance.
Sl. No. Room Room No. Required Average Illumination Lux 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Female Toilet Female Toilet /Bathing Female Toilet WC-1 Female Toilet Lobby Locker Room Janitor Room Locker Room Lobby Male Toilet Male Toilet /Bathing Male Toilet WC-1 Coordinator office Managers Office Administration Office Officer Corridors Garbage Room Garbage Room Lobby Dish Wash Corridor Store Kitchen Canteen Store Lobby Lobby Male Prayer Room Ablution Lobby Disabled Toilet Lobby Lobby Male Toilet Male toilet W/C-1 00-41 00-41 00-41 00-42 00-39 00-38a 00-38 00-37 00-37 00-37 00-35 00-36 00-33 00-34 00-43,43a 00-44 00-44a 00-46 00-45 00-47 00-49 00-52 00-50 00-32 00-31 00-29 00-30 00-28 00-27 00-27a 00-24 00-25 00-25 150 100 100 100 200 100 100 150 100 100 500 500 500 500 100 100 100 200 100 150 350 200 150 100 100 250 250 100 100 100 100 100 100 Flourescent Lamp Achieved Consumed Power Lux 188 120 120 115 256 123 123 188 120 120 616 616 604 616 110 202 115 282 154 174 382 224 177 128 115 255 267 115 120 123 120 134 120 W 131.20 65.60 65.60 65.60 131.20 65.60 65.60 131.20 65.60 65.60 252.00 252.00 378.00 252.00 393.60 85.00 65.60 126.00 131.20 101.20 504.00 3214.40 108.00 108.00 65.60 1312.00 303.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 506.00 65.60 LED lighting Achieved Consumed Power Lux 176 119 119 112 232 133 133 176 119 119 517 517 507 517 101 130 112 203 134 194 382 233 145 101 112 282 282 112 119 133 119 144 119 W 48.80 24.40 24.40 24.40 48.80 24.40 24.40 48.80 24.40 24.40 196.00 196.00 280.00 196.00 146.40 45.00 24.40 90.00 48.80 48.80 450.00 1561.60 48.80 48.80 24.40 683.20 146.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 244.00 24.40

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

Male toilet W/C-2 Male toilet W/C-3 Male toilet W/C-4 Male toilet W/C-5 Male toilet W/C-6 Male toilet W/C-7 Male toilet W/C-8 Male toilet W/C-9 Male toilet W/C-10 Male toilet W/C-11 Male toilet W/C-12 Male toilet W/C-13 Male toilet W/C-14 Male toilet W/C-15 Lobby Corridor IT Room Electrical Room AHU Room Corridor Lobby Lobby Disabled Toilet Recovery Room Ablution Lobby Disabled Toilet Lobby Janitor Pump Room Female Toilet Female Toilet W/C-1 Female Toilet W/C-2 Female Toilet W/C-3 Female Toilet W/C-4 Female Toilet W/C-5 Female Toilet W/C-6 Female Prayer Room Treatment Room Waiting Room

00-25 00-25 00-25 00-25 00-25 00-25 00-25 00-25 00-25 00-25 00-25 00-25 00-25 00-25 00-24 00-22 00-19 00-20 00-21 00-15 00-17 00-02 00-06 00-05 00-07 00-08 00-10 00-12 00-11 00-14 00-13 00-13 00-13 00-13 00-13 00-13 00-13 00-09 00-04 00-03

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 350 200 150 100 300 100 100 350 150 100 100 100 100 150 150 100 100 100 100 100 100 250 500 300

120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 148 359 282 206 148 348 128 120 402 188 188 120 230 120 191 173 120 120 120 120 120 120 300 599 311

65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 324.00 340.00 340.00 510.00 324.00 1180.80 108.00 65.60 315.00 131.20 131.20 65.60 162.00 65.60 266.00 253.00 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 65.60 590.40 288.00 216.00 16393.00

119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 119 397 230 176 119 372 101 119 400 176 176 119 194 119 151 191 119 119 119 119 119 119 345 509 324

24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 146.40 315.00 225.00 360.00 146.40 585.60 48.80 24.40 280.00 48.80 48.80 24.40 73.20 24.40 225.00 122.00 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 24.40 292.80 252.00 122.00 8795.20

Table-3 Load comparison schedule

3 Energy Management & Running Cost study

3.1. Energy saving analysis A simple Energy saving calculations were done based on the lighting design results as follows. When the building designed with Flourescent Lamp lighting:

Description Total Consumed Power From the table-3 Average Estimated working hours per month

Value 16393.000 16.393 Say 16.500 24x30=720 Apply a 0.75 mulitification factor for the lamps switch off period, 720x0.75=540 16.5x540=8910 8910

Unit W kW kW h

Average Estimated Energy requirement for lighting for the building

h kWh kWh

Table-4 Energy calculation with CLF& FTL lamps

When the building designed with LED lighting technology:

Description Total Consumed Power From the table-3 Average Estimated working hours per month Value 8795.200 8.795 Say 9.000 24x30=720 Unit W kW kW h

Average Estimated Energy requirement for lighting for the building

Apply a 0.75 mulitification factor for the lamps switch off period, 720x0.75=540 h 9x540=4860 kWh 4860 kWh

Table-5 Energy calculation with LED lamps The arrived figures demonstrate that with LED lighting the building could save approximately 50% energy.

3.2. Saving on Electricity Bills For Electricity bills calculations, The Tamil Nadu Electricity Board's tariff was taken as a reference. The TNEB a public sector under Tamil Nadu state Government, which generates and distributes the power for the sate have been experiencing Energy crisis since last 5 years. The present Electricity tariff slabs for various kinds of end users are as below. Units of Electricity Consumption 0 To 100 101 To 200 Above 200 Units 1 To 200 201 To 500 ABOVE 500 UNITS Rate Rs. 1.00 Rs. 1.50 Rs. 2.00 Rs. 3.00 Rs. 5.75

Table-6 TNEB Electricity tariff schedule

From the table With Flourecent lighting installation With LED lighting installation

1 kWh 8910kWh 4860kWh

=5.75 Rupees =51232 Rupees/month =27945 Rupees/month

3.3. Saving on Lamp Replacement After installation, over a particular period the lamps of light fittings need to replace due to their life or depreciation of their lumens output towards their end of life. A simple lamp replacement cycle cost analysis is used to compare the cost of the two different types of designs. The data of CFL and FTL lamps collected from the Philips technical catalogue and the LED lights from the Cooper Lighting's and JCC lighting Ltd' s catalogue. Average Life span of fluorescent lamps Consider 540 working hour per month, Lamp need to replacement period = 15000 working hours

=15000/540=27 months Say 2 Years

Whereas, Average life span of LED Lamps Consider 540 working hour per month, Lamp need to replacement period

=50000 working hours

=50000/540=92.50 months Say 7.5 Years

4 Lighting for tomorrow

4.1. Environment challenges Most of the western countries already have banned the incandescent bulb in favor of alternative sources of lighting, most notably fluorescents. Unfortunately, fluorescents contain noxious chemicals including argon and mercury that are contaminating the environment, specifically through their accumulation in landfill waste. IN an effort to fight the effects of global warming and save precious energy, federal and state governments are attempting to find the best way to dispose of or recycle fluorescent light bulbs. Fluorescent light bulbs are considered universal waste and as such, are subject to the Universal Waste Rule of 2000, a U.S. environmental law that encourages the recycling of mercurycontaining materials by allowing products such as fluorescent bulbs to be exempt from certain hazardous waste requirements. All fluorescent light bulbs are supposed to be disposed of properly, which means recycling these products instead of throwing them in the trash. But these rules are never enforced. There isn't a single recorded case of a person being arrested or fined for throwing a fluorescent light bulb in the trash. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), approximately 800 million fluorescent lamps are disposed of every year. It only takes a single gram of mercury to contaminate a two-acre pond and cause potential ecological damage through water pollution. Therefore, 800 million lamps produce enough mercury to contaminate about 20 million acres of water. When the bulbs break, mercury can contaminate the environment, including soils, people and animals in the surrounding the area. Mercury is a potent neurotoxin that can severely harm the human nervous system through ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. It is a highly toxic heavy metal that acts as a cumulative poison similar to lead. Exposure presents the greatest hazard for infants, children and pregnant mothers. Physical symptoms may include an inability to coordinate body movement, an impairment of hearing, vision and speech, skin rashes and kidney damage. When the bulbs are recycled, a special hazardous waste company generally carries out the process of collecting the unbroken bulbs, crushing them and capturing both the remaining mercury gas and the spent mercury solids. These companies then ship the mercury-bearing waste, using an EPA-permitted hazardous waste transporter, to an EPA-approved hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facility. As an alternative to normal fluorescent lighting, compact fluorescent light bulbs have gained much popularity over the past couple years because they contain less mercury than standard fluorescent lighting. Changes are being made slowly to lower the amount of mercury we may be potentially exposed to. Low energy light bulbs called compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) contain 415mg of mercury compared to normal fluorescent lights, which contain approximately 20 mg of the toxic metal.

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However, it is impossible to have fluorescent lighting without mercury, according to industry engineers. Obviously, recycling is not going to be enough. A mercury-free alternative must be found. 4.2. Green Light solution The solution, of course is LED lights, which contain no mercury and are significantly more energy efficient than both incandescent lights and fluorescent lights. Right now, LED lights are very expensive to purchase up front, but they pay for themselves in about two years thanks to the savings in electricity and they keep on working for 50,000 hours. Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark have stated they intend to eventually eliminate mercury use completely, and plan on researching alternatives to fluorescent lighting such as LED technology. General Electric has been manufacturing compact and regular fluorescent lights for over 20 years, but now admits that the accumulation of mercury could pose a problem for the environment and human health. There's no doubt that LED lights are the future of lighting, and the sooner we all switch to LED lights, the more quickly we'll stop poisoning our homes, communities and nations with the unsafe disposal of mercury from fluorescent lights.
Figure 4

Green Design Logo

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5 Conclusion
In this thesis an effort was made to analyse the potential Energy saving with LED lighting technology for the Staff Amenities Building. Concluded the LED lighting products have considerable potential to reduce electricity consumption and the associated greenhouse gas emissions. After had done all the comparison exercises it was found that the LED lighting technology saves approximately 50% Energy when compared to FTLs and CFLs luminaires installation from the table 4 &5. The main running cost of the building is Electricity bill. From the analysis having designed with the LED lighting technology has significant monthly Electricity bill was materialised that is about Indian Rupees 23287.00 in other words 54.55% saving was established compare to the fluorescent lighting system. In addition, lamps life cycle and its cost effect also was studied and found that LED lighting technology is far better than the fluorescent lighting system as former system is need of replacement once in every 7.5 years whereas the fluorescent system will require replacing the lamps in every 2 years. Apart from the lamps cost there is hidden cost of man hours for the re-installations work. Chapter 4, discussed the contribution of LED lights to the Green house environment.

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6 References

1. Book SSL lighting Handbook, London, 2009 The Sociaty of Light and Lighting, UK. Lighting Guide Hand book (LG-7), 2006 CIBSE, UK 2. Journal Articles News letters of Tridonic Atco News Letters of Philips LED magazines 3. Private Communication Mr. Ramesh Raja, General Manager Lighting Solution LLC, Muscat, Oman 4. Thesis Pramod Bhusal. Energy Efficient Electric Lighting For Building in Developed And Developing Counties (Doctorate thesis), Espoo, Helsinki Univeristy of Technology, 2009

5. Technical Catalogue Philips JCC Ltd Cooper Industries 6. Websites www.naturalnews.com www.theledlight.com www.tneblts.com www.wiki.com

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Checklist

1. 2. 3. 4.

Is the final report properly hard bound? Is the Cover page in proper format as given in Annexure A? Is the Title page (Inner cover page) in proper format? (a) Is the Certificate from the Supervisor in proper format? (b) Has it been signed by the Supervisor?

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

5.

Is the Abstract included in the report properly written within one page? Yes Yes Have the technical keywords been specified properly? Is the title of your report appropriate? Have you included the List of abbreviations / Acronyms? Does the Report contain a summary of the literature survey? Does the Table of Contents include page numbers? (i). (ii). Are the Pages numbered properly? Are the Figures numbered properly? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

6. 7. 8. 9.

(iii). Are the Tables numbered properly? (iv). Are the Captions for the Figures and Tables proper? (v).

Are the Appendices numbered properly? Are their titles N/A appropriate

10. 11. 12.

Is the conclusion of the Report based on discussion of the work? Are References or Bibliography given at the end of the Report? Is the report format and content according to the guidelines?

Yes Yes Yes

Declaration by Student: I certify that I have properly verified all the items in this checklist and ensure that the report is in proper format as specified in the course handout.

Place: 01.04.2012 Date: Muscat, Oman

Signature of the Student Name: V.Sasivarathan ID No.: 2007 18 TS 889

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