METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics Basic Principles of Electromechanics

by Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAOLU Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 1

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Left Hand Rule - Principle of Electric Motors
Left Hand Rule
F B I

A force is created in the vertical direction shown, in a conductor carrying a current I in a magnetic field as shown in the figure on the RHS
F=(IL)xB

90O

This principle is best explained by Left Hand Rule Thumb finger of the left hand points the direction of the force generated, Index finger points the direction of magnetic field, Middle finger points the direction of current applied,
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 2

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Left Hand Rule - Principle of Electric Motors
Left Hand Rule
F B 90O L I

A force is created in the vertical direction shown, in a conductor carrying a current I in a magnetic field as shown in the figure on the RHS
F (Force created) B
90O

L I

F=(IL)xB

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 3

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Right Hand Rule

Right Hand Rule - Principle of Electric Generators

F B L
90O

A current is induced (generated) in the direction shown, on a conductor moving vertically in a magnetic field as shown in the following figure
F=-(IL)xB

This principle is best explained by Right Hand Rule Thumb finger points the right hand points the direction of the force applied, Index finger points the direction of magnetic field, Middle finger points the direction of current generated,
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 4

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

F

Right Hand Rule - Principle of Electric Generators

Right Hand Rule A current is induced (generated) in the direction shown, on a conductor moving vertically in a magnetic field as shown in the following figure
F (Force applied) B
90O
B 90O L

B L I

F = -( I L ) x B

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 5

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Please do not Confuse
Right-Hand Rule-Electric Generator

Left Hand Rule-Electric Motor

F=(IL)xB

F=-(IL)xB

F B
90O

F B
90O

L I

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 6

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Generation of AC Voltage
Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils
AC Rotating Rotor Coil Fixed Stator Poles

Fixed Stator Coils, Rotating Poles

Fixed Stator Coil Rotating Poles

I(t)

I(t)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 7

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Generation of AC Voltage

Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils

AC Rotating Rotor Coil Fixed Stator Poles

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 8

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Hydroelectric Dam Generating Units

Generation of AC Voltage - Synchronous Generator

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 9

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Atatrk Hydroelectric Dam (2400 MW)

Generation of AC Voltage - Synchronous Generator

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 10

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Francis Turbine Generator Set Cross Section View

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 11

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Francis Turbine - Generator

Generation of AC Voltage - Synchronous Generator

Water Flow

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 12

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Itaipu Generating Unit - Stator

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 13

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Generation of DC Voltage

Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils

Split Ring Rotating Rotor Coil Fixed Stator Poles

DC Windings

Split Rings

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 14

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Generation of DC Voltage
Split Rings
+

Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils

Rotating Rotor Coil Fixed Stator Poles

VDC
-

DC Windings

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 15

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Generation of DC Voltage
Average Voltage
V (Volts) 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 0 5 T=10 msec
10

Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils

Split Ring Rotating Rotor Coil Fixed Stator Poles Vpeak = 22 V Vaverage = VDC

10

15

20

V average = (1/T) V(t) d/dt

0

= (1/5) Vpeak cos wt dt

0

= (2 / ) Vpeak = 0.63 Vpeak

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 16

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Squirrel Cage AC (Induction) Motors
Line Voltages Applied

Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils

Fixed Stator Poles Rotor Coils (Fixed Bars)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 17

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Squirrel Cage AC (Induction) Motors
Line Voltages Applied

Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils

Rotor Coils (Fixed Bars) Fixed Stator Poles

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 18

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

DC Motors
DC Voltage Applied
DC Voltage (Volts) 80

Fixed Poles, Rotating Coils

Fixed Stator Poles Split Ring Rotor Coils

60

40

DC (mean) Voltage

20

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time (Sec)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 19

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Arrangement of Windings
Stator Shell Conductors in Stator Coil

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 20

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Generation of AC Voltage Synchronous Generator
Stator Coils Configuration
Conductors

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 21

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Generation of AC Voltage
Basic Principles of Synchronous Generator

Coil

= Angle between
magnetic axes Magnetic axis of magnet Magnetic axis of coil

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 22

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Generation of AC Voltage
Synchronous Generator

Basic Relation

coil

= wt coil (t) = max x cos wt

= max x cos

Lenz Law
V(t) = - N d/dt coil (t) = - N d/dt max x cos wt = N w max sin wt = V max sin wt

Sinusoidal voltage is generated

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 23

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Generation of AC Voltage
Basic Principles of Synchronous Generator

Conductors

Conductors
N S

I(t) I(t)

coil (t) = max x cos wt = max

25 20 15 10 5 0 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0,02 -5 Time (Sec) -10 -15 -20 -25

coil (t) = max x cos wt = 0

V (Volts)

V (Volts)

0,005

0,01

0,015

0,005

0,01

0,015

0,02 Time (Sec)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 24

METU

Basic Principles of Electromechanics

Any Questions Please ?

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 25